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## Chapter 1
**§ 18.** Here, the characteristic of a *jiva* is consciousness, which is differentiated into many forms due to the difference in knowledge, etc. The characteristic of an *ajiva* is the opposite of that of a *jiva*. *Asrava* is the form of the door through which good and bad karmas enter. *Bandha* is the mutual entry of the regions of the soul and karma. *Samvara* is the characteristic of stopping *asrava*. *Nirjara* is the characteristic of the destruction of a part of karma. *Moksha* is the characteristic of the complete separation of karma from the soul. The detailed explanation of these will be discussed later. Since the result of everything depends on the soul, the *jiva* is taken first in the sutra. To show that the *ajiva* is beneficial to the *jiva*, the *ajiva* is mentioned after the *jiva*. Since *asrava* is the subject of both the *jiva* and the *ajiva*, it is taken after both of them. *Bandha* is preceded by *asrava*, therefore, it is mentioned after *asrava*. *Samvara* is the opposite of *bandha* because *bandha* does not exist in the state of *samvara*, therefore, it is mentioned after *bandha* to make this knowledge clear. *Nirjara* occurs when *samvara* is present, therefore, it is mentioned near *samvara*. *Moksha* is attained in the end, therefore, it is mentioned at the end.
**§ 19.** **Doubt:** Should we include *punya* and *papa* in the sutra, because other teachers have said that there are nine substances? **Solution:** We should not include *punya* and *papa* because they are included in *asrava* and *bandha*. **Doubt:** If this is the case, then taking *asrava* etc. separately in the sutra is meaningless because they are included in *jiva* and *ajiva*. **Solution:** Taking *asrava* etc. separately is not meaningless because the topic here is *moksha*. Therefore, it is necessary to mention it. It is preceded by *samsara*, and the main cause of *samsara* is *asrava* and *bandha*, while the main cause of *moksha* is *samvara* and *nirjara*. Therefore, separate instructions are given to show the main cause, the cause of the cause, and their results. It is also seen that even if something specific is included in the general, it is taken separately according to the purpose. For example, "The Kshatriyas have arrived, and Suravarma is also there." Here, although Suravarma is included in the Kshatriyas, he is taken separately according to the purpose. Similarly, it should be understood in the present context.
1. *Jiva*. It is also *asrava*, etc. 2. *Viprāyoga* is *moksha*. *Mancha* is *kat* - *moksha*. 1. 5. *Kundakunda* etc. 16.
3. Therefore, *samvara* is *asrava*, etc. 1, etc. 2. *A*. 4. *Vyam* is *yora* - *moksha*. 17. *Shasya* is *yathopayogam* *pritha* - *moksha*.