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## Four Types of Untruth and Their Consequences
**Explanation of verses 57 to 80 from the Second Light of Yoga Shastra:**
One should not speak untruth even due to ignorance, doubt, delusion, jest, carelessness, or any other kind of negligence, let alone due to a distorted intention (wrong motive). Speaking untruth due to negligence uproots virtuous actions in the same way a violent storm uproots large trees.
The great sages have said in the Agamas: A seeker who does not know the truth of past events, present facts, and future occurrences should not speak with certainty, saying "This is it." Similarly, one should not speak with certainty about things that are doubtful in the past, present, or future, saying "It is like this." Instead, one should speak with certainty only about things that are certain in the past, present, or future, saying "It is like this." (Dasha Va. 9/8, 9, 10)
There are four types of untruth:
1. **Bhutanihnava:** Concealing or misrepresenting something that exists. For example, saying "There is no soul," "There is no such thing as merit and demerit, or the afterlife."
2. **Abhutasadbhavana:** Claiming something that does not exist or is not of a certain kind. For example, saying "Every soul is omniscient," or "Every soul is omnipresent," or "The soul is the size of a black gram."
3. **Arthatar:** Representing one thing as another. For example, calling a cow a bull, or a bull a horse.
4. **Garha:** Speaking something out of caution, unpleasantness, or anger. There are three types of Garha:
* **Savdha (sinful) emotion:** Speaking out of a sinful motive. For example, "Kill him," "Give him a taste of his own medicine."
* **Aapriya (unpleasant) emotion:** Speaking out of an unpleasant motive. For example, "He is blind," "He is lame," "He is a thief," "He is dead."
* **Aakrosh (anger):** Speaking out of anger. For example, "He is the son of a prostitute," "You scoundrel," "You rogue," "You cheat," "You lowlife," "You bastard!"
Untruthful speech is completely unacceptable. Now, we will discuss the consequences of untruth in this world.
**Verse 58:** Untruthful speech leads to enmity, sorrow, regret, distrust, disrespect, and disgrace in the kingdom, etc. Just as improper diet leads to various diseases, so too does untruthful speech lead to many evils in the world.
Now, we will discuss the consequences of untruth in the afterlife.
**Verse 59:** Due to the influence of untruthful speech, a being is born in the next life in the bodies of endless-bodied Nigoda beings, in the bodies of animals, or in hell.
Now, we will give the example of Kalikaacharya, who renounced untruthful speech, and Vasuraja, who spoke untruth, to inspire renunciation of untruth.
**Verse 60:** Kalikaacharya never spoke untruth, even out of fear of death or coercion, or out of respect for someone's request. But whoever speaks untruth due to these reasons goes to hell like Vasuraja.
Here are the two examples:
**Kalikaacharya, the steadfast one:**
In ancient times, there was a city called Turamani, the crown jewel of the earth, ruled by King Jitashatru. In this city lived a Brahmin woman named Rudra. She had a son named Datta, who was very dissolute, a gambler, and a drunkard. He found pleasure in indulging in these vices. He lived a life of unrestrained freedom.