Disclaimer: This translation does not guarantee complete accuracy, please confirm with the original page text.
## Chapter 1
**1133 8 244]**
Someone asks a person going with an axe in hand, "Why are you going?" He replies, "To bring wood." At that time, the word "wood" is not present in the context. The act of going is only based on the intention to bring wood. Similarly, someone asks a person busy collecting fuel and water, "What are you doing?" He replies, "I am cooking rice." At that time, the word "rice" is not present in the context. It is used in the context of the action of cooking rice. This kind of worldly interaction, based only on intention without the actual object being present, is not the domain of the **Naigama Naya**.
**8243.** The **Sangraha Naya** is the principle of taking all things together, without distinction, by considering their commonality despite their differences. For example, "being," "substance," and "pot." When we say "being," it encompasses all things that exist, based on the inference of existence from the signs of speech and knowledge. Similarly, when we say "substance," it encompasses all living and non-living things, including their various categories, based on the etymology of the word "substance" (meaning "that which flows" or "that which is obtained"). Likewise, when we say "pot," it encompasses all pots, based on the inference of their existence from the signs of the concept of a pot and the word "pot." This is another example of the subject matter of the **Sangraha Naya**.
**244.** The **Vyavahara Naya** is the principle of applying the things taken together by the **Sangraha Naya** in a methodical way. What is the method? The method is that the things taken together by the **Sangraha Naya** are applied in their respective order. For example, the **Vyavahara Naya** is used to apply the concept of "being" taken together by the **Sangraha Naya** without considering its specific differences. For example, "what is being is either substance or quality." Similarly, the **Vyavahara Naya** is used to apply the concept of "substance" taken together by the **Sangraha Naya** without considering its specific differences between living and non-living things. For example, "there is living substance and non-living substance." As long as living substance and non-living substance remain the subject matter of the **Sangraha Naya**, they are not considered in their specific differences.
**1. Sangraha Naya**
**2. Sangraha Naya** (abbreviation)
**2. Sangraha Naya** (abbreviation), **Di. 1**, **Di. 2**, **A.**