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________________ zrAvaka dharma (DR. Prem Suman Jain) bhagavAn mahAvIra ne zrAvaka aura zramaNa (muni) ke liye Abhyantara zuddhi hetu vibhinna vratoM ke dhAraNa kA vidhAna kiyA hai| isase jIva kramika sAdhanA meM rata hokara Atma svAtantrya kI upalabdhi kara sakatA hai| jo vyakti muni dharma ko aMgIkAra karane meM asamartha hai vaha zrAvaka dharma ko grahaNa kara saccA Atma sAdhaka gRhastha bana jAtA hai| mahAvIra ne kahA ki zrAvaka aura zramaNa ke sAre vrata ahiMsA kI sAdhanA ke liye haiN| zrAvakAcAra- zrAvaka zabda tIna guNoM ke saMyoga se banA hai aura ina tInoM varNo ke kamazaH tIna artha haiM-- (1) zraddhAlu, (2) vivekI aura (3) kiyaavaan| jisameM ina tInoM guNoM kA samAveza pAyA jAtA hai vaha zrAvaka hai| vratadhArI gRhastha ko zrAvaka, upAsaka aura sAgara Adi nAmoM se abhihita kiyA jAtA hai| yaha zraddhApUrvaka apane gurujanoM- muniyoM ke pracana kA zravaNa karatA hai, ataH yaha zrAddha yA zrAvaka kahalAtA hai| zrAvaka ke AcAra kA vargIkaraNa kaI dRSTiyoM se kiyA jAtA hai| zrAvaka ke dvAdaza vrata jJAna, darzana aura cAritra kI triveNI mukti kI ora pravAhita hotI hai| kintu mAnavaapanI-apanI kSamatA ke anusAra usakI gaharAI meM praveza karatA hai aura apanI zakti ke anusAra cAritra ko grahaNa karatA hai| zrAvaka ghara meM rahakara pArivArika, sAmAjika rASTrIya uttaradAyitvoM kA nirvAha karate hue muktimArga kI sAdhanA karatA hai| digambara paramparA meM zrAvaka dharma para cintana karane vAle sarvaprathama AcArya kundakunda haiN| unhoM cAritra pAhuDa (gAthA 20 se 25 ) meM kevala cha: gAthAoM meM zrAvakadharma kA varNana kiyA hai| pahale sAgArasaMyamAcaraNa gRhasthoM meM hotA hai| usake pazcAta 11 pratimAoM ke nAma batAye haiN| usake pazcAt sAgarasaMyamAcaraNa ko 5 aNuvrata, 3 guNavrata, aura 4 zikSAvrata rUpa batAkara unake nAma batAye haiN| yahA~ para aNuvrata, guNavrata aura zikSAvrata ke nAma kA nirdeza hai; kintu unake sambandha meM vizeSa carcA nahIM hai| AcArya kundakunda ne saMlekhanA ko caturtha zikSAvrata mAnA haiN| para unhoMne dezAvakAzika vrata ko na guNavratoM meM sthAna diyA hai aura na zikSAvratoM meM unake abhimatAnusAra dikaparimANa, anarthadaNDavarjana aura bhogopabhogaparimANa- ye tIna guNavrata hai; sAmAyika, proSadha, atithipUjA aura saMlekhanA- ye cAra zikSAvrata kundakunda ke rayaNasAra grantha meM bhI zrAvakAcAra kA nirUpaNa hai| 72 gAthAoM meM zrAvakadharma para cintana kiyA hai| svAmI kArtikeya ne zrAvakadharma para pathaka racanA kara anaprekSA nAmaka grantha meM dharma bhAvanA kA cintana karate hue zrAvakadharma kA vistAra se varNana kiyA hai| unhoMne gRhasthadharma ke bAraha bheda batAye haiM--samyagdarzanayukta, madyAdi sthUladoSarahita, vratadhArI, sAmAyikabratI, parvavratI, prAsuka-AhArI, rAtribhojanavirata, maithuna-tyAgI, ArambhatyAgI, saMgatyAgI, kAryAnumodavirata aura uddiSTAhAravirata / svAmI samaMtabhadra ne sarvaprathama saMkhaja meM digambara paramparA meM zrAvakAcAra para svatantra grantha kI racanA kii| unakI ratnakaraMDa zrAvakAcAra bahuta hI mahatvapUrNa racanA hai| unhoMne sarvaprathama samyagdarzana kI
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________________ mahimA para prakAza DAlA hai| AcArya amitagati ne upAsakAdhyayana nAmaka eka mahatvapUrNa grantha kI racanA kI hai| vaha amitagati zrAvakAcAra ke nAma se vizruta hai| isameM 14 paricchedoM meM zrAvakadharma kA vistAra se varNana hai| pUrva AcAryo dvArA likhe hue, viSaya ko isa grantha meM pallavita aura puSpita kiyA gayA hai| AcArya vasunandi ne zrAvakAcAra grantha kI racanA kii| isa grantha kI bhASA prAkRta hai| unhoMne 11 pratimAoM ko AdhAra banAkara zrAvakadharma kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| sarvaprathama dArzanika zrAvaka ko saptavyasana kA tyAga Avazyaka mAnA hai| unhoMne sapta vyasanoM ke tyAga para atyadhika bala diyA hai| 12 vrata aura 11 pratimAoM kA varNana prAcIna paramparA ke anusAra hI kiyA hai| sAvayadhammadohA grantha meM mAnava bhava kI durlabhatA; deva, guru tathA darzana pratimA kA svarUpa; aSTa mUlagaNa kI preraNA dete hue sapta vyasanoM ke doSa batAkara unake tyAga para bala diyA hai| vrata pratimA aura dAna kI carcA kI gaI hai| isameM aNuvrata, guNavrata, zikSAvratoM kA ullekha hai| unako dhAraNa karane se jIvana meM kisa prakAra nirmalatA AtI hai, usakA bhI pratipAdana hai| zrAvaka ke dvAdaza vratoM meM pA~ca aNuvrata, tIna guNavrata aura cAra zikSAvratoM kI gaNanA kI gayI hai| vastutaH ina vratoM kA mUlAdhAra ahiMsA haiN| ahiMsA se hI mAnavatA kA vikAsa aura utthAna hotA hai, yahI saMskRti kI AtmA hai aura hai AdhyAtmika jIvana kI niiNv| aNuvrata hiMsA, asatya corI, kuzIla aura mUrchA-parigraha ina paoNca doSa yA pApoM se sthUlarUpa yA eka dezarUpa se virata honA aNuvrata hai| aNuzabda kA artha laghu yA choTA hai| jo sthUlarUpa se paMca pApoM kA tyAga karatA hai, vahI aNuvrata kA dhArI mAnA jAtA hai| aNuvrata pA~ca haiM (1) ahiMsANuvrata- sthUlaprANAtipAtaviramaNa- jIvoM kI hiMsA se virata honA ahiMsANuvrata hai| ahiMsA kA artha manasA, vAcA aura karmaNA prANImAtra ke prati sadbhAvanA aura prema rakhanA hai| dambha, pAkhaNDa, U~ca-nIca kI bhAvanA, abhimAna,svArthabuddhi,chala-kapaTa prabhRti bhAvanAe~ hiMsA haiN| ahiMsA meM tyAga hai, bhoga nhiiN| jahA~ rAga-dveSa hai, vahA~ hiMsA avazya hai| ataH rAga-dveSa kI pravRtti kA niyaMtraNa Avazyaka hai| hiMsA cAra prakAra kI hotI haiM :- (1) saMkalpI, (2) udyogI, (3)AraMbhI aura (4) virodhii| nirdoSa jIva kA jAnabUjhakara vadha karanA saMkalpI; jIvikA- sampAdana ke liye kRSi, vyApAra naukarI Adi kAryo dvArA honevAlI hiMsA udyogI ; sAvadhAnIpUrvaka bhojana banAne, jala bharane Adi kAryo meM honevAlI hiMsA ArambhI evaM apanI yA dUsaroM kI rakSA ke liye kI jAnevAlI hiMsA virodhI hiMsA kahalAtI hai| pratyeka gRhastha ko saMkalpapUrvaka kisI bhI jIva kI hiMsA nahIM karanI caahiye| ahiMsANuvrata kA dhArI gRhastha saMkalpI hiMsA kA niyamataH tyAgI hotA hai| isa hiMsA ke tyAga dvArA zrAvaka apanI kAyika, vAcika aura mAnasika pravRttiyoM ko zuddha karatA hai| ahiMsaka yatanAcAra kA dhArI hotA hai| ahiMsANuvrata kA dhArI jIva trasahiMsA kA tyAga to karatA hI hai, sAtha hI sthAvara- prANiyoM kI hiMsA kA bhI yathAzakti tyAga karatA hai| 2-satyANuvrata- ahiMsA aura satya kA paraspara meM ghaniSTa sambandha hai| eka ke abhAva meM dUsare kI sAdhanA zakya nahIM / ye donoM paraspara pUraka tathA anyonyAzrita haiN| ahiMsA satya ko svarUpa pradAna karatI
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________________ hai aura satya ahiMsA kI surakSA karatA haiM ahiMsA ke binA satya nagna evaM kurUpa hai| ataH mRSAvAdakA tyAga apekSita hai| sthUla jhUTha kA tyAga kiye binA prANI ahiMsaka nahIM ho sakatA hai| vacana ke doSa se vyakti aura samAja donoM meM doSa utpanna hotA hai| ataeva mRSAvAda kA tyAga Avazyaka hai| 3-acauryANuvrata-mana, vANI aura zarIra se kisI kI sampatti ko binA AjJAna na lenA acauryANuvrata hai| steya yA corI ke do bheda haiM- (1) sthUla corI aura (2)sUkSma corii| jisa corI ke kAraNa manuSya cora kahalAtA hai, nyAyAlaya se daNDita hotA hai aura jo corI loka meM corI kahI jAtI hai, vaha sthUla corI hai| mArga calate-calate tinakA yA kaMkar3a uThA lenA sUkSya corI ke antargata hai| kisI ke ghara meM seMdha lagAnA, kisI kA paoNkeTa kATanA, tAlA tor3anA, lUTanA, ThaganA Adi corI hai| acauryANuvrata ke dhArI gRhastha ko ekAdhikAra para bhI niyaMtraNa karanA caahie| samasta suvidhAe~ apane lie sancita karanA tathA AvazyakatAoM ko adhika se adhika bar3hAte jAnA bhI steya ke antargata hai| 4-svadArasantoSa vrata - mana, vacana aura kAryapUrvaka apanI bhAryA ke atirikta zeSa samasta striyoM ke sAtha viSayasevana kA tyAga karanA svadArasantoSavrata hai| jisa prakAra zrAvaka ke lie svadArasantoSavrata kA vidhAna hai usI prakAra zrAvikA ke lie svapatisantoSa kA niyama hai| niyaMtrita rUpa meM viSaya kA sevana karanA aura parastrIgamana kA tyAga karanA bramhacaryANuvrata yA svadArasantoSa meM parigaNita hai| yaha aNuvrata jIvana ko maryAdita karatA hai aura maithuna sevana ko niyaMtrita karatA hai| 5-parigrahaparimANa vrata-parigraha saMsAra kA sabase bar3A pApa hai| zrAvaka apanI icchAoM ko niyaMtrita kara parigraha kA parimaNa grahaNa karatA hai| saMsAra ke dhana, aizvarya Adi kA niyamana kara lenA parigrahaparimANavrata hai| apane yoga-kSema ke lAyaka bharaNapoSaNa kI vastuoM ko grahaNa karanA tathA parizrama kara jIvanayApana karanA nyAya aura atyAcAra dvArA dhana kA saMcaya na karanA parigrahaparimANa hai| mamatva yA lAlasA ko ghaTAkara vastuoM ko niyamita yA kama karanA parigrahaparimANavata hai| isa vrata kA lakSya samAja kI Arthika viSamatA ko dUra karanA hai| guNavrata aura zikSAvrata zrAvaka dharma meM guNavrata aura zikSAvrata ahiMsA kI sAdhanA ko aura gahana karane ke lie haiN| guNavrata tIna haiM- (1) apanI icchAoM ko sImita karane ke liye sabhI dizAoM kA parimANa karanA digvata hai| (2) vastuoM ke prati Asakti bhAva kama karane ke liye unakI sImA nirdhArita karanA bhogopabhoga parimANa vrata hai| (3) nirarthaka kAryo ko nahIM karanA anarthadaNDa vrata hai| udAharaNArtha, dUsare ke sambandha meM burA nahIM socanA, hiMsaka kAryoM kA upadeza nahIM denA, Avazyaka vastuoM kA durupayoga nahIM karanA aadi| kSAvrata cAra haiM- (1) sabhI padArthoM meM samabhAva ko rakhate hue apane svarUpa meM lIna honA sAmAyika hai| (2) sAmAyika kI sthiratA ke liye upavAsapUrvaka dhArmika kAryoM meM samaya vyatIta karanA proSadhopavAsa hai| (8) kaSAyoM ko kama karane ke lie pratidina dizAoM kI tathA bhogopabhoga kI vastuoM kI maryAdA karanA deza vrata hai| (4) Atma sAdhanA meM rata atithiyoM ke liye AhAra, auSadha Adi denA
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________________ atithi saMvibhAga vrata hai| ise vaiyAvRtya bhI kahA gayA hai, jisameM muniyoM kI sevA suzruSA kA bhI vidhAna 1- digavrata- arthalolupI mAnava tRSNA ke vaza hokara vibhinna dezoM meM paribhramaNa karatA hai aura videzoM meM vyApAra saMsthAna sthApita karatA hai / manuSya kI isa niraMkuza tRSNA ko niyaMtrita karane ke lie di kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| pUrvAdi dizAoM meM nadI, grAma, nagara Adi prasiddha sthAnoM kI maryAdA baoNdhakara janmaparyanta usase bAhara na jAna aura usake bhItara lena-dena karanA digvrata hai| isa vrata ke pAlana karane se kSetramaryAdA ke bAhara hiMsAdi pApoM kA tyAga ho jAtA hai aura usa kSetra meM vaha mahAvratItulya bana jAtA 2- dezAvakAzika vrata - divrata meM jIvana - paryanta ke lie dizAoM kA parimANa kiyA jAtA hai| isameM kiye gaye parimANa meM kucha samaya ke lie kisI nizcita deza paryanta Ane-jAne kA niyama grahaNa karanA dezAvakAzika vrata hai| 3- anarthadaNDavrata - binA prayojana ke kAryo kA tyAga karanA anarthadaNDavrata kahalAtA hai| jinase apanA kucha bhI lAbha na ho aura vyartha hI pApa kA saMcaya hotA ho, aise kAryo ko anarthadaNDa kahate haiM aura unake tyAga ko anarthadaNDavrata kahA jAtA hai| zikSAvrata ke cAra bheda haiM- 1. sAmAyika, 2 proSadhopovAsa 3. bhogopabhogaparimANa aura 4. atithisaMvibhAga / 1 - sAmayika - tInoM sandhyAoM meM samasta pApa ke karmoM se virata hokara niyata sthAna para niyata samaya ke lie mana, vacana aura kAya ke ekAgra karane ko sAmAyikavrata kahate haiN| jitane samaya taka vratI sAmAyika karatA hai, utane samaya taka vaha mahAvratI ke samAna ho jAtA hai| samabhAva yA zAnti kI prApti ke lie sAmAyika kiyA jAtA hai| 2 - proSadhopavAsa- pA~coM indriyoM apane- apane viSaya se nivRtta hokara upavAsI niyaMtrita rahe, use upavAsa kahate haiN| proSadha arthAt parva ke dina upavAsa karanA proSadhopavAsa haiM sAdhAraNataH cAroM prakAra ke AhAra kA tyAga karanA upavAsa hai, para sabhI indriyoM ke viSaya bhogoM se nivRtta rahanA hI yathArtha meM upavAsa hai| prauSadhopavAsa se dhyAna, svAdhyAya, bramhacarya aura tatvacintana Adi kI siddhi hotI hai| - I 3- bhogopabhogaparimANa AhAra- pAna, gandha-mAlA Adi ko bhoga kahate haiM jo vastu ekabAra bhogane yogya hai, vaha bhoga hai aura jina vastuoM ko punaH punaH bhogA jA sake ve upabhoga haiN| ina bhoga aura upabhoga kI vastuoM kA kucha samaya ke liye athavA jIvana- paryanta ke lie parimANa karanA bhogopabhogaparimANavrata hai| isa vrata ke pAlana karane se lolupatA evaM viSayavAchA ghaTatI hai| 4-atithisaMvibhAga- jo saMyamarakSA karate hue vihAra karatA hai athavA jisake Ane kI koI nizcita tithi nahIM hai, vaha atithi hai| isa prakAra ke atithi ko zuRcitta se nirdoSa vidhipUrvaka AhAra denA atithisaMvibhAgavrata hai| isa prakAra ke atithiyoM ko yogya auSadha, dharmopakaraNa, zAstra Adi denA isI vrata meM sammilita hai|
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________________ zrAvaka dainika SaTkarma zrAvaka apanA sarvAgINa vikAsa nirliptabhAva se svakarttavya kA sampAdana karate hue ghara meM rahakara bhI kara sakatA haiN| dainika kRtyoM meM SaTkarmo kI gaNanA kI gaI hai| 1-devapUjA- devapUjA zubhopayoga kA sAdhana hai| pUjya yA arcya guNoM ke prati AtmasamarpaNa kI bhAvanA hI pUjA hai| pUjA karane se zubharAga kI vRddhi hotI hai, para yaha zubharAga apane sva ko pahacAnane meM upayogI siddha hotA haiM pUjA ke do bheda haiM- dravyapUjA aura bhaavpuujaa| aSTadevoM se vItarAga aura sarvajJadeva kI pUjA karanA dravyapUjA hai aura binA dravya ke kevala guNoM kA cinatana aura manana karanA bhAvapUjA hai| bhAvapUjA meM AtmA ke guNa hI AdhAra rahate haiM, ataH pUjaka ko AtmAnubhUti kI prApti hotI hai| sarAgavRtti hone para bhI pUjana dvArA rAgadveSa ke vinAza kI kSamatA utpanna hotI hai| pUjA samyagdarzanaguNa ko to vizuddha karatI hI hai, para vItarAga Adarza ko prApta karane ke lie bhI prerita karatI hai| yaha AtmotthAna kI bhUmikA hai| 2. gurubhakti- guru kA artha ajJAna- andhakAra ko naSTa karanevAlA hai| yaha guru tapasvI aura Arambhaparigraharahita hotA hai| jIvana meM saMskAroM kA prArambha gurucaraNoM kI upAsanA se hI sambhava hai| isI kAraNa gRhastha ke dainika SaTkarmo meM gurupAsti ko Avazyaka mAnA hai| ataH guru ke pAsa satata nivAsa karane se mana, vacana, kAyakI vizuddhi svataH hone lagatI hai aura vAksaMyama, indriyasaMyama tathA AhArasaMyama bhI prApta hone lagate haiN| 3-svAdhyAya- svAdhyAya kA artha sva- AtmA kA adhyayana-cintana-manana hai| pratidina jJAnArjana karane se rAga ke tyAga kI zakti upalabadha hotI hai| svAdhyAya samasta pApoM kA nirAkaraNa kara ratnatraya kI upalabdhi meM sahAyaka hotA hai| buddhibala aura Atmabala kA vikAsa svAdhyAya dvArA hotA hai| svAdhyAya dvArA saMskAroM meM pariNAmavizuddhi hotI hai aura pariNAmavizuddhi hI mahAphaladAyaka hai| mana ko sthira karane kI divyauSadhi svAdhyAya hI hai| heya- upAdeya aura jJeya kI jAnakArI kA sAdhana svAdhyAya hai| svAdhyAya yaha pIyUSa hai jisase saMsArarUpI vyAdhi dUra ho jAtI hai| ataeva pratyeka zrAvaka ko AtmatanmayatA, AtmaniSThA, pratibhA,medhA Adi ke vikAsa ke liye svAdhyAya karanA Avazyaka hai| 4-saMyama- indriya aura mana kA niyamana kara saMyama meM pravRtta honA atyAvazyaka hai| kaSAya aura vikAroM kA damana kiye binA Ananda kI upalabdhi nahIM ho sakatI hai| saMyama hI aisI auSadhi hai, jo rAgadveSarUpa pariNAmoM ko niyaMtrita karatA hai| saMyama ke do bheda haiM- 1. indriyasaMyama aura 2. praannisNym| ina donoM saMyamoM meM pahale indriyasaMyama kA dhAraNa karanA Avazyaka hai kyoMki indriyoM ke vaMza ho jAne para hI prANiyoM kI rakSA sambhava hotI hai| indriya sambandhI abhilASAoM,lAlasAoM aura icchAoM kA nirodha karanA indriya saMyama ke antargata hai| viSaya kaSAyoM ko niyaMtrita karane kA ekamAtra sAdhana saMyama hai| jisane indriyasaMyama kA pAlana Arambha kara diyA hai vaha jIvananirvAha ke liye kama-se-kama sAmagrI kA upayoga karatA hai, jisase zeSa sAmagrI samAja ke anya sadasyoM ke kAma AtI hai, saMgharSa kama hotA hai aura
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________________ viSamatA dUra hotI hai| yadi eka manuSya adhika sAmagrI kA upabhoga kare to dUsaroM ke liye sAmagrI kama par3egI, jisase zoSaNa Arambha ho jaayegaa| ataeva indriyasaMyama kA abhyAsa karanA Avazyaka hai prANisaMyama meM SaTkAya ke jIvoM kI rakSA apekSita hai| prANisaMyama ke dhAraNa karane se ahiMsA kI sAdhanA siddha hotI hai aura AtmavikAsa kA 5- Arambha hotA hai| 5-tapa- icchAnirodha ko tapa kahate haiN| jo vyakti apanI mahatvAkAMkSAoM aura icchAoM kA niMyatraNa karatA hai, vaha tapa kA abhyAsI hai| vAstava meM anazana, Unodara, Adi tapoM ke abhyAsa se AtmA meM nirmalatA utpanna hotI hai| ahaMkAra aura mamakAra kA tyAga bhI tapa ke dvArA hI sambhava hai| ratnatraya ke abhyAsI zrAvaka ko apanI zakti ke anusAra pratidina tapa kA abhyAsa karanA caahie| 6-dAna- zAktyanusAra pratidina dAna denA caahie| sampatti kI sArthakatA dAna meM hI hai| dAna supAtra ko dene se adhika phalavAna hotA hai| yadi dAna meM ahaMkAra kA bhAva A jAya to dAna niSphala ho jAtA hai| zrAvaka muni, AryikA, kSullikA, kSulalaka, bramhacArI, vratI Adi ko dAna dekara zubhabhAvoM kA ajUna karatA hai| gyAraha pratimAeM zrAvaka apane AcAra ke vikAsa ke hetu mUlabhUta vratoM kA pAlana karatA huA samyagdarzana kI vizuddhi ke sAtha cAritra meM pravRtta hotA hai| usake isa cAritrika vikAsa yA AdhyAtmika unnati ke kucha sopAna haiM jo zAstrIya bhASA meM pratimA yA abhigrahavizeSa kahe jAte haiN| vastutaH ye pratimAe~ zramaNajIvana kI upalabdhi kA dvAra hai| zrAvakAracAra ke vikAsa kI sIr3hiyA~ haiM / jo ina sopAnoM kA ArohaNa kara uttarottara apane AcAra kA vikAsa karatA jAtA hai vaha zramaNajIvana ke nikaTa pahu~cane kA adhikArI bana jAtA hai| ye sopAna pratimAe~ gyAraha haiM 1. darzana pratimA, 2. vrata pratimA, 3. .sAmAyika pratimA , 4. proSadha pratimA, 5. sacittavirata-pratimA, 6. divAmaithuna yA rAtribhuttityAga pratimA, 7. bramhacarya pratimA, 8. ArambhatyAga pratimA, 9. parigRhatyAga pratimA, 10. anumatityAga pratimA, 11. udidaSTatyAga prtimaa|