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## 14]
**Sarvarthasiddhi**
[115 § 23
For the elucidation of the subject matter, the meaning of the word is presented through the method of *nikshepa*. Why is the word 'tat' used? It is used to encompass everything. If the word 'tat' were not used, then only the primary things like *samyagdarshana* would be connected with the *nyasa*, and not the secondary things like *jiva* etc. which are included in the subject matter. But when the word 'tat' is used, then by its power, the inclusion of both primary and secondary things is established.
8 23. How is the knowledge of the subject matter, which is presented through names etc., obtained? This is explained: Knowledge is obtained through *pramana* and *naya*. 11611
24. The essence of *jiva* etc., which are included through the method of *nikshepa* of names etc., is understood through *pramana* and *naya*.
*Jiva* is called so. Similarly, the *nikshepa* method of names etc. should be applied to other substances like *ajiva* etc.
**Doubt:** Why is the *nikshepa* method mentioned?
**Solution:** It is mentioned to refute the non-subject matter and to elucidate the subject matter. The meaning is that the *nikshepa* method explains in detail the meaning of each word in the subject matter.
**Doubt:** Why is the word 'tat' used in the sutra?
**Solution:** The word 'tat' is used in the sutra to encompass everything. If the word 'tat' were not used in the sutra, then only the primary things like *samyagdarshana* would be connected with the *nyasa*. The secondary things like *jiva* etc., which are included in the subject matter of *samyagdarshana* etc., would not be connected with the *nyasa*. But when the word 'tat' is used in the sutra, then by its power, the inclusion of both primary and secondary things is established.
**Special Meaning:** The word *nikshepa* is formed from the root *kṣip* with the prefix *ni*. The meaning of *nikshepa* is 'to place'. The word *nyasa* also has the same meaning. The idea is that each word is used in many different meanings in the world and in the scriptures, depending on the context. The *nikshepa* method is meant to explain where and in what sense each word is used. Although there can be many different types of *nikshepa* according to need, various types are mentioned in the scriptures. But here, four main types are mentioned: name, establishment, substance, and feeling. Their characteristics and examples are explained in the commentary. The idea is that just as the commentary explains the different meanings of the word *jiva* in relation to name *nikshepa*, establishment *nikshepa*, substance *nikshepa*, and feeling *nikshepa*, similarly, each word has a different meaning according to the *nikshepa* method of names etc. This refutes the non-subject matter meaning and establishes the subject matter meaning, which prevents any confusion in practice. This allows both the speaker and the listener to understand each other's intentions clearly. Knowledge of this method is essential for understanding the heart of the text. It is considered very important in the Jain tradition. Keeping this in mind, the nature of *nikshepa* is explained here, along with its different types.
23. This way, the knowledge of the nature of *jiva* etc. and *samyagdarshana* etc., which are obtained through the expansion by names etc., is explained by the next sutra:
Knowledge of substances is obtained through *pramana* and *naya*. ||6||
24. The essence of the substances like *jiva* etc., whose names etc. are explained in detail through the *nikshepa* method, is understood through *pramana* and *naya*.
1. - Without the word 'name', it is not possible.
2. The essence is from *pramana* and *naya*.
And it is understood through *abhigata*, *di*, 1, *di*, 21.