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## Nineteen Standpoints - Samvaya
**Nineteen Standpoints**
The nineteen standpoints are explained in the **Jnatadharmakathanga Sutra** (the first Shruta Skandha). These are: 1. Utshiptanjat, 2. Saghat, 3. Anda, 4. Kurma, 5. Shailak, 6. Tumb, 7. Rohini, 8. Malli, 9. Makandi, 10. Chandrima, 11. Dakjnata, 12. Maduka, 13. Tetala, 14. Nandiphal, 15. Aparkaka, 16. Akirna, 17. Susuma, and 18. Pundarikajnata. ||1-2||
**The Sun's Height**
In Jambudvipa, the sun rises and sets at a height of nineteen hundred yojanas.
**Explanation:** The sun is situated eight hundred yojanas above the earth's surface. Below the earth's surface, there is a salt ocean that is one thousand yojanas deep. Therefore, the sun's heat reaches one hundred yojanas above the earth's surface, where the celestial sphere is located, and eighteen hundred yojanas below the earth's surface, reaching the bottom of the salt ocean. This makes a total of nineteen hundred (1900) yojanas.
**Venus's Movement**
Venus, the great planet, rises in the west and sets in the west, moving along with nineteen constellations.
**Jambudvipa's Divisions**
Jambudvipa is divided into nineteen parts (Kulas).
**Explanation:** Jambudvipa is one hundred thousand yojanas wide. Within it, there are six mountain ranges and seven regions. These are twice as wide as Bharatavarsha, extending to Mount Meru. From Meru to Airavata, they are half as wide. The sum of all these (1+2+4+8+16+32+16+8+4+2+1=190) is one hundred and ninety. Dividing one hundred thousand by this (190) gives 526. After canceling out the zeros, we are left with 6/19. This is the nineteen parts mentioned in the original text. Multiplying the number of divisions in each region or mountain range by the number of yojanas in that region or mountain range gives the total width of that region or mountain range.
**The Nineteen Tirthankaras**
Nineteen Tirthankaras lived in houses before becoming monks.
**Explanation:** Vasupujya, Malli, Arishtanemi, Parshvanath, and Mahavira, these five Tirthankaras became monks while still young. The remaining nineteen Tirthankaras renounced their homes and became monks.
**The Nineteen Paliovamans**
In this world, there are nineteen Paliovamans, who are the followers of the path of liberation.