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In the state of **sarvārṣasiddhi**, the cessation of the specific actions of **prāṇa** and **apāna** as described earlier, for a living being who is in the state of **sthiti** (existence), is called **jīvita** (life). The cessation of this is **maraṇa** (death). These things like happiness, etc., are the benefits that a living being receives from **pudgala**; because they arise only when the material causes are present.
**Question:** Since the topic is about benefits, why is the word **upagraha** (dependence) used in the sūtra?
**Answer:** It is not unnecessary. The word **upagraha** is used in the sūtra to show the benefits that are received from oneself. **Pudgala** also receive benefits from **pudgala**. For example, **kāsa** (bronze) etc. are benefited by **bhasma** (ashes) etc., **jala** (water) etc. are benefited by **kataka** (a type of stone) etc., and **ayaḥ** (iron) etc. are benefited by **udaka** (water) etc.
**Question:** What is the purpose of the word **ca** (and) in the sūtra?
**Answer:** It is for the purpose of **samuccaya** (collection). It is used to indicate that there are other benefits that are received from **pudgala**. For example, just as the body is a benefit received from **pudgala**, so are the senses like the eyes, etc.
8566. Having shown the benefits received from non-living beings, the next sūtra shows the benefits received from living beings:
**Paraspuropagraho jīvānām ||21||**
(Mutual dependence is the benefit of living beings.)
8567. The word **paraspura** (mutual) is used in the sense of **karmavyatihara** (interaction of karma). **Karmavyatihara** is the same as **kriyāvyatihara** (interaction of actions). **Paraspura**'s **upagraha** is **paraspuropagraha** (mutual dependence). This is the benefit of living beings.
**Question:** What is the benefit?
**Answer:** The relationship of **svāmī** (master) and **bhṛtya** (servant), **ācārya** (teacher) and **śiṣya** (student), etc., is **paraspuropagraha**. The **svāmī** benefits the **bhṛtya** by giving him wealth, etc. The **bhṛtya** benefits the **svāmī** by speaking the truth and forbidding what is harmful. The **ācārya** benefits the **śiṣya** by giving him teachings that lead to happiness in both worlds and by making him perform actions according to those teachings. The **śiṣya** benefits the **ācārya** by behaving in a way that is pleasing to him.
**Question:** Since there is a benefit, why is the word **upagraha** used again in the sūtra?
**Answer:** Because of the previous 1. **kāraḥ** (cause).
**Question:** Why?
**Answer:** Because of **mūrti** (form) and **ā** (existence).
**Question:** Why?
**Answer:** Because of **-yāṇām kṛtopa** (benefits received from).