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## Chapter Nine
[351] Nirodha and Chintan Nirodha. This means that the knowledge which shines like a steady flame of fire is Dhyana.
8873. To show the different types of Dhyana, the next Sutra says:
Aarta, Raudra, Dharmya, and Shukla are the four types of Dhyana. ||28||
8874. The word Aarta is derived from either 'Rta' or 'Ati'. 'Rta' means sorrow and 'Ati' means 'ardana ati', which means to cause pain. What is present in 'Rta' or 'Ati' is Aarta. Raudra means cruel intention. Its karma or what happens in it is Raudra. Dharma has been explained earlier. What is associated with Dharma is Dharmya. What is associated with the quality of purity is Shukla. This four-fold Dhyana is divided into two parts, because it is of two types based on the difference between Prashsta and Aprashsta. What causes the flow of Papa is Aprashsta, and what is capable of burning karma is Prashsta.
8875. If you ask what that is, the next Sutra says:
Among them, the two Dhyanas, Para, i.e., the last ones, are the cause of Moksha. ||29||
8876. Para means the last and the ultimate. The last one is Shukla Dhyana. Because it is close to it, Dharmya Dhyana is also called Para. Since the Sutra uses the dual form 'Pare', it also includes the secondary meaning. From the statement 'Para, i.e., Dharmya and Shukla, are the cause of Moksha', it is implied that the previous ones, i.e., Aarta and Raudra, are the cause of Samsara. This is because there is no third objective besides Moksha and Samsara.
8877. Among them, Aarta Dhyana is of four types. To explain the characteristics of the first type, the next Sutra says: