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## Eighteen Standpoints - Samvaya
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These are also called Ksullaka. The eighteen restraints of these Ksullaka and individual Sadhus have been stated by Bhagwan Mahavira. The complete renunciation of the five sins, including violence, and of night-time meals for the entire life is the Vrat Shatka. The protection of the beings of the six realms, starting with earth, is the Kaya Shatka Varjan. The renunciation of unimaginable food and drink, the non-use of vessels belonging to householders, not sleeping on a bed, not sitting on a seat touched by a woman, not bathing, and not adorning the body with ornaments, etc. - these eighteen standpoints protect the restraint of the Sadhus.
127 - The eighteen thousand verses of the Bhagavad Acharaanga Sutra, including the Chulika, have been stated by the word-evidence of the Chulika-containing Bhagavad Acharaanga Sutra.
128 - Eighteen types of writing systems have been stated in the Brahmi script, such as: 1. Brahmi script, 2. Yavani script, 3. Dosha-Uparika script, 4. Kharoshti script, 5. Khar-Shavi script, 6. Praharatika script, 7. Uchchattarika script, 8. Aksharaprushthika script, 9. Bhogavatika script, 10. Vainakya script, 11. Nihnvika script, 12. Ankalipi, 13. Ganitalipi, 14. Gandharvalipi [Bhutalipi], 15. Adarshalipi, 16. Maheswarilipi, 17. Damilipi, 18. Polindilipi.
Discussion - The Sanskrit commentator has written that the form of these scripts is not visible. Nevertheless, many scripts currently in use are known, such as: Yavani script (Arabic-Persian), Odia script, Dravidian script, etc. Differences in the names of scripts are also seen in the Agam texts.
129 - The eighteen objects called Arthaadhikars of the Asti-Nastipravad Purva have been stated.
130 - The thickness of the fifth earth, called Dhumpaprabha, has been stated as one lakh eighteen thousand yojanas. In the months of Pausha and Ashadha, the longest night and day occur once, respectively, for eighteen muhurtas.
Discussion - It is a common statement that the longest night of the year is eighteen muhurtas long in the month of Pausha, and the longest day is eighteen muhurtas long in the month of Ashadha. According to Hindu astrological calculations, the longest day occurs on the solstice in Ashadha, and the longest night occurs on the solstice in Pausha. According to English astrology, the longest night occurs on December 23rd and the longest day occurs on June 21st, both lasting eighteen muhurtas. One muhurta is equal to 48 minutes.