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## The Second Chapter
**180.** As long as there is attachment to possessions, there will be the oppression of living beings. Violence is the root cause of the cycle of birth and death, and suffering is known as the cycle of birth and death.
**181.** From the embrace of possessions, hatred and attachment arise. Attachment and hatred are the strongest causes of suffering in the cycle of birth and death.
**182.** Even though many beings attain Right Faith, they are still veiled by the obscurations of conduct and cannot attain Right Conduct.
**183.** Even those who have attained Right Conduct and perform great austerities are corrupted by the hardships and are led astray by the suffering.
**184.** Some, corrupted by hardships, practice the minor vows. Others are content with Right Faith alone and do not observe any vows.
**185.** Some, clinging to the well of the deep cycle of birth and death, abandon Right Faith and embrace false beliefs.
**186.** Such beings, bound by false beliefs, wander continuously in the cycle of birth and death, consumed by the fire of suffering.
**187.** Some, however, are great heroes with virtuous deeds who uphold Right Conduct throughout their lives.
**188.** They attain Samadhi and, upon shedding their bodies, attain the state of Narayana and other such states due to the karmic residue.
**189.** Those who become Narayana are eager to inflict suffering on others and their minds are cruel. Therefore, they experience great suffering in the hells after death, which is difficult to overcome.
**190.** Some, through great austerities, attain the state of Indra. Others attain the state of Balarama, and others reside in the higher celestial realms.
**191.** Some, with great fortitude, contemplate the sixteen causes of existence and attain the state of a Tirthankara, which causes upheaval in the three realms.
**192.** Others, constantly engaged in the worship of Right Faith, Right Knowledge, and Right Conduct, are liberated from the eight karmic stains within two or three lifetimes.
**193.** They then attain the supreme state, the incomparable abode of the liberated, and enjoy infinite, unhindered, supreme bliss.