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## The Nature of Anuvrat
This is verse 18 from the second chapter of the Yoga Shastra. The word "adi" (etc.) includes gross lying, gross stealing, gross adultery, and gross non-possession. Grossly abandoning violence, etc., or abstaining from them is the five Anuvratas, which are popularly known as non-violence, truth, non-stealing, celibacy, and non-possession. These five Anuvratas were established by the Tirthankaras.
The question arises: why did the Tirthankaras not explain these for all (generally) Shramanopasakas (lay followers)? Why did they explain them only in the two-fold and three-fold forms? In response, it is said: since a householder lives with his family, and he also has to accept possessions like wealth and grain, if someone in the family commits violence, possession, etc., then the approval-sanction of the said householder who is observing the vow is implied. From this perspective, he incurs the guilt of sanction. Otherwise, if there were no difference between a possessor and a non-possessor, then the distinction between a Dikshita (Shraman) and an Adikshita (Shramanopasaka) would cease to exist. Therefore, the abandonment of violence, etc., in the two-fold and three-fold forms is the general rule for the Shravaka (lay follower).
This means: two-fold means to do and to cause to do, three-fold means three yogas - mind, speech, and body. This means that I will not commit gross violence with my mind, speech, and body, nor will I cause it to be done. The third aspect, sanction, is open.
Here, there is a doubt: in the Bhagavati Sutra and other Agamas, it is prescribed for the Shravaka to reject (pratyakhyan) in the three-fold form (three aspects with three yogas). Since it is established in the scriptures, it is undoubtedly (blameless), then why is it not mentioned here? In response, it is said: this is prescribed for the Shravaka only in a specific situation; for example, if a Shravaka desires to take Muni Diksha (monkhood), but he remains with possessions to support his family, or if a Shravaka rejects gross violence, etc., of fish, etc., in the oceans like the Svayambhuraman, etc., in a specific situation, he rejects in the aforementioned two-fold and three-fold forms. In their context, such a rule is given in the Bhagavati Sutra, etc. And the word "adi" (etc.) is used after the words "two-fold" and "three-fold" here with the intention of including it. However, such devoted Shravakas are very rare. Therefore, we have not mentioned it here. Generally, rejection in the two-fold and three-fold forms is prescribed for the Shravaka.
In the second part of the verse, the word "adi" (etc.) is added after "two-fold," therefore, the alternatives (bhang) to the two-fold and three-fold forms are as follows:
**Two-fold - Two-fold:** Not to commit gross violence, nor to cause it to be done; with mind and speech; or with mind and body, or with speech and body. This is the second type. When one rejects doing and causing to do with mind and speech, then it means not giving consent with the mind, and also not speaking about violence with speech; and with the body, one acts like an unconscious person. Not to commit violence, nor to cause it to be done with mind and body means that one does not have the intention of violence in the mind, and also abandons the tendency of violence with the body. But in the state of unawareness (ignorance), one sometimes commits violence with speech. The meaning of abandoning doing and causing to do with speech and body is clear, but when abandoning through this type of bhang, one does not abandon doing and causing to do with the intention of the mind. The abandonment of sanction is not present in any of the three. In this way, one should also consider other alternatives.
**Two-fold - One-fold:** To abandon doing and causing to do only with the mind, or only with speech, or only with the body. This is the third type.
**One-fold - Three-fold:** To abandon doing or causing to do violence, etc., with the mind, speech, and body. This is the fourth type.
**One-fold - Two-fold:** To abandon doing or causing to do violence, etc., with the mind and speech, or with the mind and body, or with speech and body. This is the fifth alternative.
**One-fold - One-fold:** To abandon doing or causing to do violence, etc., only with the mind, or only with speech, or only with the body. This is the sixth type. [A. Ni. 1558-59]
This can be summarized in one verse: The first distinction is two-fold and three-fold, the second distinction is two-fold and two-fold, the third distinction is two-fold and one-fold, the fourth distinction is one-fold and three-fold, the fifth distinction is one-fold and two-fold, and the sixth distinction is one-fold and one-fold.
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