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## 254]
In the attainment of all good,
Neither suffering nor happiness is the cause of liberation, but a means to it.
In the path of liberation, however, there may be suffering or happiness.
8 631. The causes of the non-cognizable karmas have been stated. Now, the causes of the cognizable karmas are to be stated. They are:
**Bhuta-Anukampa (compassion for all beings), Vrati-Anukampa (compassion for those who observe vows), Dana (charity), Saraga-Samayamadi-Yoga (the yoga of restraint with attachment), Kshanti (forbearance), and Saucha (purity).**
8 632. Those who are in various states of existence due to the ripening of karmas are called **Bhuta** (beings). This is a synonym for **pranin** (living beings). The vows like ahimsa (non-violence) etc. will be described later. Those who observe these vows are called **Vrati**. They are of two types: those who have renounced the household life and are restrained, and those who are householders and are restrained.
**Anukampa** is the feeling of compassion for others, arising from a heart filled with kindness, considering their suffering as one's own. **Bhuta-Anukampa** is compassion for all beings, and **Vrati-Anukampa** is compassion for those who observe vows. **Dana** is the giving of one's possessions with the intention of benefiting others. **Saraga** is one who is eager to renounce the causes of worldly existence, but whose attachments have not yet been eradicated. **Samayama** is the restraint from evil actions in relation to the senses and objects. **Saraga-Samayama** is the restraint with attachment. The word **"adi"** (and so on) includes **Samayama-Asamayama** (restraint and non-restraint), **Akamanirjara** (absence of desire), **Balatapas** (minor austerities), and **Anurodha** (following the path). **Yoga** is synonymous with **Samadhi** (concentration) and **Samyak-Pranidhana** (right intention). The **Yoga** of **Bhuta-Anukampa, Vrati-Anukampa, Dana, and Saraga-Samayamadi** is the practice of these with full attention. **Kshanti** is the eradication of anger and other negative emotions. **Saucha** is the abandonment of all forms of greed. The word **"iti"** (thus) indicates the types. What are these types? They are: **Arhat-Puja-Karana-Tatparata** (eagerness to worship the Arhats), **Balavruddh-Tapasvi-Vaiyavrittya-Avaya** (the conduct of children, elders, ascetics, and those who are indifferent).