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* **Paritamant Jaga Pipbuchutti 1**
The world is constantly changing, experiencing both growth and decline. When strength, wealth, humans, bodies, religion, knowledge, depth, and patience increase, it is the Utsarpini Kala (ascending time), and when these things decrease, it is the Avasarpini Kala (descending time). The duration of these times, which amaze even the gods, is measured in Koḍakoḍī Sagara (oceans of Koḍakoḍī), with three, four, and two Koḍakoḍī Sagara for each respectively. These three times are further divided into three types, each with ten types of Kalpavriksha (wish-fulfilling trees) that adorn the land. Humans have healthy bodies and enjoy pleasures according to their desires. Their bodies are six, four, and two thousand Dhanush (bows) in length, respectively. Their food is equivalent to the amount of Ber (jujube), Baheda (Terminalia bellirica), and Amla (Indian gooseberry), respectively. Their lifespans are three, two, and one Palyopam (a unit of time), respectively. Their bodies are adorned with jewels and ornaments. Thus, the signs of the Bhogbhumi (land of enjoyment) are revealed: Uttama (excellent), Madhyama (medium), and Jghanya (inferior).
**Ghatta:** Where there are no enemies, everyone is a friend. The lion lives with the elephant, and people's beauty, color, and youthful vigor do not fade. || 8 ||
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**9**
When the third time period had passed, and only one-eighth of the Palyopam remained, a long-lived Kulkar (leader) named Pratiśruti was born. He had a body six thousand Dhanush in length, a stable reputation, and a lifespan equal to one-tenth of the Palyopam. Then, a Kulkar named Sanmati was born, with a body thirteen hundred Dhanush in length, a long lifespan, and a slow pace. He was wise. Then, a Kulkar named Kshemkar was born, who was like Kamadeva (the god of love), had a body eight hundred Dhanush in length, and lived for a long time, bringing happiness to all beings. Then, another human named Kshemandhar was born, with a body seven hundred seventy-five Dhanush in length. He was a Diggaj (giant) who lived for a year and then died. Then, another human was born with a body seven hundred fifty...
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