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Aptamīmāṁsā
Fault in considering words as capable of describing only the general (sāmānya) attributes of a substance:
सामान्यार्था गिरोऽन्येषां विशेषो नाभिलप्यते ।
सामान्याभावतस्तेषां मृषैव सकला गिरः ॥३१॥ सामान्यार्थ - कुछ लोगों के मत में शब्द सामान्य का कथन करते हैं क्योंकि (उनकी मान्यतानुसार) शब्दों के द्वारा विशेष का कथन नहीं बनता है। विशेष के अभाव में सामान्य का भी अस्तित्व नहीं बनता है और सामान्य के मिथ्या होने से सामान्य-प्रतिपादक समस्त वचन असत्य ही ठहरते हैं।
In the doctrine of others, words can describe only the general (sāmānya) attributes of a substance and not the specific (visesa) attributes. [In the absence of the specific (vişeśa) attributes, the general (sāmānya) attributes too become nonentity; therefore, words, which can describe only the nonentity, too become nonentity.] Upon accepting the general (sāmānya) attributes as nonentity, all words become false.
Just as the two mutually supportive causes, the substantial cause (upādāna kartā) and the instrumental cause (nimitta kartā), result in the accomplishment of the desired objective, in the same way, two kinds of attributes in a substance - general (sāmānya) and specific (visesa) - ascertain its particular characteristic (naya) depending on what is kept as the primary consideration for the moment while keeping the other attributes in the background, not negating their existence in any way.
All objects have two kinds of qualities – the general (sāmānya), and the specific (visesa). The general qualities
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