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GLOSSARY
(2) Raudra-dhyana which is meditating on doing harm to another or others for one's own happiness,
(3) Dharma-dhyana as above, and
(4) Sukla-dhyana which is meditating on one's own self. Dig-virati See Dikparimana under Vratas
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Gandharva marriage-One of the eight forms of marriage in vogue in ancient India, in which, without the consent of their parents and the elders, a boy and a girl got married by a simple exchange of garlands
Jnana-Knowledge
The Jainas have conceived five kinds of knowledge as follows:
(1) Mati or ordinary cognition by the sense organs and the mind;
(2) Sruta or knowledge derived with the help of signs, symbols, or words (expressions),
(3) Avadhi or direct knowledge of corporeal things without the help of the sense organs and the mind, but within some limit of space and time,
Kalpas-Heavens
or 16 kalpas as follows:
;
(4) Manahparyaya or direct knowledge of the thought of others without the help of the sense organs and the mind, but within some limit of space and time (5) Kevala or knowledge which completely reveals, without any limitation of space and time, the truth about all things in the universe, corporeal as well as non-corporeal, with all their attributes and modifications, past, present and future.
According to the Jainas, there are 12
Saudharma & Aisana (paired)
Sanatkumara & Mahendra (paired)
Above them, in the centre, one above another, are:
Brahmaloka
Lantaka
Mahasukra
Sahasrara
