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Verse 31
express the genus (jāti) or the general attributes, and the specific qualities describe the constantly changing conditions or modes. In a hundred pitchers, the general quality is their jar-ness, and the specific quality is their individual size, shape or mark.
Dravya refers to a general rule or conformity. That which has the dravya as the object is the general standpoint (dravyārthika naya). Paryāya means particular, an exception or exclusion. That which has the paryāya as the object is the standpoint of modifications (paryāyārthika naya). Whatever condition or form a substance takes, that condition or form is called a mode. Modes partake of the nature of substance, and are not found without the substance.
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