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________________ Disembara 2011 117 vikramAditya kI aitihAsikatA jainasAhitya ke sandarbha meM - DaoN. sAgaramala jaina bhAratIya itihAsa meM avantikAdhipati vikramAditya kA eka mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai / mAtra yahI nahIM, unake nAma para pracalita vikrama saMvata kA pracalana bhI lagabhaga sampUrNa deza meM hai| lokAnuzrutio meM bhI unakA itivRtta bahucarcita hai| paravartI kAla ke zatAdhika grantho meM unakA itivRtta ullekhita hai / phirabhI unakI aitihAsikatA ko lekara itihAsajJa Aja bhI kisI nirNayAtmaka sthiti meM nahIM pahuMca pA rahe hai| isake kucha kAraNa hai- prathama to yaha ki vikramAditya biruda ke dhAraka aneka rAjA hue hai ataH unameM se kauna vikrama saMvata kA pravartaka hai, yaha nirNaya karanA kaThina hai, kyoMki ve sabhI IsA kI cauthI zatAbdI ke yA usake bhI paravartI hai / dUsare vikramAditya mAtra unakA eka biruda hai, vAstavika nAma nahIM hai / dUsare vikramasaMvata ke pravartaka vikramAditya kA koIbhI abhilekhIya sAkSya 9vIM zatI se pUrva kA nahIM hai / vikrama saMvata ke spaSTa ullekha pUrvaka jo abhilekhIya sAkSya hai vaha I. san 841 (vikramasaMvat 898) kA hai| usake pUrva ke abhilekho meM yaha kRtasaMvata yA mAlava saMvatake nAma se hI ullekhita hai / tIsare vikramAditya ke jo navaratna mAne jAte hai, ve bhI aitihAsika dRSTi se vibhinna kAloM ke vyakti hai| vikramAditya ke nAma kA ullekha karanevAlI hAla kI gAthAsaptazatI kI eka gAthA ko chor3akara koIbhI sAhityika sAkSya navIM-dasavIM zatI ke pUrva kA nahIM hai / vikramAditya ke jIvanavRttakA ullekha karanevAle zatAdhika grantha hai, jinameM pacAsa se adhika kRtiyA~ to jainAcAryoM dvArA racita hai| unameM kucha grantho ko chor3akara lagabhaga sabhI bArahavIM-terahavIM zatI ke yA usase bhI paravartI kAlake hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki itihAsajJa unake astitva ke sambandha meM sandigdha hai| kintu jaina srotoM se isa sambandha meM vikramAditya jo sUcanAe~ upalabdha
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________________ 118 anusandhAna-57 hai, unakI vizvasanIyatAko pUrI taraha nakArA bhI nahIM jA sakatA hai / yaha satya hai ki jainAgamoM meM vikramAditya sambandhI koI bhI ullekha upalabdha nahIM hai / jainasAhitya meM vikramasaMvata pravartaka vikramAditya kA sambandha do kathAnakoM se jor3A jAtA hai - prathama to kAlakAcArya kI kathA se aura dUsarA siddhasena divAkarake kathAnaka se / isake atirika kucha paTTAvaliyoM meM bhI vikramAditya kA ullekha hai| unameM yaha batAyA gayA hai ki mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 470 varSa pazcAt vikrama saMvata kA pravartana huA aura yaha mAnyatA Aja bahujana sammata bhI hai / yadyapi kahIM 466 varSa aura 45 dina pazcAt vikrama saMvata kA pravartana mAnA gayA hai / tiloyapaNNatti kA jo prAcInatama (lagabhaga-pAMcavI-chaThI sadI) ullekha hai| usameM vIranirvANa ke 461 varSa pazcAt zakarAjA huA - aisA jo ullekha hai usake AdhAra para yaha tithi adhika ucita lagatI hai - kyoMki kAlaka kathAke anusAra bhI vIranirvANa ke 461 varSa pazcAt kAlakasUrine gardabhilla ko sattA se cyuta kara ujjainI meM zaka zAhI ko gaddI para biThAyA aura cAra varSa pazcAt gardabhilla ke putra vikramAdityane unheM parAjita kara punaH ujjaina para apanA zAsana sthApita kiyaa| dUsarI bAra punaH vIranirvANa ke 605 varSa aura pAMca mAha pazcAt zakone mathurA para apanA adhikAra-zaka zAsanakI nIva DAlI aura zakasaMvat kA pravartana kiyA / isa bAra zako kA zAsana adhika sthAyI rahA / isakA unmUlana candragupta dvitIyane kiyA aura vikramAditya kA biruda dhAraNa kiyA / merI dRSTimeM ujjainI ke zaka-zAhI ko parAjita karanevAle kA nAma vikramAditya thA, jabaki candragupta dvitIya kI yaha eka upAdhi thI / prathama ne zako se zAsana chInakara apane ko 'zakAri' biruda se maNDita kiyA thA / kyoMki zakoM ne usake pitA kA rAjya chInA thA ataH usake zaka ari yA zatru the ataH usakA apane ko 'zakAri' kahanA adhika saMgata thA / dUsare vikramAdityane apane zaurya se zakoM ko parAjita kiyA thA ataH vikrama = pauruSa kA sUrya thA / yadyapi nizIthacUrNi meM kAlakAcArya kI kathA vistAra se upalabdha hai kintu usameM gardabhilla dvArA kAlaka kI bahina sAdhvI sarasvatI ke
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________________ Disembara 2011 apaharaNa, kalakAcArya dvArA sindhudeza (parisakUla) se zako ko lAne garda bhilla kI gardabhI vidyA ke viphala kara gardabhilla ko parAjita kara aura sarasvatI ko mukta karAkara punaH dIkSita karane Adi ke hI ullekha hai| usame vikramAditya sambandhI koI ullekha nahIM hai / jainasAhitya meM vikramAditya sambandhI hameM jo racanAe upalabdha hai - unameM bRhatkalpacUrNi (7vI zatI) prabhAvaka caritra (1237 i.), prabandhakoza (1339), prabandha cintAmaNi (1305 I.), purAtanaprabandhasaMgraha, kahAvalI (bhadrezvara), zatruJjaya mahAtmya, laghu zatruJjayakalpa vividhatIrthakalpa (1332), vidhikaumudI, aSThAhnikavyAkhyAna, duSamAkAlazramaNa saMghastuti, paTTAvalI sAroddhAra, kharataragacchasUri paramparA prazasti, viSApahArastotra bhASya, kalyANamandira stotra bhASya, saptatikAvRtti, vicArasAraprakaraNa, vidhikaumudI, vikramacaritra Adi aneka grantha hai, jinameM vikramAditya kA itivRtta kiJcit bhinnatAoM ke sAtha upalabdha hai / kheda mAtra yahI hai ye sabhI grantha prAyaH sAtavIM zatI ke pazcAt ke hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki itihAsajJa inakI prAmANikatA para saMzaya karate haiM / kintu AcArya hastImalajI ne dasa aise tarka prastuta kiye hai, jisase inakI prAmANikatA para vizvAsa kiyA jA sakatA hai| unake kathana ko maiMne apanI zabdAvalI Age prastuta karane kA prayatna kiyA hai / (dekhejainadharma kA maulika itihAsa khaNDa 2 pR. 545-548) (1) vikramasaMvata Aja dosahasrAbdiyoM se kucha adhika kAla se pravartita hai Akhira isakA pravartaka koI bhI hogA- binA pravartaka ke isakA pravartana to sambhava nahIM hai aura yadi anuzruti use 'vikramAditya' (prathama) se joDatI hai to use pUrI taraha asvIkAra bhI nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| merI dRSTi meM anuzrutiyA kevala kAlpanika nahIM hotI hai| vikramAditya se sambandhita aneka kathAe~ Aja bhI janasAdhAraNa meM pracalita hai, unakA Akhira koI to bhI AdhAra rahA hogA / kevala una AdhAroM ko khoja na pAne kI apanI akSamatA ke AdhAra para unheM mithyA to nahIM kahA sakatA hai / jisa itihAsa kA itanA bar3A janAdhAra hai use sarvathA mithyA kahanA bhI eka dussAhasa hI hogA / (3) prAcIna-prAkRta grantha gAthAsaptazatI, jise vikramakI prathama-dvitIya zatI
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________________ 120 anusandhAna-57 meM sAtavAhanavaMzI rAjA hAla ne saMkalita kiyA thA usameM vikramAditya kI dAnazIlatA kA spaSTa ullekha hai / yaha ullekha candragupta (dvitIya) vikramAditya ke sambandha meM yA usase paravartI anya vikramAditya upAdhidhArI kisI rAjA ke sambandha meM nahIM ho sakatA hai, kyoMki ve isa saMkalana se paravartI kAla meM hue hai ataH vikrama saMvat kI prathama zatI se pUrva koI avantI kA vikramAditya nAmaka rAjA huA hai yaha mAnanA hogA / yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki vikramAditya hAla ke kisI pUrvaja sAtavAhana vaMzI rAjA se yuddhakSetra meM Ahata hokara mRtyu ko prApta hue the / vaha gAthA nimna hai saMvAhaNasuharasatosieNa, denteNa tuha kare lakkhaM / calaNeNa vikkamAicca cariamaNusikkhiaM tissA | gAthA saptazatI 464 sAtavAhanavaMzI rAjA hAla ke samakAlIna guNADhya ne paizAcI prAkRta meM bRhatkathA kI racanA kI thI / usI AdhAra para somadeva bhaTTane saMskRta meM kathAsaritsAgara kI racanA kI - usameM bhI vikramAditya ke viziSTa guNoM kA ullekha hai (dekheM - lambaka 6 taraGga 1 tathA sambaka 18 taGga 1) (5) bhaviSyapurANa aura skandapurANa meM bhI vikrama kA jo ullekha hai, vaha nitAnta kAlpanika hai - aisA nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai / bhaviSyapurANa khaNDa 2 adhyAya 23 meM jo vikramAditya kA itivRtta diyA gayA hai vaha lokaparamparA ke anusAra vikramAditya ko bhartRhari kA bhAI batAtI hai tathA unakA janma zakoM ke vinAzArtha huA aisA ullekha karatA hai / ata: isa sAkSya ko pUrNataH nakArA nahIM jA sakatA hai / (6) guNADhya (I.san 78 ) dvArA racita bRhatkathA ke AdhAra para kSemendra dvArA racita bRhatkathA maJjarI meM bhI vikramAditya kA ullekha hai / usameM bhI mleccha, yavana, zakAdi ko parAjita karanevAle eka zAsaka ke rUpa meM vikramAditya kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai / (7) zrI bhAgavata skandha 12 adhyAya 1 meM jo rAjAoM kI vaMzAvalI dI
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________________ Disembara 2011 121 (9) gaI hai, usameM daza gardabhino nRpAH ke AdhAra para gardabhilla vaMza ke dasa rAjAoM kA ullekha hai / jaina paramparA meM vikrama ko gardabhilla ke rUpa meM ullekhita kiyA gayA hai / (8) vikrama saMvata ke pravartana ke pUrva jo rAjA hue usameM kisIne vikramAditya aisI padavI dhAraNa nahIM kI / jo bhI rAjA vikramAditya ke pazcAt hue hai- unhoMne hI vikramAditya kA biruda dhAraNa kiyA hai - jaise sAtakarNI gautamIputra (lagabhaga I0 san prathama-dvitIya zatI) candragupta vikramAditya (I. caturthazatI) Adi-unhoMne vikramAditya kI yazogAthA ko sunakara apane ko usake samAna batAne kI yazogAthA ke anusAra apane ko usake samAna batAne hetu hI yaha biruda dhAraNa kiyA hai / ataH gardabhillaputra vikramAditya inase pUrvavartI haiN| bANabhaTTa ke pUrvavartI kavi subandhu ne vAsavadattA ke prAstAvika zloka 10 meM vikramAditya kI kIti kA ullekha kiyA hai / (10) I0pU0 kI mAlavamudrAo meM mAlavagaNa kA ullekha hai, vastutaH vikramAditya ne apane pitRrAjya para punaH adhikAra mAlavagaNa ke sahayoga se hI prApta kiyA thA, ataH yaha svAbhAvika thA ki unhoMne mAlavasaMvata ke nAma se hI apane saMvat kA pravartana kiyA / yahI kAraNa hai ki vikrama saMvat ke prArambhika ullekha mAlavasaMvat yA kRta saMvata ke nAma se hI milate hai / (11) vikramAditya kI sabhA ke jo navaratna the, unameM kSapaNaka ke rUpa meM jainamunikA bhI ullekha hai, kathAnakoM meM inakA sambandha siddhasena divAkara se joDA gayA hai, kintu siddhasena divAkarake kAla ko lekara svayaM jaina vidvAnoM meM bhI matabheda hai, adhikAMza jaina vidvAna bhI unheM cauthIpA~cavI zatI kA mAnate hai, kintu jahA~taka jaina paTTAvaliyoM kA sambandha hai, unameM siddhasena kA kAla vIra nirvANa saMvat 500 batAyA gayA hai, isa AdhAra para vikramAditya aura siddhasena kI samakAlikatA mAnI jA sakatI hai| (12) muni hastimalajIne inake atirikta eka pramANa prAcIna arabI grantha
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________________ 122 anusandhAna-57 searUla okUla (pR. 315) kA diyA thA - jisameM vikaramatuna ke ullekha pUrvaka vikrama kI yazogAthA varNita hai / isa granthakA kAla vikrama saMvat kI cauthI-pAcavI zatI hai / yaha hijarI san se 165 varSa pUrva kI ghaTanA hai| isa prakAra vikramAditya (prathama) ko mAtra kAlpanika vyakti nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai / merI dRSTi meM gardabhilla ke putra evaM zakazAhI se ujjainI ke zAsana para punaH adhikAra karane vAle vikramAditya eka aitihAsika vyakti hai, ise nakArA nahIM jA sakatA hai / unhoMne mAlava gaNa ke sahayoga se ujjainI para adhikAra kiyA thA / yahI kAraNa hai ki yaha prAnta Aja bhI mAlava deza kahA jAtA hai / (13) jainaparamparA meM vikramAditya ke caritra ko lekara jo vipula sAhitya racA gayA hai, vaha bhI isa tathya kI puSTi karatA hai ki kisI na kisI rUpa vikramAditya (prathama) kA astitva avazya rahA hai / vikramAditya ke kathAnaka ko lekara jaina paramparA meM nimna grantha rahA hai| vikramAdityake kathAnaka ko lekara jaina paramparA meM nimna grantha upalabdha hote haiM - (1) vikramacaritra - yaha grantha kAzahRdagaccha ke devacandra ke ziSya devamUrti dvArA likhA gayA hai / isakI eka pratilipi meM pratilipi lekhana saMvat 1492 ullekhita hai, isase yaha siddha hotA hai yaha racanA usake pUrva kI hai| isa grantha kA eka anya nAma siMhAsanadvAtriMzikA bhI hai| isakA grantha parimANa 5300 hai| kRti saMskRta meM hai| (2) vikramAcaritra nAmaka eka anya kRti bhI upalabdha hai / isake kartA paM. somasUri hai / grantha parimANa 6000 hai / vikramacaritra nAmaka tIsarI kRti sAdhuratna ke ziSya rAjameru dvArA saMskRta gadya meM likhI gaI hai / isakA racanAkAla vi.saM. 1579 hai| (4) vikramAditya ke caritra se sambandhita cauthI kRti 'paJcadaNDAtapatra chatra prabandha nAmaka hai| yaha kRti sArdhapUrNimA gaccha ke abhayadeva
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________________ Disembara 2011 123 ke ziSya rAmacandra dvArA vi.saM. 1490 meM likhI gaI eka laghukRti hai / isakI aneka pratiyA~ vibhinna bhaNDAroM meM upalabdha hai / vebara ne ise 1877 meM barlina se ise prakAzita bhI kiyA haiM / (5) paJcadaNDAtmaka vikramacaritra nAmaka ajJAta lekhaka kI eka anya kRti bhI milatI hai / isakA racanAkAla 1290 yA 1294 hai| (6) paJcadaNDa chatra prabandha nAmaka eka anya vikramacaritra bhI upalabdha hotA hai, jisake kartA pUrNacandra batAye gaye hai / (7) zrI jinaratnakoza kI sUcanAnusAra - siddhasena divAkara kA eka vikramacaritra bhI milatA hai / yadi aisA hai to nizcaya hI vikramAditya ke astitva ko siddha karane vAlI yaha prAcInatama racanA hogI / keTalAgasa keTalogorama bhAga prathama ke pR.saM. 717 para isakA nirdeza upalabdha hai / yaha aprakAzita hai aura kRti ke upalabdha hone para hI isa sambandha meM vizeSa kucha kahA jA sakatA hai / (8) isI prakAra 'vikramanRpakathA' nAmaka eka kRti ke AgarA, evaM kAntivijaya bhaNDAra baDaudA meM hone kI sUcanA prApta hotI hai / kRti ko dekhe binA isa sambandha meM vizeSa kucha kahanA sambhava nahIM hai / (9) uparokta granthoM ke atirikta 'vikramaprabandha' aura vikrama prabandha kathA nAmaka do granthoM kI aura sUcanA prApta hotI hai / isameM vikrama prabandhakathA ke lekhaka zrutasAgara batAye gaye hai / yaha grantha jayapura ke kisI jaina bhaNDAra meM upalabdha hai / (10) vikramasenacarita nAmaka eka anya prAkRta bhASA meM nibaddha grantha kI bhI sUcanA upalabdha hotI hai / yaha grantha padmacandra kisI jainamuni ke ziSya dvArA likhita hai / pATana ke loga bhAga 1 ke pR. 173 para isakA ullekha hai / (11) vikramAdityacaritra nAmaka do kRtiyA~ upalabdha hotI hai, unameM prathama ke kartA rAmacandra batAye gaye haiM / merI dRSTi yaha kRti vahI
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________________ anusandhAna-57 hai, jisakA ullekha paJcadaNDAtapatrachatra prabandha ke nAma se kiyA jA cukA hai| dUsarI kRti ke kartA tapAgaccha ke munisundarasUri ke ziSya zubhazIla batAye gaye hai| isakA racanAkAla vi.saM. 1490 hai / (12) pUrNacandrasUri ke dvArA racita vikramAdityapaJcadaNDa chatra prabandha nAmaka eka anya kRti kA ullekha bhI 'jinaratnakoza' meM huA hai / yaha eka laghukRti hai isake granthAgra 400 hai / (13) 'vikramAditya dharmalAbhAdiprabandha' ke kartA merutuGgasUri batAye gaye hai| ise bhI kAntivijaya bhaNDAra baDaudA meM hone kI sUcanA prApta hotI hai| (14) jinaratnakoza meM vidyApati ke 'vikramAditya prabandha' kI sUcanA bhI prApta hai / usameM isa kRti ke sambandha meM vizeSa nirdeza upalabdha nahIM hote haiN| (15) 'vikramArkavijaya' nAmaka eka kRti bhI prApta hotI hai| isake lekhaka ke rUpameM 'guNArNava' kA ullekha huA hai| isa prakAra jaina bhaNDAro se 'vikramAditya se sambandhita pandraha se adhika kRtiyoM ke hone kI sUcanA prApta hotI hai / isake atirikta marugurjara aura purAnI hindI meM bhI vikramAditya para kRtiyoM kI racanA huI hai| isameM tapAgaccha ke harSavimala ne vi.saM. 1610 ke AsapAsa vikrama rAsa kI racanA kI thii| isI prakAra udayabhAnu ne vi.saM. 1565 meM vikramasena rAsa kI racanA kI / prAcyavidyApITha zAjApura meM bhI vikramAditya kI caupAI kI apUrNa prati upalabdha hai / isa prakAra jainAcAryoM ne prAkRta saMskRta, marugurjara aura purAnI hindI meM vikramAditya para aneka kRtiyoM kI racanA kI hai - aisI aneko kRtiyoM kA nAyaka pUrNatayA kAlpanika vyakti nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai / prAcya vidyApITha dupADA roDa, zAjApura (ma.pra.) 465001