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## Chapter 20: The Soul (Jiva Kanda)
## Verses 15-16
1. **Ekant Mithyatva:** To consider and believe that a substance (dravya) is completely uniform, without any opposing aspect. For example, believing that the soul is entirely non-existent or entirely existent, entirely eternal or entirely transient, entirely deterministic or entirely indeterministic. "The statement of others, 'completely', is false." (Commentary by Shri Amritchandracharya, Pravachansara)
2. **Vipreet Mithyatva:** To believe the opposite of the true nature of a substance. For example, believing in the loss and gain of Kevali's (omniscient being) knowledge, the existence of heaven and hell, liberation through rituals, etc., in the context of the indivisible nature of perfect knowledge.
3. **Banyik Mithyatva:** To believe that liberation can be achieved solely through obedience. For example, believing that liberation can be attained by simply obeying the gods, kings, ignorant people, elders, children, mothers, and fathers through mind, speech, and body.
4. **Sanshay Mithyatva:** To remain uncertain about something, not being able to decide between two possibilities. For example, doubting the existence of heaven and hell, wondering if something is a shell or silver, questioning whether humans and other beings are living substances or non-living substances like matter.
5. **Agnan Mithyatva:** To be completely ignorant of the truth. For example, "Who knows that the soul exists?" This means that no one knows the truth. There are also 363 types of Mithyatva.
"There are 180 types for those who follow the theory of action (kriyavadi), 84 for those who follow the theory of process (prakriyavadi), 67 for those who follow the theory of non-action (achanavadi), and 32 for those who follow the theory of obedience (vinayavadi). Thus, there are a total of 363 types of Mithyatva (180 + 84 + 67 + 32)." (G.S. Karma Kanda, Verse 876)
Mithya, Vithath, Vyavlok, and Asaty are synonyms. The word "Drishti" means "vision" or "faith." Those beings who have a false vision of the world due to the karma of Mithyatva, which manifests as opposing, uniform, obedient, doubtful, and ignorant views, are called Mithyadrishti beings.
"As many paths of speech (Vayanmarg) exist, so many types of Nayavada (theory of perspectives) exist, and as many Nayavada exist, so many Paramasaya (false views) exist." (All these perspectives, if considered absolute and used to determine the nature of reality, lead to false vision.)
There is no rule that there are only five types of Mithyatva, but it is true that Mithyatva is of five types.
(1) Pravachansara Commentary, Dhaval 1181, G.S. K. 864, S.T. 3/47.