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(1) What is Kashaya? According to the Nairgama, Samgraha, Vyavahara, and Rjusutra standpoints, the living being who experiences or undergoes the four Kashaya (anger, pride, deceit, and greed) is the Kashaya. This is because Kashaya is not found anywhere other than the jiva (living being) substance.
(2) Whose is Kashaya? According to the four Artha-naya (Nairgama, etc.), Kashaya belongs to the jiva, i.e., the jiva is the owner of Kashaya, because from the perspective of the Artha-naya, there is no distinction between the jiva and Kashaya. However, from the three Sabda-naya standpoints, Kashaya does not belong to anyone, i.e., Kashaya has no owner, because apart from the Bhava-Kashaya, there is an absence of the jiva substance and the karma substance.
(3) How is Kashaya produced? According to the four Artha-naya, Kashaya arises from its own material and efficient causes. But from the three Sabda-naya perspectives, Kashaya is not produced by anyone. Or, according to the Artha-naya, Kashaya arises from the Audayika-bhava (arising from the influx of karma), and from the Sabda-naya standpoints, it arises from the Parinamic-bhava (transformational state), because from these viewpoints, the effect arises without a cause.
(4) Where does Kashaya arise? According to the four Artha-naya, Kashaya arises in the external objects like clothes, ornaments, etc., which are the means of attachment and aversion. But from the three Sabda-naya perspectives, Kashaya resides in itself, i.e., the substratum of Kashaya is Kashaya itself, not any other substance, because a substance other than Kashaya cannot be the support of Kashaya.
(5) For how long does Kashaya last? For different jivas, Kashaya is eternal. For a single jiva, the general duration of Kashaya is beginningless-endless, beginningless-with-end, and with-beginning-and-end. Regarding the specific Kashaya, the minimum and maximum duration of each Kashaya is one Antarmuhurta (less than 48 minutes). But regarding death and obstruction, the minimum duration of Kashaya is one Samaya (smallest unit of time).
(6) How many types of Kashaya are there? Kashaya is of two types: Kashaya and No-Kashaya. It is of four types based on the division of Anantanubandhi, etc. And it is of twenty-five types based on the subsequent Prakritis (subtle dispositions).