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Chapter 1 - Sutra 23-24
Hard, soft, heavy, light, cold, hot, smooth means slippery, and rough means coarse. There are five types of tastes: bitter, sour, astringent – pungent, sour, and sweet; pleasant and foul are two kinds of odors. There are five colors: black, green, red, yellow, and white. From the stated types, variations arise in the sense of touch, etc. However, each of them has numerous, innumerable, and infinite variations in their subtlety. Everything that is soft has some particular difference in softness. For this reason, generally, even though the quality of softness is one, it can manifest differences in numerous, innumerable, and infinite ways according to its subtlety; in the same way, hardness, etc. should be understood in relation to other qualities of touch, and taste, etc. The word is not a quality; as philosophers such as Vaisheshika and Nyaya believe. However, it signifies a kind of specific result in the classification of language. Due to differences in causes, it is classified into many varieties. The word that arises from the effort of the self is called “prayogja,” and that which arises without any effort is called “vaivashika.” The rumble of clouds is vaivashika. Six types of the word "Pragaj" are described. They are as follows: 1. "Bhasha": Various languages of humans, animals, etc., which are expressed by individuals; 2. "Tat": A term for a tiger wrapped in leather, meaning words like mirth and pot; 3. "Vitatah": Words for string instruments like the veena and sarangi; 4. "Ghana": Words for instruments like the jhalar and bell; 5. "Sushirah": Words related to flutes.