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Jijnäsa
has a ritualistic aspect. There, the gift has to be in accordance with some sacred prescription (vidhipūrvaka). The Buddhist dāna has no such limitation. It has purely a psycho-ethical basis. Dāna depends on elevated moral feelings, like compassion, selflessness etc. Dāna Pāramita has a direct effect on the limiting force of egoism. The idea of dana is, as said, an ancient idea founded in Brahmanical tradition too. However, in the Budddhist conception, the idea of dāna becomes dematerialized. It requires not merely giving up ones material possessions, but giving up whatever is one's own, ultimately one's self.
Select Bibliography Primary Sources
• Abhidhammatthasangaho, 3 Vols., edited and tr. R.S. Tripathi, pub. Sampurnananda Sanskrit University, Varanasi.
• Avadāna-Kalpalatā of Kshemendra. 2 vols. Edited by P.L. Vaidya. Buddhist Sanskrit Texts 22 and 23. Darbhanga: Mithila Institute, 1959.
• Abhidharmakosha, Varanasi, 1970. • Abhidharmakoshabhāsya, Patna, 1975. • Asanga, Mahāyānasutralamkāra, ed. S. Levi, Paris.
Dhammapada-Atthakathā. Dutiyo Bhago. Igatpuri: Vipassana Research Centre, 1995. • Jātakas with Comm., ed. V. Fausboll, 7 Vols., London, 1877-97; tr. E.B. Cowell, 6 Vols., 1895-1913.
• Jātaka-Atthakathā. Pathamo Bhago. Igatpuri: Vipassana Research Centre, 1998.
• Tripitakas, ed. in Devanagari script by J. Kashyapa, 41 volumes, Nalanda Mahavihara; ed. in Roman script, P.T.S.
• The Jātakamālā or the Bodhisattvāvadāna-Mālā by Aryashura. Edited by H. Kern. Boston: Harvard University, 1891.
• The Jātakamālā or Garland of Birth-Stories of Aryashura. Translated by J.S. Speyer. Reprint, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1982. 1 London ed. 1895.
Secondary Sources • Barua, B.M., Bharhut, 3 Vols., Calcutta, 1934-37. • Bhattacharya, Vidhusekhara, The Basic Conceptions of Buddhism, Calcutta, 1934.
Bachhofer, Ludwig. Early Indian Sculpture. 2 vols. (1° London ed. 1939: New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 1973).
• Barua, B.M. Bharhut. 3 Parts. 1934-37. Reprint, Patna: Indological House Corporation, 1979.
• Knox, Robert. Amaravati: Buddhist Sculpture from the Great Stupa. London: British Museum Press, 1992.
• Marshall, John. A Guide to Sanchi. Delhi: Manager of Publications, 1936. • Pande, Anupa, The Buddhist Cave Paintings of Bagh. Aryan Books International. Delhi.
2002
Pande, G.C., Studies in the Origins of Buddhism, 3 revised edn., Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi, 1983;