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## Chapter 370
**Knowledge-Ocean/465**
The difference between **Shruta** and **Kevalajnan** is that of knowing directly and indirectly. In the verse, the word **Shruta** is used first and then the word **Kevalajnan**. This suggests that neither is superior to the other. The reason is that they are mutually dependent. **Kevalajnan** gives rise to **Shruta** and **Shruta** gives rise to **Kevalajnan**, like a seed and a tree.
**Doubt:** How can **Kevalajnan** be the illuminator of all principles, since it does not know all the modifications?
**Solution:** **Kevalajnan** is called the illuminator of all principles in relation to the substance, not in relation to the modifications.
**Shruta** knowledge, like **Kevalajnan**, also illuminates the seven primary principles. Just as a **Kevali** expounds the principles of soul, etc., for others, so does the **Agam**. The difference is that the **Kevali** knows the meanings directly, while **Shruta** knowledge knows them indirectly. The **Kevali** knows the infinite modifications of a substance at one time, while the **Shruta** knower knows only some of them. Even the **Kevali** cannot expound all the modifications through divine sound, because all modifications are beyond the reach of words. Similarly, the **Agam** also mentions only some modifications. What is not the subject of these two types of knowledge is non-existent.
**Thus ends the section on Shruta knowledge.**
**Avadhi knowledge** is called so because it is limited, as stated in the **Agam**. It is born from the **Bhava** and **Guna** causes, say the wise.
**Explanation:** **Avadhi** is the knowledge that grasps the downward-going **Pudgala** in excess. Alternatively, **Avadhi**, **Maryada**, and **Seema** are synonymous. Knowledge that is accompanied by **Abadhi** is also called **Avadhi**.
**Doubt:** If **Avadhi** knowledge is defined in this way, then this definition applies to **Mati** knowledge, etc., which are not **Avadhi**, leading to the fallacy of **Prativyaapti**.
**Solution:** This is not correct, because the word **Avadhi** is used primarily for a specific type of knowledge. **Mati** and **Nayanajnan** are indirect, while **Avadhi** knowledge is direct, hence the difference.
**Footnotes:**
1. "**Mati** is dependent on the excessive **Ayonibandhi** in substances, not in all modifications." [**Tattvartha Sutra Prakarana 1 Sutra 26**]
2. **Pravachan Paddhati Sangraha**, page 26, verse 123; **Dharma Paddhati**, volume 1, page 356, verse 184.
3. **Vyakhyaprakarana**, volume 1, page 13.
4. **Jayadhaval**, volume 1, page 16; **Tattvartha**, volume 6, page 25.