Disclaimer: This translation does not guarantee complete accuracy, please confirm with the original page text.
## Translation:
**Extensiveness is absent, they are anastikaya.** / **Here, extensiveness means the area that a substance occupies.** / **One may wonder why time-substance, which is all-pervasive, is not considered astikaya? The answer is that time-atoms are present in every region of the universe. But each time-atom is independent. Due to the absence of smoothness and roughness qualities, they are not bound together, hence they remain independent of each other. Due to the absence of binding, they do not form aggregates.** / **In the absence of aggregates, the concept of region-extension cannot be conceived. In time-substance, the concept of region-extension cannot be conceived in both its form and treatment.** / **Space-substance encompasses all substances. If space-substance is not extensive, it will not be able to provide space for other substances.** / **In its absence, other substances cannot exist. Dharma-substance is the medium of motion. It is extensive and pervasive in the area where motion is possible. If the medium of motion itself is not extensive, how can motion be possible in it? For example, a fish can move only in the area where there is water. Similarly, the motion of pudgala and jiva is possible in the area where dharma-substance is present. Therefore, dharma-substance is considered to be extensive throughout the universe. The same applies to adharma-substance. Due to adharma-substance, atoms form aggregates. Adharma-substance is responsible for keeping atoms organized in the form of aggregates. The soul has countless regions. Adharma-substance is responsible for keeping these countless regions confined to the body. Adharma-substance plays a significant role in maintaining the order of the universe. Therefore, adharma-substance is also considered to be all-pervasive. In the absence of adharma-substance, the fundamental constituents of the universe, the atoms, would be scattered. No kind of creation would be possible. Wherever there is a medium of motion, there is also a need for a medium of position, which controls motion. To maintain the motion of the universe and to keep it balanced, pradharm-substance is considered to be all-pervasive. Therefore, it is included in astikaya. Pudgala-substance also has extensiveness. It transforms from atoms into aggregates. Atoms possess smoothness and roughness qualities, which enable them to form aggregates. Therefore, it has kayatva due to its treatment. Due to pudgala-substance, there is materiality in the universe.** / **If pudgala-substance did not exist, the possibility of a material universe would be destroyed.** / **Jiva-substance is also extensive.** / **Just as the body has extensiveness, the soul also has extensiveness. At the time of kevalisamudghata, the countless regions of the soul become pervasive throughout the universe. Therefore, it is included in astikaya.** / **We have already explained that time-atoms do not form aggregates or conglomerates due to the absence of smoothness and roughness qualities.** / **We experience time from the beginningless past to the endless future, but we cannot attribute kayatva to it. The characteristic of time is only in the present. The present is only a moment, which is very subtle. Therefore, we cannot consider region-extension in time, and in the absence of region-extension, it is not astikaya. It is important to remember that the area of extensiveness is not the same for all substances. Space-substance is present in both the universe and the non-universe. Dharma and adharma substances are limited to the universe only. The area of extensiveness of pudgala and jiva is not similar. The size of a pudgala-particle will be its extensiveness. The jiva will also take on the size of its body. For example, even an ant...**