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## Thirty-Second Opening Chapter
**[275]** A being who causes pain to another being may have three, four, or five actions. The intention is that when he does not cause pain to any being, nor kills them, he has three actions. When he causes pain to some beings, or kills them, but does not cause any obstruction to those who are not harmed, he has three actions more than those who are not harmed. When he causes pain to someone, he has four actions, and when he kills some beings, he has five actions more than those who are not harmed.
**(5)** Beings who are touched by the karmic particles of a being who causes pain, are three, four, or five actions more than the being who causes pain. When they are not able to cause any obstruction to the being who causes pain, they have three actions. When they clearly cause pain to that being who is associated with pain, they have four actions. Scorpions, etc., who touch the body, are painful, this is directly known. But when those beings who are clearly seen, deprive him of life, they have five actions. Snakes, etc., who touch the body, are deadly by their bite, this is also directly known. These five actions are: (1) bodily, (2) authoritative, (3) verbal, (4) painful, and (5) life-taking.
**(6)** Briefly, the being who receives pain, and the beings who are touched by the karmic particles related to the being who receives pain, are three, four, or five actions more than the other beings, due to the traditional killing of other beings, according to the above statement.
These six facts related to causing pain should be stated in all twenty-four Dandakas, from the Nairyaika to the Vaimanika. The statement related to causing passion should be known in the same way as the above statement about causing pain.
**[2156]** **[1]** "O Venerable One! What is the extent of the field, time, and action of the being, etc., associated with the killing-ending opening chapter?"
"O Venerable One! In what field are the karmic particles, which are attached to the being who is associated with the killing-ending opening chapter, unmanifest, and in what field are they manifest?"
"O Venerable One! The karmic particles are unmanifest in a field that is as small as the size of a body, and manifest in a field that is as large as the size of a body, in terms of its width, length, and height. The width is as small as an inch, and the length and height are as large as countless yojanas. The karmic particles are unmanifest in a field that is as small as the size of a body, and manifest in a field that is as large as the size of a body."