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## The Fourfold Insight (Chaugdasht)
(262)
Along with this,
1. In establishing the truth, the judge first determines the **sadhya** (the thing to be proved), establishes some aspects of the **sadhya** that are acceptable, and ensures that they are not contradicted by direct perception, etc. They know that this **sadhya** illuminates the purpose, so it should be pursued, otherwise it will lead to a state like a mine without a target. (5) Thus, having determined the **sadhya**, they consider its purpose. The **sadhya** is inseparable from the **hetu** (reason), meaning the **sadhya** cannot exist without the **hetu** - this is called the purpose. The relationship between the **sadhya** and the **hetu** is inseparable, meaning they cannot exist without each other. Therefore, through **upatti** (affirmative reasoning) and other forms of **anupatti** (negative reasoning), the **sadhya** is established through the application of the **hetu**. This **anupatti** means that it happens in this way, not in any other way, and is a characteristic of the **hetu**. If there is a lack of understanding, doubt, or contradiction, it is called **hetvabhas** (fallacious reasoning). These discerning individuals diligently avoid **hetvabhas**. ( ) Thus, having established the **sadhya** through the **hetu**, they strengthen it with **drushtaant** (example). Where the relationship between the **sadhana** (means) and the **sadhya** is specifically determined through memory of the relationship, it is called **sadhannya drushtaant**; and where the **sadhya** is negated, the **sadhana** is also considered impossible, it is called **vaidhya drushtaant**. If the **sadhya** is established through internal pervasiveness, it is a **khady** example, otherwise, in its absence, it is a **vyatha**. (3) While strengthening with such **drushtaant**, these knowledgeable judges do not allow **drushtaant desha** (flaws in the example) arising from **asiddha** (unproven), **apratiti** (unrealized), **anyathapanna** (otherwise established), **viruddha** (contradictory), and **anaikantika** (non-categorical) **sadhamma** (reasoning). Similarly, they do not allow **sadhyavikal** (flaws in the **sadhya**) etc. arising from **apalaksan** (unclear) **hetu**. And they carefully avoid **drushtaant desha** arising from **vaidhyamya** (lack of validity). Thus, these discerning individuals, skilled in **anumana** (inference) and **pramana** (proof), establish the existence of the truth through the correct **hetu** and strengthen it with flawless **drushtaant**.
**Sadhya, Hetu, and Drushtaant**
2. The second thing in establishing the truth is to consider the nature of the truth. That is, what is the nature and characteristics of the truth? What are its general and specific qualities? They consider this. Every thing is multi-faceted, and the **naya** (perspective) is that which grasps one aspect or part of it. This **naya**, which is rooted in the **shrutamag** (scriptural teachings) of the **eknishtha** (single-minded) **naya**, leads to complete and certain knowledge through its activity.
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साध्या विनाभुवो हेतोर्वचो यत् प्रतिपादकम् । परार्थमनुमानं तत् पक्षादिवचनात्मकम् ॥ અન્યથાનુવપન્નથું હેતોજેક્ષળમીપ્તિમ્ । તન્નત્તિયન્ટેનિવાસસ્તનામના ।।'' ઇત્યાદિ. (For details, see) Shri Siddhasena Divakara's Shri Nyayavtar,
+ " साध्या विनाभुवो लिङ्गात् साध्यनिश्चायक स्मृतम् 1
અનુમાન તરૂવ્રત પ્રમાળયાત સમક્ષત્રત | ’—Nyayavtar.