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## Chapter 1
**179**
[-1158190]
**8189.** Thus, the cause of the origin of knowledge has been explained, but its distinctions have not yet been determined. Therefore, to explain these distinctions, the next sutra says:
**8190.** **Avagraha, Iha, Avaya, and Dharana are the four distinctions of knowledge.** ||15||
**190.** The first apprehension that occurs after the conjunction of the object and the subject is called **Avagraha**. When the object and the subject come together, perception occurs. The apprehension of the object that follows this is called **Avagraha**. For example, the apprehension of "this is a white form" by the eye is **Avagraha**.
**Iha** is the desire to know the specific nature of the object apprehended by **Avagraha**. For example, after seeing the white form, one may wonder, "Is it a banner or a garland?" This desire to know the specific nature is **Iha**.
**Avaya** is the knowledge of the true nature of the object obtained through the determination of its specific characteristics. For example, through the observation of its origin, fall, and movement, one may conclude, "It is a garland, not a banner." This certainty is **Avaya**.
**Dharana** is the cause that prevents forgetting the known object over time. For example, "This is the same garland that I saw this morning." This remembrance is **Dharana**.
The order of presentation of these terms in the sutra follows the order of their origin. This means that the terms are presented in the sutra in the same order in which they arise in the process of knowledge.
**Special Note:** This sutra describes four distinctions of knowledge. These distinctions are based on the primary function of knowledge. Therefore, the cessation of knowledge is also considered to be of these four types. This statement explains the order in which knowledge apprehends an object. The nature of these distinctions has already been explained in the commentary.
**Specific Points:**
1. **Madya graha-mu.**
2. **Marthasy graha-mu.**
3. **Pataket-mu.**
4. **Utpatanapksha-a., di. 1, di. 21**
5. **Arthatasya–mu.**
6. **"Tayanantaraṁ tayathāvicchavaṇaṁ jo ya vāsaṇajogo. Kālantaraṁ ya jaṁ puṇaranusaraṇaṁ dhāraṇā sāu." - Vi. Bha. Ga. 291.**
7. **"Īhijjai nāgahiyam najjai nāṇīhiyam na yāvāyaṁ. Dhārijjai jaṁ vatthaṁ leṇa kamo'vaggahāīpro" - Vi. Ma. Ga. 2961.**