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Classification, the Naraka beings residing in it and their condition, life span, etc. 9. Geographic description of the middle world through islands, oceans, mountains, regions, etc., as well as the lifespan of the beings living there, including humans, animals, and birds. 10. Various types of gods, their families, places of enjoyment, prosperity, lifespan, and the luminiferous sphere, i.e., description of astronomy. In the fifth chapter - 11. Types of substance, their mutual homogeneity and heterogeneity, their spatial location, and the function of each. 12. The nature of pudgala, its distinctions, and causes of origin. 13. The supported form of the true and eternal. 14. The eligibility and ineligibility of pudgalic bondage. 15. Characteristics of general substance, differing views that consider time as substance, and nature of time from that perspective. 16. Characteristics of attributes and results, and distinctions of results.
Comparison - Many of these details are found in the Agamas and the Prakarana texts, but they are all fragmented and not compiled succinctly in one place like this text. The topics mentioned in the knowledgeable section of 'Pravacanasara' and the substance section of 'Panchastikaya' pertain to the same fifth chapter, but their presentation differs from this text. 'Panchastikaya' and 'Pravacanasara' feature logical methodology and elaboration, while the fifth chapter presents a brief and straightforward description.
The concise, well-organized, and detailed description provided above in the second, third, and fourth chapters does not appear in any Brahmin or Buddhist foundational philosophical texts. The descriptions given by Badarayana in the third and fourth chapters of his Brahmasutras can be compared with many aspects of the aforementioned second, third, and fourth chapters because they describe the post-mortem state, transmigration, different types of beings, different realms, and their forms.
In the second chapter, the characteristic of the soul is stated, which does not differ from the knowledge or consciousness characteristics accepted by all self-affirming philosophies. Although the description of senses in the second chapter of Tattvartha appears different from the sensory descriptions in the Vaisheshika and Nyaya philosophies, it still contains similarities with them.