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## First Chapter
**With Hindi Commentary**
Statements uttered by the **Āpta** (knowledgeable) are called **Āpta-vākyas** (authoritative statements). These statements have been compiled into **sūtras** (aphorisms) by the **Gaṇadharas** (chief disciples). Therefore, these sūtras are called **Āpta-praṇīta** (composed by the knowable). Statements uttered by those who have studied the **Daśa-pūrva** (ten previous) to **Caturdaśa-pūrva** (fourteen previous) are also **Āpta-vākyas**; because the **Gaṇadharas**' compilation of sūtras has not been declared doubtful by the **Tirthankara** (liberated soul), but rather **Ātmāgama** (self-revealed), **Anantarāgama** (immediately revealed), and **Paramparāgama** (tradition-revealed) - these three types of **lokoत्तर āgama** (superhuman revelation) have been established. The meaning of the **Tirthankara** is **Ātmāgama**, the meaning of the **Gaṇadharas** is **Anantarāgama**, and the sūtras are **Ātmāgama**. However, the sūtras of the disciples of the **Gaṇadharas** are **Anantarāgama**, and the meaning is **Paramparāgama**. Subsequently, both the sūtras and the meaning are **Paramparāgama**. From the above discussion, it is established that both the sūtras and the meaning are **Āpta-vākyas**, and **Āpta-vākyas** alone have the power to determine the nature of things.
Here, the question may arise: what is the proof that a certain person was or is **sarvajña** (omniscient)? The answer is that the certainty of a person's **sarvajñatā** can be determined from the statements they have made. If there is no contradiction in someone's statements, then it should be known that they are **sarvajña**. And if we find contradiction in someone's statements, then it must be accepted that the one who made those statements is **rāgī** (passionate), **dveṣī** (hateful), and **alpajña** (ignorant). Similarly, when the true nature of things is not described anywhere, it must be accepted that the one who made that statement is an **ayathārthajña** (unrealist) ordinary person.
**I**
In addition to this, we can also know someone's **sarvajñatā** through the **anumāna** (inference) proof. For example, in the inference "**parvato vanhimān dhūmatvāt**" (the mountain is fiery because of smoke), one person said "**parvato vanhimān**" (the mountain is fiery). Another person asked "**kasmāt**" (why do you know that?). The first person replied "**dhūmatvāt**" (because there is smoke). When someone sees smoke and infers the cause (mountain),
1. **Tirthankara**'s chief disciple.
2. Those who have studied the **Daśa-pūrva** (ten previous) knowledge.
3. Self-revealed proof.
4. **Anantarāgama** (immediately revealed) is the follower of **Ātmāgama**, the second revelation.
5. Tradition-revealed proof.
6. Proof.