Shabdakosh

Author(s): Ratanlal Mishr
Publisher: Literary Circle
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/020693/1

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zabdakoza // kalA, itihAsa, purAtattva koza Technical Terms of Fine Arts, Architecture, Archaeology and History ratana lAla mizra For Private and Personal Use Only

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zabdakoza kalA, itihAsa, purAtattva koza (Technical Terms of Fine Arts, Architecture - Archaeology and History) lekhaka ratana lAla mizra liTrerI sarkila, jayapura For Private and Personal Use Only

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prakAzaka liTrerI sarkila, sI-12/13, prathama tala, khaNDelavAla garlsa kaoNleja ke sAmane, saMsAra candra roDa, jayapura - 302001 Phone: 4004330, Mobile 9414054330 literarycirclejpr@yahoo.com (c) lekhaka ISBN: 81-8182-045-2 mUlya 495/- mAtra saMskaraNa : 2009 mudraka : zItala prinTarsa For Private and Personal Use Only

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Preface The dictionary of technical terms of architecture, whaeology, fine arts and history provides an easy knowledge w the students and common people alike. The students feel a ; reat difficulty in knowing the meaning of these technical ...ms. It is also not easy for them to consult a voluminous " na., .s rh is beyond their means. He therefore, stands in need of a dictionary which can provide meaning of these terms in an easy and comprehensible manner and still, is not beyond their means. As the subject of architecture is exhaustive, some additional information is provided in the form of three subsections as mentioned below(A) General Architectural Terms (with meaning in English in English alphabetical order) (B) General Architectural Terms (with English meaning - Another version) (C) Temple Architectural Terms (with both Hindi and English meaning and Hindi alphabatic order) There seems to be some repeatation but as the technical words are provided in different alphabetical orders for the benefit and convenience of the readers some amount of repetation is unavoidable. The second part contains the Hindi meaning of the terms of Archaelogy and the third the terms of Fine Arts in the same way. The fourth part contains terms of History. It is hoped that the dictionary will prove useful for the students as well as for general reader. Dr. Ratanlal Mishra Jaipur For Private and Personal Use Only

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. www.kobatirth.org Contents Architecture Iconographic Terms Archaeology Fine Arts History List of Illustrations: Figures 1-82 83-89 90-119 120-141 142-197

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Architecture The art of architecture is for all man to learn, because all are concerned with it. It is really an art of organising space. According to Ruskin "All good architecture is the expression of national life and character; and it is produced by a prevalant and eager national taste or desire for beauty." The study of Architecture opens up the enjoyment of contemplating buildings with an appreciation of their purpose, meaning and charm and every structure conjures up the condition of the past ages. It is the one art with which we are all brought into daily contact for it shelters us from the elements, gives us 'home' and enshrines the sacred symbols of all religions. Architecture is the mother of sculpture and painting and is the oldest of all arts. The great rulers of this country have been patrons of this art and some of them have used architecture as the symbol of their personal power. The rulers have become the thing of the past hence, today it is the turn of the people to become the patron of the art. Every art has its technical terms which are difficult to the readers and students alike to grasp their proper meaning. Attempt has been made in this work to make these terms easily understable by giving their meaning in Hindi language. Besides, illustrations of some terms are given which will enable the readers to grasp the proper form and meaning of the term. It is earnestly hoped that the book will prove helpful to those students, scholars and readers who are interested in the art of architecture. For Private and Personal Use Only

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Technical Dictionary Architectural Terms Abaciscus Abacus Abamurus Abat-Jour Abreavoir Abutment Aconstic tile Acanthus Aetiaiol Acropolis Ageing Adylum Acroteria Agraffe Agora Air brick Aisles Air circulation Aisles Alameda Albarium Alcove Allette Ambo Ambry Amphi-prostyle laghuphalakA, kuTTima pASANa phalakA puztA, vapraka tiryak gavAkSa radde kI darAja puztA dhvani sokha TAyala eka paudhA jisakI pattiyoM se koranthiyana staMbha zIrSa banatA hai trikoNa zIrSa paTTa zIrSa durga sthala kAla prabhAvana, jIrNana maMdira kA gupta kakSa prastara khaMDa grAhI kIla, cApa zIrSa mUrti khulA sabhAsthala vAtAyanI IMTa pArzva vibhAga vAyu saMcAra carca kA eka bhAga nikuMja mArga gaca, sudhA AlA laghukhaNDa, dvArazAkhA carca kA unnata bhAga .. - pavitra bartanoM ko rakhane kI AlamArI - pArzva bhAga yukta maMdira For Private and Personal Use Only

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra Architectural Terms Angevin Angle burin Angle measure Angle tower Animal figure Annexe Annulated column Annulated vault Ante-chamber Ante-cour Ante-fix Antependium Anticum Appentice Appe Apteral Acqueduct Arabesque Arabic Gum Arc Arcade Arcaded screen Arcature Araeostyle Arch Archaeological salvage Archealogical time Archealogist www.kobatirth.org AMjave koNa lakSaNI guniyA, koNamApaka koNa mInAra cAlita AkRti upabhavana valayita staMbhAvalI valayita guMbada upakakSa, Dayor3hI, mukhazAlA praveza patha Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir zukranAsa, agrAlaMkaraNa vedI mukha agradvAra maMDapa dvAra bitAna carca kA golAkAra bhAga pArzva staMbhavihIna maMdira jala praNAla, kulyA belabUTe kA kAma babUla kA goMda cApa dAyarA toraNapatha, toraNa maMDapa toraNI pardA laghu toraNa patha, chadma toraNa patha dostaMbhoM ke bIca kA 31/2 mITara kA bhAga toraNa, meharAba, cApa purAtAtvika uddhAra purAtatvIya kAla purAtattvajJa For Private and Personal Use Only 3

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Technical Dictionary Archaeology purAtattva Archaic record purAtanika abhilekha Arch brick cApa iSTakA Architectonic __ - vAstukalA sambandhI Architectonics vAstu vijJAna Architectural decoration - vAstu alaMkaraNa Architectural drawing- sthApatya ArekhaNa Architectural ornamentation - vAstu kalAtmaka alaMkaraNa Architecture vAstukalA Architrave - pAdAMga, toraNa sajjA Archivolt cApAlaMkaraNa, toraNacchAdana Archlintel meharAbI uttarAMga, meharAbI linTala Archlintel bracket meharAbI uttarAMga ToDA Arch rib cApa zalAkA Arch way toraNapatha Arch Window meharAbI khir3akI Arcuated architecture - toraNa vAstu, bahucApI vAstu Arcnatum Armature DhAMcA, paMjara Arris do dharAtala ke saMgala sthala para banA tIkhA koNa. Astylar facade staMbhahIna gRha mukha, staMbhahIna sabhA bhavana Ashlar gar3he hue prastara Atelier zilpazAlA Atlantes mAnavAkRti staMbha Atrium prAMgaNa, puratobhadra Altic parachattI, aTArI, harmya Altic base - aTArI staMbha pITha, aTArI staMbhAdhAra gArA For Private and Personal Use Only

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Architectural Terms Aurocle Autograph letters Avenue Axial passage IsA mUrti ke cAroM ora kA prakAza cakra svahasta likhita patra vIthi akSAkAra mArga, akSIya mArga B Back band Back slab Bagwette Balconet Balconied turret Ballast Ballium Ballon framing Balnea bAhya sajjApaTTI pRSTha paTTa laghugolA paTTI choTA bArajA chajjedAra burje, chajjedAra kaMgUrA ror3I patthara, giTTI gaDhIla prAMgaNa UrdhvagAmI kASTa phrema sArvajanika snAnAgAra mekhalA, sopAnAMtarAla laghu staMbha, kSudra staMbha sopAna mArga, laghu staMbha paMkti paTTabaMdha uddhRta paTTikA, ubhAradAra paTTikA paTTI sajA - burjI Baltens Baluster Balustrade staircase Band Course Banderole Banding Barbette Barbican Barefaced tenon Barrel Vault Bartizan Bar tracery Basal gravel Basement koTa bUMghaTa, prAcIra eka mukhI cUla DholAkAra koSTha, arddhagola guMbada kaMgUrA zalAkA jAlAMtaraNa AdhArika bajarI tahakhAnA, talaghara For Private and Personal Use Only

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Technical Dictionary Bas-relief Bastion Bastille (Bastila) Batten door Bays Battlement Beaded pointing Bead moulding Beak head moulding - Beam Bed mould Belatage Bell arch nimna uddhRta burja, garagaja, bapraburjI gar3hI paTTIdAra daravAjA chata vibhAga phasIla, kaMgUrA goMThadAra TIpa manakA sajjApaTTI caMcumuMDaka sajjA paTTI zahatIra, kar3I adha:prakSepa sajjApaTTI mukhyatala, mukhya maMjila ghaMTAcApa ghaMTAkAra stUpa ghaMTA burja eka mInAra ghaMTA burja ghaMTA aTTAlikA vArAdarI vedikakSa dabA huA bhAga, AlA vRttAkAra alaMkaraNa vRttAkAra alaMkaraNa dvikoNa belanakhaMDa sajjApaTTI Bell barron Bell cot Belfry Bell gabb Bell turret Belvedere Bema Benchnook Besant Bezant Bicone Billet Blinder's paste Bit Blazon Blazonary leI nukIlA hathaur3A, dhAra kulacinha kulacinha, kalAtmaka citraNa For Private and Personal Use Only

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Architectural Terms Bleeding of colour - raMga visaraNa Blind storey - nirgavAkSa bhavanatala Blocage (coarse masonary) - viSama cinAI Blocking course zIrSa cinAI Bloom vAtAyana daNDa Bloom base vAtAyana daMDa AdhAra Bond cinAI Bolster avalaMba, zahatIra Boroque alaMkaraNa atizayatA Boss tool * nAbhi yaMtra Boston lap - bosTana laipa Bottom panel nicalA dilhA Bottom rail dehalI paTTI Bowl kaTorA, caSaka Bowstring roof dhanuA chata Bowtell uttala sajjApaTTI Bow Window kamAnadAra khir3akI Bracket ToDA Bracket ornament ToDA alaMkaraNa Braticing jAlIdAra alaMkaraNa Break-Joints darjakATa cinAI karanA Breast bhitti prakSepa Breastsummer vIma, maThoTha Breast Work AvakSa bhitti Breezway jharokhA-acchAdita vIthi Bretesse mokhedAra burja Brilliant cutting kAMca alaMkaraNa Broach zikhara, chidraNa Broken pediment khaMDita trikoNa sajjA For Private and Personal Use Only

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Technical Dictionary pAMDu Bronze tools kAMse ke upakaraNa Bubble level panasAla Back-stay cinAI staMbha, dhUNI Buff Buffering agent aMtarodhI kAraka Building art nirmANa kalA Building block bhavana khaMDaka, bhavana iSTakA Building board takhtA Built-up roofing bAhyAvaraNa Bulwark prAcIra Bursting strength - prasphoTarodhI sAmarthya Buttress Byzantine architecture - bAIjenTanI sthApatya (5vIM zatI) puztI Cabled fluting Calabaza Caldarium Camber Camber beam Candle beam Candle grease Canopy Cantoria Capital Caracole Carol Carriage Casement baladAra nAliyA~, rajjukAra nAliyA~ kalAbAjA hamAmakakSa (kar3I kA) ubhAra meharAbadAra zahatIra kubjacApa dIpAdhAra moma makabare kA AcchAdana gAyana vIthi staMbha zIrSa sarpila sopAna adhyayana kakSa sopAnAdhAra valabhi, vAtAyana For Private and Personal Use Only

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Architectural Terms Casement sash vAtAyana saMdhAra Casement Window .. caukhaTevAlI khir3akI Cashel - . kezala,carca cAradivArI Castellated palace - gar3hI sadRza prAsAda Cast in situ sthAna para DhalA Catch argalA, billI Catch basin jalagraha Catchment jalagraha Cathedral glass dhuMdhalA kAMca Cat ladder khar3I sIr3hI Cat's head biDAla zira, bilAva alaMkaraNa Cat walk prAcIra, pagaDaMDI Cancaso Persian style - kAkeziyAI pArasI vAstu zailI Caulicoll staMbhazIrSa bhAga Caulis kaTaMkI daMDa (korathI staMbha) Cauterium citropakaraNa Cavaedium prAMgaNa Cavea arddhacandra raMgamaMDapa Cavetto vRta khaMDaka sajjA paTTI Cavo relievo gaharA udbhUta Ceil chatagerI-aMtarachAdana Ceiling chata, vitAna, aMtarachada Cella garbhagRha Cellar talakakSa Cellular kASThAtmaka vAstu Cellular brick kozikIya iSTikA Cellulose acetate foil - selulIja esITeDa pannI Celure vitAna alaMkaraNa Cement sImeMTa For Private and Personal Use Only

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10 Technical Dictionary Centre piece madhyAlaMkaraNa Cenotaph chatarI-khAlI kabra Chalcidium nyAyAlaya bhavana Chalk khar3iyA Chamfer kattala Chain rail mattavAraNa paTTikA, kSatirodha paTTikA Chalcidium nyAyAlaya bhavana Chandry dIpaghara Channel pipe ardhapraNAla Chase jhirI Checker zataraMgI alaMkaraNa Checker pattern zataraMjI namUnA Chequer work caukora pASANa cinAI Check throating jalarodhaka nAlikA Chemin-de-ronde prAkAra patha Cheneau zikhara sajjA Chequer motif zataraMjI namUnA Chevaux kAMDavAriNI, saMrakSI zaMku Chevaron dvirekhI sajjA paTTI Chevaron moulding - lahariyA sajA paTTI China clay (Kaolin) cInI miTTI Chip apakhaNDa Chip carving chIlanA Chipped flint apakhaNDita cakamaka Chipping apakhaMDana Chisel chenI, TAMkI, takSaNI Chute pravaNikA Chymol cUla Cell (sill) - gavAkSa dehalI For Private and Personal Use Only

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Architectural Terms 14 Cimborio Cimelium Circle Valley Circular window Circumferential street - Ciseau Cladding Clap board Cleaning bath Cleaning hinge Cleavage furrow Clench Clerestory Clerestory window - Clinch Clinometer Clip bond Clipped gabb Cloaca maxima Cloister garth Closure Cloud band Clowring Cluniae architecture . Coade stone Coaltar Coarse gravel Cob Cobblestone chata gavAkSa ratnakakSa nariyA, golanAlI gola khir3akI cakrita mArga, vRttAkAra mArga chenI paratacarAnA chajjA zodha kuMDikA khulatA kabjA vidaraNa rekha nikIla udgata khaMDa adhivAtAyana nikIlana pravaNatAmApI kaTI cinAI chinnAna valabhi mukhya morI vIthi prAMgaNa prAkArikA - choTI dIvAra meghapaTTI alaMkaraNa pASANatakSaNa, saMgatarAzI kalunI sthApatya koDa prastara kolatAra, DAmara bajarI gArA pharzI patthara For Private and Personal Use Only

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra 1221 Coachleare Coke breeze Collar Collared roof Collar stone Colonial architecture Colonnade Colonnaded Columbelon Column Columnar order Columned inter-spaces Columniation Commesso Compartment ceiling Compass brick Compass roof Compo Composit Order Concave Concave scraper Concavity Concha Concrete mixer Conduit Conge Contoured plan Contrast Convex-sided - www.kobatirth.org staMbhayukta jaladroNI staMbha gola sIDhIdAra burja rAkha sImenTa masAlA golAdhAra Drama kaMTha chata greva prastara aupanivezika sthApatya staMbhAvali, staMbha zreNI staMbhazailI staMbhIya aMtarAla staMbha racanA Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir jyAmitika mojeka citrakuTTima vibhAjita bitAna sthAnAkAra IMTa ardhavRtta cha kAMpI, cUne kA masAlA sammizra staMbha zaila avatala, nIce kA ula avatala khuracanI avatalatA ardhagola guMbada kaMkrITa melaka nAlI, nalikA avatala sajjApaTTI parirekhAcitra viparyAsa, vaiSamya uttala kinArevAlA Technical Dictionary For Private and Personal Use Only

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Architectural Terms Coping Coping stone Copperas Corbel Corbel bracket Corbelled arch Corbelled brick work - Corbelled ceiling Corbic gabb Crow stepped gable. Cork tile Caro Carolitic Cornice Corona Corridor Corrugated Corsa Cortile Cosmalo work Cotloft (cockloft) Couche - Countess - Coupled column Coursed brick Courtyard Coussinet Cove Covering material uSNIza, muMDera zikhara patthara kasIsa ToDA moranI, ToDA ToDA meharAba kadalikAkRta cinAI kadalikAyukta vitAna sopAnayukta trikoNikA kAka valabhi kArka TAila gAnakakSa patrAlaMkRta nirmANa kA zIrSa bhAga kapolazrRMga gailerI, galiyArA nAlIdAra mAthA AMtarika korTa citrakuTTima zilpa duchatI parata, stara kAunTesa paTTI yuga staMbha starita IMTa AMgana cApAdhAra pASANa avatala sajjA paTTI AvaraNa sAmagrI For Private and Personal Use Only

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14 Technical Dictionary Coving Cramp Crack Cradle roof Crenel Crenella Crepis Crescent blade Crescent base Cresting Crevice Cribble Criss-cross pattern Croft Crossbar Cross compartment Crosset Crossette Cross garnet Cross hatch Crossing Crosslet Cross staff Cross Vault Cross Window Crowde Crown Crowned member Crowning nAlikA - prastara kIla darAra, tarer3a ardhacandra chata moraNa phasIla puztA arddhacaMdra phalaka cApIdAra zIrSAlaMkAra - vidarikA, khAMcA jAlIdArI Ar3A tirachA namUnA bhUmigRha takiyA, sUcI - pratIpa bhavana ToDA ToDI, kamAMcA koniyA Ar3I jAlI krUsAMtarAla laghukrUsa guniyA ADA gumbada Amane sAmane kI khir3akI bhUmigRha zikhara - cUr3AbhArga uttamAMga For Private and Personal Use Only

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra Architectural Terms Crowstep gable Crucks Crypt Cubicle Cuneus Cuniculus Cupola Curtail step Curvilinear Curvilinear gable Cyclopean Cyclostyle Cyna Dado Damascene Dais Dancette Daub Deadening (pugging) Deca style Designing tool Diagonal rib Diamicton Diathyra Die Die cutter Diffusing glass www.kobatirth.org sopAnayukta trikoNikA anagar3ha bhUmigRha, tahakhAnA laghukakSa darzaka kakSa bhUmigata nAlI gumbada valayita sopAna vakrarekhI vakrarekhI chajjA Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir vRhat pASANa prAcIra staMbhavRtta, staMbha maMDala do viparIta moDa vAlI mAulDiMga D pAdapIThabhAga dhAtu paccIkArI unnata pAdapITha paTTI sajjA pa dhvani nirodhaka daza staMbhI bhAga rUpAMkana upakaraNa vikarNa zirA, vikarNa chatadvAra kaccI pakkI cinAI, anagaDha pASANa cinAI galiyArA, aMtarAla ThappA, DAI, staMbhapAda ThappA kaTAI bisArI kAMca For Private and Personal Use Only 15

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra 16 Digging stick Dike Dipteral Direct Vision Distemper Distyle Divider Dog-legged staircase Dogtrot Dome Domed roof Domed shape Domed Vault Domestic architecture www.kobatirth.org Door buck Door check Door frame Door sill Door stop Dorian architecture Doric cyma Dormer Door jamb Dosseral Dosseret Double floor Double roof (purlin roof) Double spiral Dovetail - - - - * khanana yaSTi, khatI, khananI jalavAhikA dvipaMktibaddha staMbha pratyakSa dRSTisUcaka samAraMjana dvistaMbhIya vibhAjaka gumbada guMbadIchata, kUTa guMbadAkAra guMbadI koSTha khar3I sIr3hI, urdhva sopAna AcchAdita patha gRha sthApatya dvAra caukhaTA Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir aDavAla caukhaTA dehalI Technical Dictionary dvAra guTakA Doriyana sthApatya Dorika padma zayana koSTha, zayanakakSa vAtAyana dvAra staMbha vedipRSTha paTTa staMbhazIrSa guTakA kASTha pharza kASTha chata doharI sarpila aMtargrathana For Private and Personal Use Only

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17 Architectural Terms Drip Drop Dovetail joint - DabacUla saMdhi Draftsmanship nakzAnavIsI Downward measurement - adhomukhI mApa Drawbar argalA Drawing - Arekhana cyavana, cuAva Thokara Drop arch laTakana cApa Drove kuMThita chainI Druids' altar (dolmen) - Dolamena, mahApASANa tuMba Drum golAdhAra, stUpa aMDa Dubbing out - sthUla palastara Duchesse Dacesa paTTI Dummy - nakalI Dummy portal - nakalI dvAra Eaves chajjA Eccelesiology girjA nirmANa zilpa Echinus phalakAdhAra Eclectic-architecture saMkalana sthApatya Eephora - staMbha ubhAra Edge roll koragolA Edifice bhavana Egyptian-architecture .. mizrI sthApatya Egg and anchor molding - aMDalAMgala sajjApaTTI Elaeothesium sajjA kakSa, prasAdhana kakSa Elgin marble ailagina saMgamaramara Embankment taTabaMdha For Private and Personal Use Only

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18 Technical Dictionary Embellishment Emboss Endowment Empress Encarpa Engaged column Engagement English bond English roofing tile Engobe Engrail Entasis Entablature Entersol Entrance arch Entrance room Epi Episation Epistle side Epitithedes Equilateral arch Erisma Espagnolette Espalier Estibite Estrade Estufa Etage Elagere samAlaMkaraNa samudbhuta cApIkaraNa empresa paTTI puSpaphala toraNa saMsikta staMbha AMbadha aMgrejI cinAI rUparela adholepa kaToredAra banAnA, saMtulita banAnA - staMbha kI ubhAra rekhA staMbhoM para banA bhavana zIrSa bhAga parachattI praveza cApa praveza kakSa zikhAMta staMbhopariracanA girajA kI vedI kA dakSiNI bhAga staMbhazIrSa sajjA samabAhu toraNa puztA argAlikA - latAjAla, jhaMjharI zuMdrikA staMbha cabUtarA, maMca, catvara zrama bhavana, sabhA bhavana tala maMjila - khulI alamArI For Private and Personal Use Only

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Architectural Terms 19 Earhythm Extrados Eye Extrados vAstu sAmaMjasya bahizcApa mokhA, jharokhA, gavAkSa - cApa kA bAharI mor3a Facade mukha, rUkha, guhAra Face brick mukheSTikA Face urn mukha kalaza False work kaccA kAma Fan light paMkhAkAra khir3akI Fast colour pakkA raMga Feather-edged boarding - zuMDAkAra paTTa . Felling tool pItana upakaraNa Ferro-concrete prabalita kaMkarITa Ferruginous gravel lauhamaya bajarI Ferrule lohe kA challA Field tile khaparaila morI File retI Finial zIrSa, stUpikA Finishing pariSkaraNa Finishing touch aMtima pariSkaraNa Fire back agnipRSTha bhitti Fixed arch niyata cApa Fixing block Flagged courtyard prastarita prAMgaNa Flagging - prastara mArga nirmANa Flamboyant jvAlAjAlI Flame-shaped battlement - agni zikhAkRti prAkAra guTakA For Private and Personal Use Only

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20 Technical Dictionary Flank wall Flanning Flaring side Flashing Flat arch Flat base Flat bed Flatness Flat pointing Flat rock floor Flat surface Flatten Flat topped tumulous Fleche Flemish bond Flewron Flight Float Floor-arch Floral design Floral medalion Floral spray Flue Flush pointing Fluting Flying buttress Flying arch Flying shelf - pArzvabhitti - patAma phaile pArzva bharata sapATa cApa capaTA talA samatala paTTa samatalatA bharavA TIpa sapATa zilA tala capaTI sataha samatalana capaTe zira vAlA stUpa patalI mInAra phlemI cinAI puSpAlaMkaraNa sIdhAjInA thApI pharza cApa phUlakArI phullA puSpa prakIrNana *Akaza - satahI TIpa staMbha ke bhAga para khar3I dhArAeM arddhacApa vapra tiryaka cApa prakSepita AlA For Private and Personal Use Only

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Architectural Terms 21 Foot block (plinth block) . pAdAMga mUlakhaMDa Foot hold pAMva rakhane kA sthAna Foot pace pAdapaTTI Foot stand pAdAdhAra Fore arm agra bAhu Fore court agra prAMgaNa Fort kilA Foundation level AdhAra tala Foundation storey AdhAra tala Four-centred arch - catukendrita cApa Foyar agradIrghA Franked joint aMtargrathita saMdhi Free standing column sthAnaka staMbha French Joint phreMca jor3a French window dvAra khir3akI Fresco. bhitti citra Fret jAlI Fretted border kaTAvadAra hAsiyA Frigidarium zItasnAna ghara Frill jhAlara Frontispiece dvAramukha sajjA Full bastion pUrNa garagaja Furring dIvAra para astara lagAnA Fusarole phalakAdhAra sajjA Furrow khAMcA Fust staMbha daMDikA For Private and Personal Use Only

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22 Technical Dictionary ghUrA Gabled house trikoNikA gRha Gabled porch nAsikA Gabled roof trikoNI chata Gablet laghu trikoNikA Gadroon kamarakha Galleting darja bharAI Gambrel roof valabhi chata Garbage dump Gargoyle - vyAlamukha praNAla Garnet tAmar3A Garth AMgana Gauge pramApI Gauge arch pramApI cApa Gazebo sAvana bhAdo, dhArAgRha Geometrical art jyAmitika kalA Girandole jhAr3a phAnUsa Goneometer koNamApI, guniyA Gospel side vAma bhAga Grating jaMgalA, jhaMjharI Graver utkIrNaka Greek order yUnAnI staMbha zailI Gritti core kaMkarIlA kor3a Grooved and tunged joint - jhirI aura jIbhI jor3a Grounds AdhArabhAga Ground storey - talabhUmi Grouped column kulaka staMbha Grout - patalI gaca For Private and Personal Use Only

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra Architectural Terms Gudgeon Gula Gulley Gulty Gutter board Gymmer Hagioscope Half bastion Half bat Half domed Half pace Half plate Half round Hammer beam Hammer beam roof Hammer dressing Hammering technique Hammer-stone Hance Handaxe Handaxe cleaver Hand brick Hand hold Handle Hangings Hanging stile Hanging tile www.kobatirth.org - - gajana, cUla paTTa sajjA avanAlikA avanAlikA olatI paTTa kIlita cUla kabjA H tiryaNadarza, jharokhA arddhaburjI addhA arddhagaMbita caukI Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir arddhapaTTikA arddhavRtta padAla paTTadArUvitAna sthUlatakSaNa Ahanana pravidhi ghana, hathaur3A arddhacApa aMDAkAra hastakuThAra vidAraka hastakuThAra hAtha kI banI IMTa hatthA dastA pardA AlaMba paTTI khar3A TAyala For Private and Personal Use Only 233

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Technical Dictionary - - Haniwa Hard core Hard packed floor Harelip arch Hare Hatch Hatchway Hatstone Haunch Header Hearth stone Heater Healed cairn Heliocuminus Helm roof Hem Heptastyle Herma Heroic order Hersa Hinge style Hinging plate Hip hook Hip knob Hipped roof Hip rodd Hip tile Hit and miss mRd belana ror3I kuTTima pharza naulatAkAra cApa DhalAI vipATadvAra vipATa mArga TopIkala staMbha madhya, cApa madhya serU agninirodhI patthara tApaka ekInumA saMgorA razmikakSa caumukhI chata utprota, uThI kora saptastaMbhI AvakSa staMbha sammizrita staMbha upadvAra pakkhA saMdhi paTTa zreNi aMkuza zikhAnta kalazI zroNIya chata arddhabelanAkAra pRSTha zroNI kharpara . chidrita vAtAyana For Private and Personal Use Only

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Architectural Terms 25 Hogging Holder bat Hollow boring Honeycomb wall Honey suckle Hood mould Hopper head Hopper light Hornacina Horseshoe arch Horseshoe shape Housed joint House style bajarI kuMDA, AMkaDA challAvedhana chidrAlaMkRta bhitti, jAlIdAra dIvAla madhumAlatI latA cApa chatra dhArA dhAva aMtarvAtAyana koNa AlA nAlAkAra cApa - nAlAmRrti - gartikA saMdhi - gRhanirmANa zailI . I Impost cApa AdhAra Impregnation - antarvezana Incised drawing utkIrNa Arekhana Incised meander utkartita visarpa Incision utkartana Instantaneous exposure - tAtmAlika udbhAsana Inter-columniation staMbhAMtarAla, staMbhAMtara Inter domb - aMtargubada Interlaced arch aMtagrathitacApa Intermediate ribs madhyavartI zalAkAeM Intertriglyph - aMtaH TrAiglipha Inverted rim - aMtarnata aMvaka For Private and Personal Use Only

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Technical Dictionary Jack Jack rafter Jet d'eau Jamb - uttolaka - olatI kar3I phavvArA - dvAra pArzva Keene's cement Kerb Key Kosmeterion Key stone - dvidagdha sImeMTa - kora patthara cApa baMdha - paridhAna kakSa - cApabaMdha prastara Label stop Labrum Lactern Laconicum Laminated planking Laminating Lagging Lancet arch Landing Lane - graMthi alaMkaraNa pASANa vASpa snAnAgAra pAThapaTala, pAThamaMca vASpa snAnAgAra - paTalIkaraNa - paTalIkaraNa - DhUle kI bharata nokadAra meharAba caukI galI pallA , parata jAla gavAkSa parata stara papar3I eka r3hAla chata Lap Latticed window Layer Layer cake Lean to roof For Private and Personal Use Only

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Architectural Terms 27 Ledged and braced door - baTanadAra daravAjA Left handed door vAmarUkha daravAjA Lanticuler section masUrAkAra kATa Lesene kabaMdha staMbha Level tag starabaMdhanI Lich agate AcchAdita dvAra Lierne kamAnI Linear rekhIya citra Linenfold panelling dastA kuMDala phalaka Lintel slab siradala paTTA Lisena - kuDyastaMbha Listel - rajjupaTTI Lobe - cApAlaMkaraNa Lacutorium atithi kakSa Long and short work laghu dIrgha pASANa cinAI Loop cApa Loose soil adRr3hamRdA Lower register - talapaTTikA Lozenge pattern hIrAkRti Lunate - navacaMdrAkAra Lying panel - lahariyA dillA For Private and Personal Use Only

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28 Technical Dictionary M Machicolation kile ke dvAra para bane chidra Margent - prAMta paTTI Margin - prAMta paTTI Mason's mitre sajjApaTTI jor3a Mat sinking pAMvapola darAja Meeting rails saMyojaka paTTikAeM Memorial arch smAraka toraNa Melop madhyAntarAla Mezzanine parachattI Mezzo-relivo - madhya uddhRta Middle rail - madhya paTTikA Mimber mibara Miniature shrine devakulikA, devalI Mitre guniyA Modillion alaMkRta ToDA Monk bond moMka cinAI Monotriglyph eketrinAlIyukta Montant madhyazAkhA Monumental architecture - smAraka vAstu Monumental gateway toraNa Mortice - cUla, khAMca Mud brick - kaccI IMTa For Private and Personal Use Only

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra Architectural Terms Nail-beaded National architecture Net-pattern Niche Niggling Non-descript Oast house Obelisk Oblique-edged Observation dome Octagonal pavilion Octa style Oculus Offset Ogee arch Ogivate Oillette Optostrotum Opus Alexandrinum Oriel window Order Orthostates Outwork Overdoor Overlapping course Overs www.kobatirth.org - - - N Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir nakhamAlAMkita rASTrIya vAstu jAlIdAra namUnA AlA ati sUkSma kAma avargIkRta bhaTTIgRha sUcI staMbha tiryaka dhAravAlA prekSaNa gumbaja aSTAgra maMDapa aSTastaMbhI vRttAkAra mokhA, gavAkSa khasakA nukIlA cApa nukIlAcApa sthApatya laghu chidra IMTa kA pharza pASANa pharza bahirgata khir3akI staMbha nicalA raddA bahadurga dvArazIrSa atichAdI chajjA atirikta chApa For Private and Personal Use Only 29

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30 Technical Dictionary Oversail Ovlet Ovolo Owning agency prakSepa kadA - mokhA golA - svAmI abhikaraNa - paTTikA - paMkhAkAra chata . kAMcapaTTa Pallet Palm vaulting Pane Panelled Paper press Pepyrus column Paradisus Parapet Pastel Patch work Patinated Patio Paved floor Pavementum Pedestal Pediment Peel Peggy Pententive Pent house Peripheri Peripteral Peristyle - phalaMkita, dilhedAra - patra paTTikA - pepAirasa staMbha prAcchAdita prAMgaNa muMDera, prAkAra raMgIna khar3iyA paibaMdakArI harimAyukta AMgana kuTTima pharza - patharoDI kuTAI pIThikA dIvAla kA trikoNIya zIrSa bhAga burjI durga - laghu khaparela cApAMtara tribhuja Dyor3hI paridhi staMbha parivekrita - maMdira ke cAroM okhe staMbha For Private and Personal Use Only

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra Architectural Terms Pew Peedroit Pier Pietra dura work Pilaster Pile Pile driver Pile dwelling Pillar kiosk Pillar tap Pinacotheca Pitch Pitched roof Pitching piece Planceer Plano convex brick Planted moulding Plasteresque Plate tracery Plinth Plot Ploughed Plumb line Podium Point Pointed arch Pointing Pole www.kobatirth.org - - - - pIThikA pracchana staMbha 1 cApAdhAra paccIkArI arddhastaMbha bhUstaMbha bhUstaMbhayaMtra ballI sastaMbhachatarI pAtra ToMTI citra vIthi sAhula sUtra pAdapITha zikhara chata - DhAla DhalavAMchata sopAnazIrSadharaNI sopAnAdhAra samatala uttala IMTa jaTila sajjApaTTI, Aropita sajjApaTTI rajatAbha (karma) paTTajAlI kurasI, pAdAMga bhUkhaMDa khAMcAyukta nukIlI meharAba TIpa staMbha 31

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32 Technical Dictionary Poling board Popoura Poppy head Portcullis Port-hole Port hole stone Porthyride (ancon) Portico Postern Postern gate Post-hole Postiche Postico Posticum Precast concrete Pressed brick Pre-tenioning Pricking up Project Propylon Protecting coating Prostyle Prothesis Pseudodipteral Pleroma Pugging - (deadening) Pulvinated frieze Purfling roka takhtA capaTA TIlA alaMkRta zikharAMta jaMgalA prAkAra chidra gavAkSa prastara kamAkA, ToDA dvAra maMDapa - pArzvadvAra, adhomArga pichalA dvAra staMbhagarta asagata sajjA pichalA maMDapa pichalA dvAra pUrva nirmita kaMkarITa - yaMtra dAbita IMTa bharAI-pUrva . chata lekhana, chatAI prakSepa siMha dvAra, mukhya dvAra saMrakSI vilepana khulA dAlAna pUjA kakSa kUTa dvistaMbhAvalIyukta pradakSiNAkha - dhvanizAmaka * uttalavallavI - kazIdAkArI For Private and Personal Use Only

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Architectural Terms 33 kaDI Purlin Purlin roof (double roof) - dharaNikAyukta chata Putlog ar3avAra Pyramidal gateway tower - gopura Pyramidal roof. pirAmiDa chata Pylon . gopura Quad Quadrepartele Quartz Queen closer Queen post Quoin - catuHzAlA - catuHpakSIya billaura, sphaTika uddhA IMTa yugma staMbha - koniyA Rabeschi Radiating voussoir Radial distance Radiating arch Radius Rafter Rag bolt Railing pillar Rainwater head Raking Ramp Random ashlar Random masonary airevaska kamarakhI cApa phanI arIya dUrI trijyAkAra meharAba bahipuroSTikA kar3I AsaMjaka volTa vedikA staMbha nalaTopI - ukhAr3anA rapaTA viSama anagaDha pASANa anagaDha cinAI For Private and Personal Use Only

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34 Technical Dictionary paTTI lepana Random sampling behnique - yAdRcchika praticayana pravidhi Radius - bahirpakoSThikA Rear arch . pazcacApa Rear corner pichalA konA Recessed arch nimajjita cApa Recessed circumference - nimasita paridhi Rectangular tomb 'AyatAkAra makabarA Rectilinear RjurekhIya Red sand stone - lAla baluA patthara Regula Rein ring - rAta kar3I Reisner work raMgIna kASTha paccIkArI Renaissance architecture - punarjAgaraNakAlIna sthApatya Rendering Repertory bhaMDAra . Repointing dubArA TIpa karanA Respond arddha staMbha, bhitti staMbha Ressaunt (ogee molding) - sarpila sajjA Retaining wall puztA Reticulated jAlIdAra Return wall prativRtta bhitti Revetment puztA dIvArI Rib sIliMga baMdha Ridge rib - kamarakhI chata zalAkA Ring band - valayAkAra paTTikAeM Ring building gola nirmANa Recoco alaMkaraNa atizayatA Roman architecture romana sthApatya For Private and Personal Use Only

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Architectural Terms 35 Roof light chata mokhA Roman order romana staMbha zailI. Roofing tile khaparaila Rough arch IMTI meharAba Rough cast rUkSa lepa Router raMdA. Rubber - narama IMTa Rubble core roDI, kroDa Rubble work kaMkara cinAI Rustication khuradarI cinAI Rusticated masonary _ . jAlIdAra cinAI S Saddle stone (apex stone) - zIrSa prastara Sailining coarse prakSepa raddA Sagilla baMdhana patthara Salient angle bahirgata koNa Salutatorium abhivAdana sthalI Sanctum sanctorum - garbha gRha Sand-lime brick reta cUne kI IMTe Sarcenie architecture - islAmI vAstu Sarking chada AstaraNa Sash saMdhAra, caukhaTA Scabellum - uccapITha, U~cI caukI Scaffold - pAr3a, macAna Scale stick mApa yaSTi Scalloped capital - nakhAkAra staMbhazIrSa Scalpturatum . . raMgIna utkhacita saMgamaramara Scarfing - samAnakATa saMdhi For Private and Personal Use Only

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36 Technical Dictionary Screen wall technique - par3adI pravidhi Screen of arches makasUrA, cApapaTa Scribing saMyojaka sajjA Scroll patrAvalI Scroll moulding dhuMDIyukta sajjApaTTI Scroll work patrAvalI belabUTA Scutheon kuloMkita r3hAla Secret nailing gupta kIla lagAnA Sedimentation tank avasAda hauja Sekos - garbhagRha Semidome arch lAjadAra meharAba Seriation paMktibaMdhana Service duct pramukha nAlI Shaft staMbha madhyabhAga, laghustaMbha Shaft ring staMbha valaya Shale mRdA patthara Shank staMbha daMDa Shoring dhUnI bAMdhanA Shouldered tenon jointShutter kivAr3a Side post pArzva staMbha Single floor jor3a rahita pharza Single lap tile ikaharI khaparaila Single span vault eka cApa guMbada Sinister side - vAma pArzva Sky line vyomarekhA Slant stroke Ar3I rekhA Sleeper zahatIra Sleeping platform - zayana maMca For Private and Personal Use Only

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Architectural Terms 37 Slittered arch Sloping ramp Snapped header Snecked rubble Socle Sobbit - atyalaMkRta cApa . - DhAlU rapaTA serU addhA ror3I bharAI pAdapITha, pASANapITha sIliMga - pArzva kakSa ghanabaMdhana Solar karNa dharaNI - Solid boring Solidus Solive Solum Spandrel (spandril) Spandril step Spanish order Speous Spiked postern Spire Spiral meander Splay Spliced joint Splinter Springer Springing line Spur stone Squat pot Stack Staff bead Stand gRhakSetra cApa sakrIti trikoNa sopAnapada speniza staMbha zaila maMdira kIlayukta pichalAdvAra zIrSa bhAga sarpila gaumUtrikA patAma samabaMdhaka saMdhi khapacI toraNa atyAdhAra uThAna rekhA Thokara patthara ThirAnA moDa Dhera lagAnA saMdhi manakA paTTI AdhAra For Private and Personal Use Only

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38 Technical Dictionary - DhalavAM kSuraka ArohI prAcIra zIrSa bhAga yukta mInAra bAr3A kharI IMTa prastaratakSaNa darja bharAI lar3I Steep-scaraper Stepped battlement Steeple Stockade Stock brick Stone dressing Stopping Strand Stratum Stratum centricity Stretcher bond Striking plate String String-course String course Strix Strut Stucco Stuck moulding Stud Stud work Substructure Summer Sunk arch Sank relief Super capital Super column Surbase - stara stara kendrIyatA laMbaka cinAI argalA paTTI sopAna saMdhAra alaMkaraNa kA prakAra bhavana paTTI staMbhAlaMkaraNa nakkAzI Teka, thAma gaca, gacakArI ghuTI sajjA paTTI gulamekha, phUladAra kIla kuMdana kA kAma AdhAra mukhya zahatIra nimajjita cApa gaharA uddhRta staMbhAdhizIrSa sajjita uttarAMga pAdapITha sajjA For Private and Personal Use Only

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Architectural Terms 39 Surface ornamentation Swag curtain Swept valley Symmetrical fret Tabernacle Table tomb Taper Tapering gutter Tapering turret Tectonics Telamon Tapidarium Teram Terrace Thalamus Thatch Theatre Tholobate Thamb tack Tie beam Tierce point Tieroeon Tile work Tiling Tilling fillet Timber connector Timber-laced - pRSThAlaMkaraNa toraNa jhAlara golanAlI - samanita jhalaka T asthAyI maMDapa - paTala samAdhi zuMDAkAra - zuMDAkAra nAlI zuMDAkAra kaMgUrA nirmANa vijJAna narAkRti staMbha madhya snAnakakSa sopAnapatrAvali vedikA, cabUtarA, chata aMta:kakSa, aMta:pura chappara raMgazAlA golAdhAra kIla baMdhana-channI nukIlA cApa - baMdhana zalAkA khaparaila karma TAyala lagAnA - jhokapaTTI - kASTha saMyogI - dArUveSThita For Private and Personal Use Only

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40 Technical Dictionary Tin glaze Tingle Tinted wood Torching Trabeate Trabeation Transenna Transpet Transpied gallery Transverse Transverse hall Travelog film Treillage Trellis Trellis work Trimming Triple curve Triple floor Triple gateway Triple opening Trochilus (scotia) Towel Truss Tuscan order TIna kAMcana sIse kI chata AraMjita kASTha saMdhi bharAI dharaNika dharaNichAdana jAlIdAra jaMgalA krasAkAra bhujA anuprastha dIrghikA anuprastha kakSa ADA maMDapa yAtrAcitra kaThaharA, kASThajAlaka jApharI belabUMTe kA kAma, jAlakarma samakartana tribhaMga - trigaThita (kASTha) pharza triddhAra tripoliyA avatala sajjA karaNI keMcI, chatatikoNa TaskA staMbha, analaMkRta staMbha For Private and Personal Use Only

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Architectural Terms 41 Uncoursed work Under cut Under pinning Univallate fort Uppercraft Upright member - viSama cinAI talochinna nIMva puztA, nIMva meM puztA lagAnA - eka prAcIra durga tibArA, tridarI .. sIdhA bhAga Valley Valley board Valley tile Vault Vaulting shaft Velarium Verge Vestibule Voussoirs - darI, ghATI - chata, takhtA avatala TAila meharAbI chata chata daMDa raMgamaMca bitAna balabhichada praveza kakSa - cApa nirmANakartA prastara For Private and Personal Use Only

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Technical Dictionary W Wagon-head-ceiling Wagon-roof Wagan vault Weather boarding Weather tiling Wetrot Wet smoothening Wet sponge Window frame Wing wall Wired glass Working draning Working platform Xyst Zoophorus - zakaTAkAra bitAna (sIliMga) zakaTAkAra bitAna arddhagola cApabitAna atichAdana paTTa khar3I khaparaila lagAnA kASThagalana Ardra samatalana Ardra spaMja - gavAkSa caukhaTa pakSa bhitti tArayukta kAMca kAryakArI ArekhaNa kriyA maMca AcchAdita maMDapa (yUnAnI maMDapa) eka citra jisa para pazuoM ke smRti cinha aMkita hoM For Private and Personal Use Only

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Architectural Terms 43 Temple Architectural Terms (according to Hindi alphabatic order) aMdharI Dwarf pillar Cupola Vestibule Inner wall Second Inner Court Door in south-east Palace Foundation Super structure Platform Horizontal Ante-chamber Coronation hall Amman shrine Half moon Half pavilion Vestibule Apsidal Pilaster Boes Balcony Terrace Pendant Figures of horses Stellate Cell Granite stone aMDa aMtarAla aMta:zAlA aMta:hAra anidvAra aTTAlikA - adhi adhiracanA adhiSThAna - anuprastha anuzAlA abhiSeka maMDapa ammana devAlaya arddha candra - arddha maMDapa - arddha maMDapa - arddhavRttAkAra arddhastaMbha - alaMkRta prakSepaNa - aliMdaka aliMdaka avalaMbana azvadhara aSTabhadra AgAra - Agneya prastara For Private and Personal Use Only

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44 Technical Dictionary AcchAdana AdhAra AdhAra Amalaka Ayatana AyatAkAra Aryaka Alaya AvRta Asana idigAI iSTaka Canopy Basement Plinth Melon-shaped stone Enclosure Oblong Worshipful Temple Enclosure Throne Dravidian capital Brick Engraving Entablalure Torus moulding Upper pedastal Sub-temple Fillet Rectangular moulding Half shikhara Ground floor Monolithick Fillet Sloping seat Cornice Vase - ukerI uttIra udvartI DhalAI upapITha upabhavana upAna upAna urUzrRMga ekatAla ekAzmaka kaMpA kakSAsana, pIThAsana kapota kalaza Art kalA Artist Hall of marriage - kalAkAra - kalyANa maMDapa For Private and Personal Use Only

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Architectural Terms 45 - kuDu - koTTara - koSTha Recess between bracket and cornice - kAMti Grotesque mask kIrtimukha Monumental pillar kIrti staMbha Nail - kIla Window - kuMjarAkSa (khir3akI) Pool kuMDa Vase kuMbha Small pillar kuMbha staMbha Foliated arch Temple granary Angle koNa Pilaster on the angle - keNaka yuga Bracket koNiyA Cella Closed-hall koSThazAlA Chases khAMcA Semi-divine figure gaMdharva Figure of elephants - gajadhara Truss Sanctum - garbhagRha Foundation - garbhanyAsa Vault garbha maMjUSA Lattice window - jAlIdAra khir3akI Mortar - gArA cUnA Vestibule - gUr3ha maMDapa Facade - gRhamukha Plan of a house - gRha vinyAsa Recess - gokhalA Monumental gateway of Dravidian temple - gopuram . gaTThA For Private and Personal Use Only

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra 46 Neck of a building Companiform Vase Vase and foliage Moon-stone Circular moulding An ornamental band Frieze Buddhist assembly hall A dome supported by pillars Quadrangal, square Door jamb Outer pillared hall Eaves Plinth Railed parapet Assembly hall Tower of victory Cloister Latticed window Stereobate Moulding Carving Recess Stellate Trefoil www.kobatirth.org Transpet Third storey Recess - - - - Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir Technical Dictionary grIvA ghaMTAkRti ghaTa ghaTa pallava candrazilA cakrAkAra r3halAI citrapaTa citravallarI caitya caityagRha caukora caukhaTa caulAtrI chajjA jaMghA jagatI jagamohana jaya staMbha jaradojI jAlaka Thosa cabUtarA DhalAI takSaNa For Private and Personal Use Only tAkha tArAkRti triphuliyA tiryaka tritAla dIpamAlA

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Architectural Terms 47 - dharaNa narathara paMjara Fort durga Beam Free pillars dhvaja staMbha Portico over the full figure naMdI maMDapa Concave - natodara Figure of human beings Site plan niSkala Varendah (portico) - niSkAsa Side porch portico altic paMcaram Five shrine temple - paMcAyatana Rib Antablature - parastara Aisle pArzva mArga Projecting bracket - puSpa baMdha Torus - puSpAsana Buttress prakSepaNa Circumbulatory path pradakSiNApatha Pier prastara staMbha Front hall balimaMDapa Neck of a temple Capital of a column bodhika Portico - bhadra Storey - bhUmika Space between two adjunct floors - bhUmikA Ambulatory bhrama Central portion - maMDovara Lintel - masUraka Great hall of entrance - mahAmaMDapa Front side of a building or facade - mukha Front hall - mukha maMDapa bekI For Private and Personal Use Only

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra 48 Nave Parapet Anthropomorphic form Terrace Band Sixteen sided pillar Fluted design www.kobatirth.org Curvilinear portion of a spire Towered sanctuary - Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir - Technical Dictionary mukhya kakSa muMDera mAnavAkRti medhi Bent, curved Pilaster Rampart A class of demi-gods Monastery Cloister Railing A style of Indian temple architecture - vesara Gryphone zArdUla Finial zikhAnta zilpI raktapaTa rUdrakaMda laMbIdhArI rekhA rekhAdevala vajra vajralepa vapra vidyAdhara vihAra vihAra vedikA Architect Arched roof Pageant Meeting hall Structure with seven pilasters on the facade - sakSaratha devala Vestibule in chalukyan temple Chief architect Schist stone Aslytar Cruciform Flat roof of stupa zavakakSa zobhAyAtrA saMthAgAra For Private and Personal Use Only sukhAnI sthapati sleTI prastara staMbharahita mukhabhAga svastikAra haramikA

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Architectural Terms (A) General Architectural Terms (with meaning in English in English alphabatic order) Abacus, phalaka or palagal, a square or rectangular table forming the crowning member of a capital. Acanthus, a genus of plants, used conventionally in Greek art. Achchaday, lit. envelope, the outer stone facing of a stupa. Acroteria, a figure or ornament placed on the apex or at the lower angles of a pediment. Addorsed, back to back. Adytum, inner and most sacred chamber. Aisle, lateral divisions running at the sides of the nave. Alcove, vaulted recess in wall. Alinda, verandah. Amalaka, amalasila or amalasari, flat fluted melon-shaped member usually at the summit of the Indo-Aryan type of sikhara or spire. Ambulatory, pradakshina patha or processional path. Amman, shrine or pavilion attached to temples of southern India for ceremonial reception of the amman or goddess. Amphitheatre, oval or circular building, with seats rising above and behind one another round a central open space. Anardha-paga, projected surface adjacent to the surface at the angle of a building. Anda, literally "egg," spherical portion of the stupa. Anghri, dwarf-pillar. Antae, pilasters terminating the side walls of a classic building. Antarala, vestibule, chamber in front of shrine or cella. Antechamber, chamber or small hall in front of a larger hall, vestibule. Apse, Apsidal, the circular termination of a building; first applied to a Roman basilica. Arabesque, decoration with fanciful intertwining of ornamental elements. Arbour, a structural retreat, often of lattice-work in a garden. For Private and Personal Use Only

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50 Technical Dictionary Arcade, range of arches supported on piers or columns. Architrave, the beam or lowest division of the entablature which extends from column to column. Arcuate, arched. Ardha-Chandra, semicircular doorstep before a shrine door. Ardha Mandapam, compartment in front of main hall of temple. Aruna-Stambha, a pillar dedicated to Aruna who personifies the dawn, or the Sun. Arris, corner or angle ; sharp edge formed by the meeting of two surfaces. Aryaka, worshipful columns ; row of five pillars symbolizing the Five Dhiyana Buddhas. Asana, a seat or throne. Ashlar, squared stonework in regular courses, in contradistinction to rubble work. Ashta-bhadra, eight faced or sided ; star-shaped. Ashta-dikpala, the eight regents or guardians of the four cardinal and four intermediate points of the compass; ceiling, divided into nine panels, in the central one is Brahma, while surrounding eight contain images of the eight regents of the compass Favourate ceiling design in later Chalukyan temples. Astragal kumuda, small moulding round top or bottom of columns; torus. Asylar, without columns. Asvathara, the "horse moulding" in the basement of a temple. Athisthana, base. Atlantes, kichaka bracket, sculptured human figures used in place of columns or pilasters. Atrium, court open to the sky in the centre (Roman). Attic, the upper story of a building above the main cornice : of Athens or Attica. For Private and Personal Use Only

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Architectural Terms 51 Bada, cubical portion of a temple up to the roor or spire. Balcony, outside balustraded platform. Bali-mandapa, front hall (Chalukyan). Baluster, balustrade, a small pillar or column supporting a handrail. Bamli, court or courtyard. Bandhana, a division or group of mouldings in the wall surface. Baoli or Way, step-well of Gujarat and western India. Baradari, lit. "twelve pillared," a pillared portico or pavilion, columned building. Bharajhanji, carving on the doorway of a temple (Orissa). Barandi, a division within the bada or cubical portion of the temple. Barge-board, projecting roof to a gable. Baroque, fantastic, grotesque, a style common in Europe in the first hfla of the 18th cent. Barrel-vault, cylindrical form of roof or ceiling.Basalt, dark green or brown igneous rock. Basana, a division or element in the wall surface. Base, kumbli, athisthana, lower portion of any structure or feature. Basilica, applied to a large hall for the administration of justice. Bas-relief, carving of low projection. Basti, temple, (Kanarese districts.) Bastion, projecting part of a fortification. Batter, slope, rake. Battlements, indented parapet, kanjur. Bay, a division or compartment; between pillars, a chauki, Bazaar, market. Bead and Fillet, small cylindrical moulding resembling a string of beads. Beam, lintel, long piece of stone or wood supported at both ends. Bedi, hall for reading the beds or vedas. Begun, egg plant, hence the Begunia group of temples in Bengal as they are presumed to resemble this fruit. For Private and Personal Use Only

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra 52 www.kobatirth.org Beki, the cylindrical stone below the amla in the finial of a building. Berm, ledge, or narrow open passage. Bhadra, flat face or facet of the sikhara (tower). Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir Bhamli, cells in the inner face of the containing wall of a temple. Bhoga-mandapa, the refectory hall of a temple (Orissa). Bhrama (Guj.) Circumambulatory passage (pradakshina patha). Bhumika, story, stage. Boast, boasting, stone projection left for purpose of carving Bodhika, capital of a column. Bodigai, pushpabodhica, projecting bracket or corbel of a Dravidian capital. Boss, ornament projecting in form of a large knob. Bracket, projecting ornament or support. Brahma-kanda, column, rectangular in section, in the Northern style. Bulbous, shaped like a bulb, nearly spherical. Bund, dam or embankment. Burj, tower. Buttress, support built against a wall. C "Cable" moulding, resembling a rope. Campa, fillet. Technical Dictionary Campaniform, bell-shaped. Campanile, Italian for a bell-tower, usually detached. Canopy, covering over a niche. Capital, siras; upper portion of a column or pilaster. Carralls, small study rooms. Caryatid, sculptured human female figures used as columns or Cavetto, simple concave moulding. Ceiling, covering surface under roof. supports. Casement, a form of window. Cathedral, principal church of a Bishop's district (diocese). Causeway, raised road. For Private and Personal Use Only

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Architectural Terms Cell, kulika. Cella, small chamber, compartment for the image of symbol. Chaitya, originally a tumulus (chita), but subsequently a sanctuary of any kind; the Buddhist temple. Chakra, Sacred Wheel of the Law (Buddhist) ; also ciscus of Vishnu. Chamfer, bevel or oblique surface, produced by cutting away a corner. Chandrasila, moon-stone, the semi-circular doorstep before a shrine. Chankrama, place of the promenade of the Buddha at Budh Gaya. Chapel Royal, church in connection with a royal palace. Chaplet, wreath or necklace. Char rasta, junction of four roads : central place of a town. Chauki, bay between pillars : also entrance to a porch. Chaultri, pillared hall attached to outside of Dravidian temple. Chaumukh, four images placed back to back, with the four faces looking towards the four cardinal points. Chauri, fly-whisk, symbol of royalty. Chavada, pavilion (western India). Chhatra, honorific umbrella ; a pavilion (Buddhist). Chhatravali, triple umbrella (Buddhist). Chhatrayashti, the staff or rod of the honorific umbrella. Chunam, lime, also plaster or stucco. Citadel, fortress, especially guarding or dominating a city. Classical, of the first class : of the standard of the ancient Greeks and Romans : style of antiquity. Clerestory, upper division of the walls of a building from which light was obtained. Cloister, covered corridors, or passages usually surrounding an open square. Coffer, sunk panel in a ceiling. Colonnade, series of columns. Column, vertical support, pillar. For Private and Personal Use Only

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra 54 Coping, ushnisha, capping or covering to a wall. Corbel, blocks of stone projecting from a wall or pier : brackets. Core, inner construction of a wall, or other architectural feature. Corinthian order, the most ornate of the Greek orders of architecture. Cornice, any crowning portion or projection. Corridor, passage in a building. Cramp, metal bar for holding masonry. Cruciform, in the form of a cross. Technical Dictionary Crutch, pillar or support surmounted by crosspiece. Cupola, stringa; spherical roof. Dais, raised platform. Dali, scroll work. Daric, wood, woodwork. Cushion-member, a form of capital in the shape of a cushion, generally found in the rock architecture. Cyma, moulding in an outline of two curves : cyma recta, the concave curve surmounts the convex: cyma reversa, the convex surmounts the concave. D Dado, portion of a pedestal between its base and cornice; also applied to the lower portions of walls. Dagoba, stupa, (Sinhalese). For Private and Personal Use Only Darwaza, door. Decorated, the second of the three divisions of English Gothic architecture, evolved during the fourteenth century. Devagosta, niche. Devayatana, house of gods. Dewl, deul, in Bengal and Orissa generic name for a temple as a whole, but it is also used to signify the sanctuary only, such as the cella and its tower, the vimana. Dharmachakra, Wheel of the Law (Buddhist). Dharmsala, hostel, Hindu caravansarai. Dhvajastambham, lofty pillar in front of temple.

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Architectural Terms 55 Diaper, small floral pattern repeated continuously over a wall surface. Dikpala, guardian of one of the cardinal points. Dipdan, lamp pillar. Dipmala, high tower or pillar for festival light. Distyle in antis, term for a facade having two columns between pilasters or antes. Dola, swing. Doric Order, first and simplest order of Grecian architecture. Dormer, window in a sloping roof. Dormitory, sleeping room with several beds or cubicles. Dry masonry, stones laid without mortar or any adhesive. Durbar, Indian court or levee. Dvarpala, doorkeeper. Dwarf pillars, anghri. Early English, first of the three divisions of Gothic architecture in England, evolved during the thirteenth century. Eaves, Chajja, lower portion of a roof projecting beyond the face of the wall. Echinus, evolvo member of the Greek Doric capital, also a somewhat similar feature in the lonic capital. Enceinte, enclosure. Entablature, upper portion of a structure supported by a colonnade. Entasis, slight convex curvature of the shaft of a column thus preventing a concave appearance. For Private and Personal Use Only

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56 Technical Dictionary Facade, front view or elevation. Faience, earthenware, porcelain. Fan-light, fan-shaped window over door. Fenestration, with windows or openings. Filigree, fine ornamental work : delicate tracery. "Filling," the repeating pattern on the largest or central space of a wall. Finial, finishing portion of a pinnacle. Flamboyant, florid, showy style. Flange, projecting flat, rim, collar or rib. Fleche, slender spire. Flexured, curved or bent. Fluting, vertical channelling on the shaft of a column. Forum, public place, place of assembly, especially at Rome. Fret, fretwork, ornamental pattern usually carved and perforated. Frieze, upper border: middle division of entablature. Gable, gable-end, triangular portion of roof. Gallery, assage common to rooms in an upper story. Galli, small street or lane. Gambhara, (Jain) sanctuary cell. Gana, child figures in ornament, urchins. Gandharvas, celestial musicians of Indra. Garasmukha, same as kirtimukha, a grotesque mask used in ornamentation. Garaspatti, a particular string-course or moulding in the basement of temples decorated with the garasmukha. Garbha-griha, adytum, shrine, the most sacred part of a temple. Garbha-mudra, carved lotus on the topmost course of corbels of the rakha (curvilinear portion). Gargoyle, projecting water-spout in Gothic architecture. Garth, small garden within cloisters. Garuda, vahana or vehicle (riding bird) of Vishnu. For Private and Personal Use Only

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Architectural Terms 57 Govaksha, small ornamental niches on lowest turrets. Gajaprishthakriti, shaped like an elephant's back, whale-backed. Gelbai, carving around a doorway. Ghadi, upper part of the kalasa, or vase member of the capital. Ghanta, bell. Ghat, platform or steps at edge of water. Ghatapallava, "vase and foliage" pillar. Girder, beam for support. Gokhala (Jain) niche. Gopuram, monumental gateway. Gothic, pointed arched style prevalent in Western Europe during the 11th to the 16th centuries. Grille, grating, latticed screen. Guda mandapa, closed hall in front of a door, yestibule, Guldasta, pinnacle. Gumpha, monastery. N Half-timbered construction, building formed of a wooden frame work with the interstices filled with brick or plaster. Hammer-beam roof, late Gothic form of wooden roof without a direct tie. Hamsa, goose. Harmika, the finial of a stupa in the form of a pedestal in which the shaft of the honorific umbrella was set. Headers and stretchers, bricks bounded with their short or long faces placed alternately. Hellenic, ancient Greek. Hemadpanti, name given to a type of Deccani temple supposed to have been introduced or designed by Hemadpant, minister of the Yadava king of Devagiri in the 13th century. Hinayana, primitive Buddhism, an earlier form of this great religious movement, as distinct from the later, or Mahayana. Hippogryph, fabulous griffin-like creature with body of horse. Hira, bead moulding. For Private and Personal Use Only

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra 58 www.kobatirth.org Hti, finial (Burmese). Hypostyle, pillared hall. Hira, grihas, corbels. Honeysuckle and palmette, border in Grecian art consisting of these decorative elements. Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir Ionic, second order of Grecian architecture. Ishtaka, brick, brickwork. Technical Dictionary Icon, images, statue. Iconography, illustration of subject by drawings or figures. Idale, flower-shaped member in a Dravidian capital. In antis, within or between antae or side walls. J Jaga mohan, audience hall or ante-room, compartment of an Orissan temple fronting the sanctuary. Jagati, railed parapet. Jakanacharya, mythical architect or builder of temples in Southern India. For Private and Personal Use Only Jali, literally "net," any lattice or perforated pattern. Jamb, sides of the openings of doors and windows. Jangha, applies to the broad band of sculpture towards the middle of the temple wall (exterior); sometimes called panchakama. Jatakas, stories of the Buddha's former births. Jaya Stambha, Tower of Victory. Jhappa-sinha, rampant lion motif. Jina, Jaina, Tirthankara or religious reformer of the Jains.

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra Architectural Terms www.kobatirth.org K Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir Kailasa, Shiva's Heaven. Kakshasana, sloping seat-back of stone. Kalan, temple tower (Cham). Kalasa, vase, an ornamental pot found in finials and capitals. Kalasa and amla, "vase and melon" capital. Kalyana mandapa, "hall of marriage" in temples of Southern India: pavillion where the marriage of the deity is celebrated annually. Kanti, in Orissan temples the recess between a bracket or cornice. Keel, like the keel of a ship. Khunta-ra-mandir, (Jain) small subsidiary shrine. Kirtimukha, "face of fame," an ornamental mask of great antiquity in Indian art. Kirti-stambha, "pillar of fame," free standing pillar in front of temple. Kumbha, a motif resembling a vase. Kumbha pancharam, recessed pilasters. Kumuda, astragal or torus moulding. L 59 Konakapaga, the pilaster or projection on the angle of a temple. Kottara, temple granary. Kudu, anteflx, foliated arch on Dravidian temples, ornamental motif derived from the Buddhist chaitya arch. Labyrinth, complicated irregular structure of many intricate passages: maze. Laminated arch, formed by layers as of thin wood. Lat or stambha, pillar. Laterite, ferruginous rock. Latin Cross, cross with upright longer than arms. Lattice, screen of cross laths: perforated structure. Leogryph, vyali, lion-griffin. Lintel, beam, the timber or stone covering an opening. Loggia, a gallery open to the air; verandah. Lunette, crescent shape; semicircular space or opening. For Private and Personal Use Only

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60 Technical Dictionary M Machicolation, parapet of fortress with opening for dropping missiles. Madapalli, cooking room, kitchen. Madar (Jain) large subsidiary shrine. Mahabharata, great Sanskrit Epic of India. Mahadvara, outer gate surmounted by a lofty superstructure, (Chalukyan). Maha Govinda, in Buddhist writings the name of an architect who built several important cities and fortresses. Mahall, palace. Maha-mandapam, large enclosed hall in front of main shrine : also transepts. Mahayana, later development of Buddhism. Makara, crocodile-shaped creature presumed to symbolize the river Ganges. Malleable, adaptable, pliable, can be hammered or pressed into shape. Manasara, ancient Indian architectural treatise. Manastambha, free-standing pillar in front of temple. Mandapa, mandapam, large open hall. Mandir, temple. Mandovara, central and principal space in the outer wall of a Gujarati temple. Mashrabiya, lattice-work formed of small pieces of wood jointed together. Matha, monastery or convent. Mausoleum, large tomb building. Medhi, terrace. Megalithic, structure in which there is a marked use of large * stones. Merlon, part of embattled parapet between two embrasures. Meroes, pagoda (Bali). Moat, deep wide ditch surrounding a fort. Modillions, projecting brackets in the classical orders. For Private and Personal Use Only

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Architectural Terms 61 Monobloc, single piece of concrete composition. Monolith, single block of stone shaped into a pillar or monument. Monoptoral, circular type of temple. Mortar, mixture of lime, sand, and water for joining stone or bricks. Mortice, hole cut to receive a projection especially a tenon. Moulding, the contour given to projecting members. Mudra, language of the hands and fingers. Mukka-mandapam, front hall or colonnade in front of main shrine. Mullion, upright members used to divide openings into smaller spaces. Mural, wall, wall decoration. N Nagara, city or capital (Sanskrit). Nal, staircase, flight of steps. Nal mandapa, porch over a staircase. Nandi Mandapa, portico or pavilion erected over the sacred bull (nandi). Naos, sanctuary cell or principal chamber. Nat-mandir, dancing hall, usually the middle structure in an Orissan temple. Navagraha, nine planets, represented usually on the lintel or architrave of the front door of a temple. Navaranga, middle or central hall of temple. Navaratha deul, a structure showing nine pilasters on its facade. Nave, the central or main compartment of a building. Neck-moulding, padma-bhandam. Niche, recess in wall for the reception of a statue or ornament. Nook-shaft, detached pillar in a recess or a doorway, opening, or pier. Nritya sala, dancing hall of temple. For Private and Personal Use Only

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62 Technical Dictionary Obelisk, tapering and usually monolithic shaft of stone with pyramidal apex. Ogee, a form of moulding or arch, the curves of which resemble the cyma reversa (q.v.) Opisthodomos, in Greek architecture an open vestibule within the portico. Order, in architecture signifies a column with its base, shaft and capital, and the entablature which it supports. Oriel, projecting window. Oversailing, system of construction in domes or arches where the course of bricks or stones projects over the course below. Ovoid, oval with one end more pointed. Ovolo, convex moulding. P Pada, foot or base. Pada-vinyasa, ground plan. Padma, lotus, moulding having the curves of the lotus petal, cyma reversa or recta. Padmabhandam, neck moulding. Padmam, pedestal. Padmasana, lotus throne. Paga, projecting pilaster-like surface of an Orissan temple (exterior). Pagoda, tall structure in several stories. Paksala, kitchen. Palagai, square member forming upper portion of Dravidian capital ; abacus Palimpsest, an inscription or manuscript over which another has been subsequently written. Pancharam, attic or superstructure ; also pavilion. Pancharatha deul, structure having five pilasters on its facade. Panchayatana, temple consisting of five shrines in a group. Panel, recessed compartment in a wall, etc. For Private and Personal Use Only

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Architectural Terms 63 Pansala, cell. Parapet, upper portion of a wall above the roof. Parastara, entablature. Parichakra, half medallions on the uprights of a Buddhist railing. Perterre, level space in a garden occupied by flower-beds. Parthenon, Greek temple at Athens, ideal of classic architecture. Parvis, priests' chamber. Pata, lintel or beam. Patina, green film that covers materials exposed to the air. Patio, open court of Spanish dwelling. Pavilion, chavada, chabutri. Pediment, triangular termination of the roof in a classic temple. Peripetral, surrounded by a range of columns. Peristyle, range of columns surrounding a court or temple. Picture-gallery, chitragara. Pida, pitha, basement. Pier, supporting mass other than a column. Pilaster, square pillar projecting from a wall. Pillar, khumbhi. Pinjra, lattice work. Pinnacle, guldasta, small turret-like termination. Pitha, base, pedestal. Piu-lu, torana, or gateway of the Chinese. Plan, representation of a building showing the general distribution of its parts in horizontal section. Plastic, modelled or moulded. Plateresque, plateresco, over-florid ornamentation in the Spanish Renaissance style, resembling intricate silver-work. Plinth, (pitha) lower portion, or base, of a building or column. Podium, stone bench; low pedestal wall. Pokana, bathing tank (Ceylon). Polychromatic, many-coloured. Porch, structure in front of doorway. Portal, doorway. Portico, space enclosed within columns. For Private and Personal Use Only

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64 Technical Dictionary Pra, stupa (Siam). Pradakshina patha, vedika, processional passage or ambulatory. Prakaram, open courtyard. Prasada, palace, also shrine. Prastara, entablature. Pronaos, porch, part of a classic temple in front of the naos : sometimes portico. Propylacum, entrance gate or vestibule. Pteroma, space between the wall and columns of a temple. Purna kalasa, vase of plenty, "pot and foliage" capital in style of northern India. Pushkarani, sacred pool or tank. Pushpabandha, pushpa bodhica, projecting bracket or corbel of a Dravidian capital. Pylon, propylon, tall monumental gateway. Pyramidal, including to an apex a pyramid. Quadrangle, four-sided figure or court. Quattro-cento, fifteenth century as period in Italian art. Quaoin, corner stones at the angles : angle of a building. Raha paga, central projection or pilaster. Rakshasas, earth spirits. Ramayana, Sanskrit epic poem of great antiquity. Rampart, broad-topped defensive mound or structure. Random rubble, masonry formed of stones of irregular size and shape. Ranga mandapa, pointed hall or theatre. Ratha, lit. a car ; car used in the temple ceremonies of southern India ; also applied incorrectly to the monolithic shrines of the Seven Pagodas, Mamallapuram. Refectory, dining hall in a monastery or college. Rekha, curvilinear portion of a spire or sikhara. For Private and Personal Use Only

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra Architectural Terms www.kobatirth.org Rekha deul, a towered sanctuary (Orissan). Reliquary, receptacle for relics. Renaissance, revival of art and letters in Europe under the influence of classical models in 14th and 16th centuries. Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir Rib, projecting band on a ceiling or vault. Ridge, highest point of a roof, running from end to end. Rococo, style with debased Renaissance features. Roll moulding, also called scroll moulding from its resemblance to a scroll of paper. Rood-loft, raised gallery in front of the chancel of a church or cathedral. Rood-screen, framing separating the chancel from the rest of the building. S 65 Rosette, rose-shaped ornament. Rose window or wheel window, circular window with millions converging like the spokes of a wheel. Rotunda, building of circular ground plan, circular hall or room. Rudra Kanda, sixteen-sided pillar. Runnel, small hollow. Rustication, method of forming stonework with recessed joints. Sabha mandapa or chavadi, assembly hall. Sal, hall. Salunkha, alter. Sanctum, holiest portion of a temple; inner sanctuary; garbha griha. Sangarama, monastery. Sankha, a shell, emblem of the god Vishnu. Santhagara, mote, moot or meeting hall. Saptaratha deul, structure with seven pilasters on its facade. For Private and Personal Use Only Sarai, caravansarai, halting place. Sarsen, large sandstone block as at Stonehenge. schist, type of rock, metamorphic, and fissile (split) in character; dark slate coloured.

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66 Technical Dictionary Seni, guilds. Seljuks, Turkish Islamic dynasty of western Asia, in the 11th, 12th & 13th cents. Sesha, serpent deity. Shaft, portion of a column between base and capital. Sikhara, spire or tower. Shrine, sanctuary, most sacred portion of a temple. Sill, shelf or slab in front of window. Silpa sastra, ancient Indian treatise on building construction and allied arts. Silpi laksmana, architect. Sinha, lion. Sinhasana, lion throne; throne for a statue of the Buddha, usually supported on figures of lions. Sinha stambha, lion pillar. Siras, capital of a pillar. Siva Kanda, pentagonal pillar. Skanda kanda, hexagonal pillar. Soffit, underside of any architectural member. Soma sutra, spout to carry away oblations in the shrine of a temple. Sopana, flight of steps, stairs. Sridhara, pillar with octagonal shaft and square base. Sringa, quarter sikhara like a turret attached to the main sikhara. Staggered, not opposite, not in line. Stambha, column, pillar (in Gujarati, tekana). Steeple, spire, sikhara, lofty structure above a church. Stele, upright slab or pillar sometimes inscribed as a gravestone. Stellate, arranged like a star, radiating. Stencil, pattern inscribed or painted by means of a cut plate. Stereobate, solid platform. Sthapti, master craftsman. Stockade, line of posts as a fence or barrier. Story, bhumikha, space between two adjacent floors. String-course, a horizontal moulding often under a parapet. For Private and Personal Use Only

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra Architectural Terms Strut, wood, stone or iron set up to bear weight or pressure; a brace. Stucco, kind of plaster or cement for coating surfaces. Stupa, originally, a funeral mound or tumulus, but erected by the Buddhists either to enshrine a relic or to commemorate some sacred site. Stylobate, the base or sub-structure on which a colonnade is placed. Suchi, cross bars in a Buddhist railing. Sukhanasi (Chalukyan) temple vestibule. Sun window, chaitya window, large arched opening in the facade of a chaitya hall or Buddhist temple. Supercolumniation, one row of pilasters or pillars in a story above another. Suraj-mukh, "sun-face". a symbolic decorative element. Surya, the sun god. 67 T Tabernacle, small movable sanctuary; also canopied stall. Fadi, a kind of necking in a Dravidian capital. Tala, story. For Private and Personal Use Only Talapattana, pavement. Tala prishtha, lower of the two tiers of a plinth. Tandava, dance of Siva. Temenos, sacred precincts of a temple or sanctuary. Tempera, distemper; method of mural painting by means of a "body," such as white pigment. Thakur bari, sanctuary (Bengal). Tirthankara, Jain religious reformer. Titanic, gigantic, superhuman. Tol. quarter or ward of a town (Nepal). Topiary, art of clipping shrubs into ornamental shapes. Torana, gateway of Indian design. Torri, gateway of a Japanese temple. Torus, convex moulding chiefly used in pillar bases.

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68 Technical Dictionary Tower, sikhara. Trabeate, use of beams in construction as distinct from arches. Tracery, ornamental perforated pattern. Transept, cross or transverse compartments of a building. Transom, horizontal divisions or cross-bars to windows. Trefoil, arranged in three lobes. Triforium, gallery or arcade above the arches of the nave. Trikutachala (Chalukyan) triple shrine or three-celled temple. Trimurti, Hindu triad. Triptadhara, short cylindrical member over the amla. Triple Umbrella, Chhatravali (Buddhist). Triratha deul, a structure having three pilasters on the facade. Trisula, trident, emblem of Siva. Truncated, cut off at top. Truss, support for a roof, bridge, etc. Tudor Gothic, late perpendicular style which flourished in England from the reign of Henry VII to that of Elizabeth ; 16th century. Tumulus, a mound, often funerary, presumed origin of the stupa. Turrets, small towers. Tympanum, triangular space within the cornices of a pediment. For Private and Personal Use Only

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Architectural Terms 69 Ubapitam, pedestal. Uda sinha, flying lion. Ugrana, store house (Chalukyan). Umbrella stick, chhatrayashti. Upana, pedestal of a pillar. Upapitha, pedestal. Urusringa, half-sikhara like a turret attached to the main sikhara, or spire. Ushnisha, coping. Uttira, entablature. Uyyala, Unyal mandapam, (hindola) hall for swinging the deity (Tamil). Vahana mandapa, (Chalukyan) hall in which the vahanas or temple vehicles are stored. Vastu Sastra, "Rules of Architecture." Vat, Buddhist monument (Siamese). Vault, arched covering over any space. Vedas, ancient sacred books, the foundation of Hinduism ; they give their name to the Vedic Age. Vedi, alter, also a wall or screen. Vedica, Buddhist railing. Vestibule, ante-room. Vihara, Buddhist or Jain monastery. Vimana, towered sanctuary containing the cell in which the deity is enshrined. Vira ghanta, sacred bell, a common decorative motif. Vishana, horns. Visvakarma, Lord of the Arts, patron saint of the craftsman. Vitruvius, Roman architect, military engineer and writer, in the days of Caesar and Augustus. Volute, scroll or spiral. Vyali, leogryph. For Private and Personal Use Only

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra 70 Technical Dictionary W Wagon-vault, semi-cylindrical roof like a wagon tilt or cover. Wahalkadas, decorative projecting shrines on Sinhalese stupas or dagabas. Wattle and daub, primitive walling of twigs plastered with mud or clay. Way or Baoli, step-well in Gujarat and western India. Wheel, chakr, also discus of Vishnu. Wing, sides, the lateral extremities of a building. Wyang, Javanese theatrical performance. Y Yagasala, hall where the sacred fire is maintained and worshipped ; place of sacrifice. For Private and Personal Use Only Yaksha, semi divine being. Yali, hippopotamus-like creature in the ornamentation of Chalukyan temples. Yamuna, Jumna river. Yashti, stick, pole or shaft, (Buddhist).

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Architectural Terms 71 (B) General Architectural Terms (with English meaning : another version) Abacus - A slab forming the crown member of a capital. Abutment Solid masonary which resists the lateral pressure of an arch Aisles Lateral divisions parellel with the nave in a church. Arabasque Surface decoration Arcade A range of arches supported on columns Arch A structure of Wedge shaped blocks over an opening Architrave The beam which extends from column to column. Atlantis Carved male figures serving as pillars Attic : Upper storey of a building Baluster A pillar Basement - Lowest stage of a building Battement - A parapet having a series of embrasures Bracket - A projecting member to support a weight. Byzantile Architecture - The style evolved at Constantinople Canopy A covering over a tomb Capital The crowning feature of a column Cenotaph (Gk an empty tomb) A seputchral monument to a person buried elsewhere Chhatri An umbrella shaped cupola Dome Lt. a house Fresco Wall paintings Impost The member on which an arch rests Jambs The sides of doors and windows Keystone - The central stone of a semi-circular arch. For Private and Personal Use Only

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72 Technical Dictionary Lintel Machicolations - Mouldings Niche Ogee - Oriel Pendentive Plinth Rib Shaft The horizontal timber or stone also known as architrave that spans an opening. A projecting parapet with floor openings through which molten lead, pitch stones etc. were dropped on the enemy. The contours given to projecting members A recess in a wall A moulding made up of a convex and concave curve A window corbelled out from the face of a wall by means of a projecting stone. Triangular curved overhanging surface by means of which a circular dome is supported over a square of polygonal compartment. A base of building A projecting hand on a ceiling the portion of a column between base and the capital. The ceiling The triangular space enclosed by the curve of an arch An arched covering. Basement of a structure supporting pillars. Ribbed lenticular part resembling amalaka crowning the top of the shikhara. Pillared hall immediately in front of the principal structure or distat half of a mandapa with two separate pillars. Shrine Facade without columns Soffit Spandrel Vault Adhisthana Amalka Ardhamandapa Ayatana Aslytar - For Private and Personal Use Only

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Architectural Terms 73 - Bhumi Chaturmukha Chitra-pattika Devakostha Kalasa Ashtasra Kattu Kumbha Kuta Makara-Torana Mandapa Mukha-Mandapa - Nasika Padma Pali Pattika Phalaka Pitha Stambha Stupika Torna Anda of a temple Opening on all sides. Corbels with paintings of creepers, flowers or embossed carving. Niche on wall of a structure containing sculpure of deity. The vase-shaped finial over the amalka. of cenotaphs and temples. Octagonal Intervening octagonal or polygonal portion between the bottom and top squares of a pillar. Member of the pillar capital. Structure of square plan sama chatursra. Entrance decoration with a festoon arched, spanning the tops of the pillars Astylar hall First mandap of the series Projected arched opening Lotus, capital member Capital member A major moulding of great thickness Abacus Base Pillar Finial. Free standing ornamental foliar and floral festoon forming entrance supported by two upright-columns Railing Dwarf pillar Cupola Vestibule Horizontal Vedica Andhari Anda Antral Anuprastha - For Private and Personal Use Only

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74 Technical Dictionary Adhar Amalaka Ekasmaka Kalasha Kirtti stambha Kumbh stambh Gokhala Griva Dhalai Jangha Jagati Tumulus Stellate Baramada Rib Ambulatory Basement, plinth Melon-shaped stone Monolithic Vase Monumental pillar Small pillar Niche Neck of a building Moulding Plinth Railed parapet Mount Resembling stars Portico Projecting band on a ceiling Cercumbulatory path, Pradakshina path Terrace A class of demi-gods Finishing portion of a pinnacle. Lattice window Moulding cable Compani form Roof of a temple Wave Corbel bracket with taranga Moulding Pillar supporting torana. Lower most part of the basement. Decorative frieze with vyalas Single storey building. Small flat band which occurs chiefly between mouldings to connect and separate them. Medhi Vidyadhar Finial Jalak Dhalai Ghantakriti Shikhara Taranga Tarang Potika Toranstambha Upana Vyalamala Ektal Fillet - For Private and Personal Use Only

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Architectural Terms 75 (C) Temple Architectural Terms (with both Hindi & English meaning and Hindi alphabatic order) adhisthana 3788 - Moulded base (South India). alinda Alinda - Aisle. amalaka 3774510 - "Myrobolan fruit"; crowning member of Latina temples. amalasaraka 3THCTATTO. "Cogged wheel" or compressed myrobolan stone crowning North Indian spire. anda, andaka 3705, 37050 - Literally "egg"; spirelet in North Indian temple architecture. anekandaka 37701050 - Multi spired. anga 31" - Principal horizontal or vertical division of temple structure such as bhadra, karna. antarabhitti 37 ISHT - Inner wall; sanctum wall. antarala 37 IS - Space in front of sanctum door. antarpatta 3774EUR - Recessed face between projecting mouldings. anuratha 375g - Auxiliary offset flanking the central offset (wall division); pratiratha. ardhachandra 37as aos - "Moon-stone", semi-circular decorative step. ardhadarpana 37asic4u - Half-mirror (decorative motif). ardhapadma 3TS TCH - Half lotus (decorative motif), Lotusornamented cyma moulding. ardharatna 3Tas Trt - Half-diamond (decorative motif). asanapatta (pattaka) 37874EUR () - Seat-slab. bhadra 475 - Central offset (wall-division). bhadraka 'Go - Square pillar with "bhadra" -like central projection. bhadrapitha 45410 - A pedestal variety. bhadraratha 46799 - Central offset. For Private and Personal Use Only

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76 Technical Dictionary bhadravalokana 46101067 - Window or balcony used as central offset. bharavahaka Pralech - Bharaputraka, dwarf atlantid figure; yaksa figure supporting superstructure. bhitta - A plinth course. chaitya Art - A barrel-vaulted hall with stupa as focus of worship. chaityagavaksa arretratat - Dormer-window (decorative motif). chakrapurusa 26469 - Personified form of Visnu's discus. chandrasala 05PICTI - An arched ornamental motif, with a cavit in the centre, generally filled with figural sculpture or decorative motif. candrasalika arsenfahl - Diminiutive of candrasala. candrasila ose fill - Lowest step shaped like a "half moon" (modern); ardhachandra. chandravalokana osam - Ornate window fitted with grille. chandrika afisch - Super structural member between amalaka and crowning kalasa. chatuski algoorit - Bay of four pillars. chhadya chAdaya - Eave. chhatradharini 5978 fuit - Umbrella bearing female. darpana Gyul - "Mirror"; circular decorative motif; medallion. devakulika Gagetot - Subsidiary shrine. dhvaja 67 - Banner, cognizance. dvi anga fa-3111 - With two planes of offset (triratha). dvibhuma f&-919 - Two storeyed. dvisakha fa-yilgi - Having two jambs. ekandaka Tchlosch - Single spired. gajamunda 164US - Elephant's head (decorative motif). gajavyala Tault - Griffin with elephant head. ganasakha TuGl - Doorjamb ornamented with dwarf figures. For Private and Personal Use Only

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra Architectural Terms www.kobatirth.org gandharva - Celestial minstrel. gandharvasakha Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir - Doorjamb ornamented with celestial musicians. garbhagriha - Womb-house; sanctum. gavaksa - "Cow eye" or "sun ray" aureole (decorative motif); chandrasala. ghanta ghaMTa - Bell. ghantamala - Chain of bells or with bells. ghata - Vase, pot; cushion-shaped pillar-part (above lasuna). ghata-pallava - An ornamental motif consisting of a pot with overflowing foliage, often used as the capital and or base of pillars and pilasters. - grasakirikinika uffff - Jingling bells suspended from gorgon faces (decorative motif). grasamukha - Gorgon face or head; kirttimukha. grasapattaka grAsapaTTaka - grasapatti - Band of gorgon faces in series. griva - Neck; recess between the sikhara and crowning amalaka. gudhamandapa gUr3hamaNDapa - Closed hall. hansa - Goose, gander (decorative motif). hansamithuna haMsamithuna - Pair of geese. hansayugma - Paired geese (decorative motif). - Inverted cyma reeta moulding. jadyakumbha jagati jala, jalaka I, jala, vatayana I, jangha - Plinth; platform. 77 - Mesh design; grille. - Grilled; window. - Wall frieze. kakshasana kakSAsana - Seat back. kalasa - Torus mouldings pitcher finial. For Private and Personal Use Only

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78 Technical Dictionary kalika afstahl - Bud (conical decorative motif). kapili ohfacit - Walls enclosing a vestibule in front of the sanctum, sometimes connecting the prasada to a portico or mandapa. kapota 0917 - Roll-cornice; also overhanging cornice. kapota-chhadya 2641a-80164 - Roll-cornice; also overhanging cornice. kapotapalika autauifant - Cyma-eave cornice. karna tsuf - Angle; plain fillet (moulding) corner wall-division. karnika mfufcht - Knife-edged arris moulding. kati cafe - "Waist"; wall (early synonym for jangha). kharasila ORFATTI - Cap-stone of foundation platform. khura C - Basal moulding of Vedibandha. khura-kumbha DT-5574 - Complex of khura and kumbha mouldings. khuracchadya qirogy - Curved ribbed awning. kumara g 4R - Atlantid figure; haraputraka, bharavahaka. kumbha 974 - "Pot"; high basal moulding with curved shoulder. kumbhaka gfF9Toto - Pillar base. kumbhika gofruohot - Base of pillaret; basal part of stambhasakha. kunda Sus - Tank. lalata alle - Central part (of door lintel). lalatabimba (bimba) istefata - Crest figure, central symbol on door lintel. latina IC - North Indian curvilinear superstructure. lokapala 11641657 - Guardians of the four principal quarters. makara-pranala Hot-guld - Makara-shaped water chute. mala HIST - Garland; decorative band. maladhari vidyadhara mAlAdhArI-vidyAdhara - Garland-bearing heavenly warrior. For Private and Personal Use Only

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Architectural Terms 79 mancha Hoel - Dias, pitha. manchika Hfnt - Dias like moulding supporting figure-bearing niches on the wall frieze. mandapa 4059 - Columnar hall. mandaraka HIGROS - Projecting central part of ornate threshold, usually round, rarely square. mayura HR - Peacock. misraka fit Slot - Composite or polymorphic pillar-type, combining forms from square to polygonal to circular. mithunasakha f einar - Jamb bearing couples (sometimes erotic). mukhachatuski hooguit - Four-pillared entry porch. mukhalinda 493 | Toc - Front aisle. mukhamandapa TCH059 - Front hall; entry hall. mukulika Hormonal - Lotus bud (conical decorative motif). mukuta tore - Crown, tiara. mulanayaka - Main enshrined deity. mulaprasada LATARG - Main temples as opposed to subsidiary shrines in a complex. naga TM - Cobra; snake. nagapasa 179791 - Design of intertwined serpents. nagara FIT - Generic name for temple-type with North Indian spire. nagasakha FITGI - Sakha with snake pattern. pancharatha rape - With five offsets (tri-anga). pancasakha Marina - With five jambs. pancayatana TERIAA - Five-shrined, five-fold. parikara yfione - Image-frame, often with retinue of figures. parivaradevatas farcan - Surrounding divinities placed on temple wall (or in subsidiary shrines in Dravidian architecture). For Private and Personal Use Only

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Technical Dictionary patra 4 - Leaf, foliage. patrasakha YERIGI - Sakha adorned with foliage. patravalli Clasit - Patralata, leafy scroll. patta, patti "E, YET - Band, register. pattika ufe T - Rectilinear fillet. pedya 964 - Lower section of door jamb (carved with figures of door guardians). phamshana 44901 - "Wedge"; tier of pyramidal roof type. pitha 18 - Moulded base of the temple. pithika ulfoot - Image pedestal. pradakshina og TUT - Circumambulation; circumanmbulatory path. prakara 10R - Walled enclosure. pranala quid - Gargoyle, generally fixed in the northern wall of the sanctum of the temple with decorated openings like makaramuka, gajamukha etc. for emptying water. pratibhadra usarta - Offset flanking the central wall-projection. pratihari uferit - Female door-guardian. pratiratha ufaret - Wall-offeset flanking bhadra. purnaghata quare - Vase-of-plenty (decorative motif). purnakumbha gutch4 - Vase-of-plenty (decorative motif). pushpa you - Flower. pushphadhari youerit - Flower-bearing female. pushparatna gort - Floral diamond (decorative motif). ratha T91 - "Chariot"; wall division; central vertical band of sikhara. rathika Tech - Framed niche. ratnapatti 1674EUR1 - Band of diamond pattern. rekha tal - Curvature (of sikhara). rekhasikhara ta fTCR - Having curved spire (modern); see Latina, Sekhari. For Private and Personal Use Only

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Architectural Terms 81 rukka Patent - Square pillar-type. rupasakha 16991741 - Jamb with figures. sakha trei - Decorative door-band; door-jamb. sandhara HPER - With ambulatory: sankhapurusa sigyha - Personified form of Vishnu's conch. saptaratha WATU - With seven offsets (panchanga). sarvatobhadra 1948 - Temple-type with four openings. sikhara zikhara - Spire. simhamukha f#54 - Lion's head. stambha 577797 - Pillar. stambhasakha MRITal - Jamb in the form of a pillar. sukanasa Y6112T - Antefix above the roof of kapili. surasena, surasenaka sUrasena, sUrasenaka - Pediment made up of trifoliate dormer patterns. sutra F - Cord; text on a philosophical, doctrinal, or technical subject. talapatra 014149 - Palm-leaf. taranga nis - Wave (bracket-type). tri-anga fl-317 - With three planes of offsets. trika Falch - Mukhamandapa; entry hall. triratha fare - With three jambs. usnisha zbuta - Coping. utkutikasana 3roofcourt - Posture of sitting on haunches. uttaranga Jain - Door-architrave or door-lintel. vajrasana U19 - Adamantine seat. vapi anit - Step-well; tank. varandika afuso1 - Moulded parapet, elevational member separating wall frieze from the superstructure. vasantapattika a hryfgah - Broad band carved with floral scroll. For Private and Personal Use Only

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra 82 www.kobatirth.org vatayana vAtAyana - Window. vedi vedI - Altar. Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir Technical Dictionary vedibandha -- The podium; in temple, walls the member intervening between the pitha (plinth) and the jangha wall and generally consisting of a group of four moldings. Viz. khura, kumbha, kalasa and kapotapali. vedika - Railing, balustrade. vigraha fae - Image; icon. vitana fa-Ceiling. For Private and Personal Use Only vyalasakha MIUI - Jamb decorated with fantastic animals. yaksha - Spirits of trees, mountains, streams and forests with benevolent as well as malevolent aspects. - Host of nature spirits. yaksa-gana -

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Iconographic Terms 83 Iconographic Terms abhaya-mudra 37924-HET - A gesture granting freedom from fear, with hand raised, palm forward, fingers pointing upward. akshamala 37874151 - A rosary. alinganamurti 31ifcif - An iconographical form in which a god is shown accompanied by his consort, whom he generally embraces. anjali-mudra 37511-481 - A gesture of worship consisting of palm joined to each other near the chest. apasmarapurusha 37468 469 - Dwarf demon personifying 'ignorance'. apsara 3 TATT - See surasundari. ardhapryankasana arddha-paryaMkAsana - Lalitasana a seated posture in which one leg is drown up on the seat, the other with knee bent, resting on the ground. astagraha 37816 - A group of planetary divinities, similar to the Navagraha, except that Ketu is generally omitted. asthimala 37EETHICTI - Bone garland, it has worn by Chamunda. ayudha 37144 - A weapon, an attribute. Ayudhpurusa 3trJet 959 - A personification of a Deity's weapon or attribute. bhadra 475 - The central projection of a temple wall. bhujabandha 4510142 - An armlet. bijaura facil - A kind of fruite. borla aterii - A kind of ornament is roughly spherical in shape worn by female on parting. It is still in vogue among the females of Rajasthan. chakra Elgh - A wheel, discus. chauri achit - Fly-whisk. chhatra 595 - A parasol. chhatradharini Fujifiuit - Umbrella bearing female. For Private and Personal Use Only

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84 Technical Dictionary damaru 346 - A small double-headed drum shaped like an Hour glass. danda GUS - Scepter or staff as a symbol of sovereignity. dhammilla fcell - A style of coiffure in which the hair is swept into a circular chignon on the top of the head. dhoti Eicit - A modern apparel consisting of a piece of cloth wrapped around the waist and the legs; the term is also used for designating the lower garment worn in ancient times. dhyana-mudra 21-HGT - A gesture of meditation in which the hands are relaxed in the lap, one above the other, with the palms turned upward. dikpala facb4151 - A regent of either one of the four cardinal or four intermediate directions of space. dvarapala SR467 - A door guardian. ekavali Tohlasit - A necklace consisting of single strand of pearls or heads often with an oblong spacer in the centre. gada "TGI - A mace; a weapon commonly carried by Vishnu. gana TUT - A grotesque, dwarf goblin; often shown as an attendant and companion of Siva. garuda "Thc - mythical eagle or white kite. garudarudha T551hase - Riding on a garuda. godhasana Tinh - Having "iguana" mount; form of Parvati. graha JE - A planet. hastavalaya trace - A kind of ornament of worn in the arms. jala GIST - Literally, net; in architecture it denotes the lace-like tracery made up of interwined chandrasalikas which cover the sikhara of North Indian temple. jangha vel - Literally, thigh; in architecture the wall of the temple, lying between the varandika and the vedi-bandha. jatajuta Gato - A coiffure consisting of long locks of hair piled above the head. Sive and Parvati shown with this kind of hairs. For Private and Personal Use Only

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Iconographic Terms 85 jatamukuta F21455 - An elaborate jatajuta sometimes adorned with jewels. kachchha D&OT - A kind of male dress or short tight under garment. kamandalu HUSS - A vase, generally carried by ascetics. kapala 074757 - Half part of skull usually shown with Siva, Bhairava and Chamunda and other Saiva devinities. karanda-mukuta afrug-ugh- A conical crown with bulging, horizontal sections, resembling piled baskets. kardi 061 - A kind of circular disc shape ornament often studded with gems worn by male and female on the four head. Kardi is still in vogue among the females of Rajasthan. karna-kundala to uf-gpusat - Ear ornament, usually circular. katisutra CE - Waist-band of textile or thread. kamarbandha oh{fret - Waist-band of textile or thread. katyavalambita acilacifica - A gesture of the hand in which it is shown resting on the waist. kayotsargva donat - A standing posture in which the body is held erect, the two hands hanging at the sides; common to images of Jaina Tirthankaras. khadga GST - A sword; more specifically a sword with a broad blade. khatvanga Ucain - A club, the knob of which consists of a human skull. kinnara format - A semi-divine being, half human, half bird. kiritamukuta fonte Tone - A type of tall, cylindrical crown worn by Vishnu and other gods. kirttimukha slidya - A motif consisting of leonine head with bulging eyes, and flat nose. lalantika Mahafect - It pendent type of ornament hanging in necklace or mekhala. For Private and Personal Use Only

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86 Technical Dictionary lanchana MT&TT - A distinctive sign. lata Mat - In architecture, applied to projections on the superstructure of North Indian Temples. latina CH - A type of sikhara lacking the subsidiary clusters of sikharas surrounding or leaning against the main sikhara. lungi si - A kind of under garment generally used by males. Some times it is long and some times it very short up to thighs. makara Hohe - Ornamental motif, apparently developed from an alligator or crocodile, Sea-moster, dolphin. mastakabhusana Hroty90 - Ornament wears on forehead. It is different from mukuta and usually shown in fillet or tied on parting with pearled string. mithuna FF - In art, the representation of an amorous couple. nakula Tor - A mongoose. nandi 761 - Siva's bull. navagraha JUTE - A group of nine divinities consisting of the Sun (Ravi); the six planets, Soma (Moon), Mangala (Mars), Budha (Mercury), Brihaspati (Jupiter), Sukra (Venus), and Sani (Saturn); to whom are appended Rahu, the Demon of the Eclipse, and Ketu, a deification cornets or meteors. nupura T4 - An anklet. padma 4GH - A lotus. padmalata TGHMal - A creeper mainly yielding lotus flowers. padavalaya Yicas - A kind of round ornament worn in the leg just above ankle. panchangnitapa amian - A penance done with five flowers; it was performed by Parvati to win the hand of Siva. peelwan Hati - A man who is controlling elephant. pasa 471 - A noose, lasso. patralata 4567A - A lotus rhizome. pidha 6 - A horizontal slab, which together with others, constitutes the fabric of a North Indian temple sikhara. For Private and Personal Use Only

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Iconographic Terms 87 parabhavali ghart - A halo or nimbus. pralambapadasana ya41634147 - See paryankasana. parivar-devatas parivAra-devatA - Family divimities of the respective gods and goddess. pushpakalika youa fetont - Flower bud. pustaka yfits - A book; in sculpture, generally shown as oblong in shape. randhra 19 - Traceries or a perforated stone carvings usually found in the cardinal walls of the circumambulatory passage of a temple. rupasakha 548110T - A moulding of the doorway surround decorated with figures. samabhanga #T - A posture in which the figure is shown without any flexions of the body. samapadasthanaka 944TG TYH0h - An erect. Standing posture in which the weight of the body is thrown equally on both legs; same as samabhanga. sankha Ta - A conch; generally carried by Vishnu as one of the his attributes. sankhapurusha pia45a - Personified form of Vishnu's conch. saptamatrika H6141ch - A group of sevem Mother goddesses. saptaratha HGR21 - A surface, generally of a temple wall or of a pedestal, with seven projections. sardula FIGC - A mythical animal with leonine features. pratima yahi - Of a deity or deities being carved on all the four sides. sikha frei - A lock of hair on the cranium; in architecture, the finial of a temple. sikhara Ferat - The superstructure of a temple, rising above the walls. simha-vyala fis-241157 - A vyala with the head of a lion. sriphala sit 467 - A kind of fruite, a coconut. For Private and Personal Use Only

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra 88 - www.kobatirth.org srivatsa zrIvatsa Tirthankaras, decorating the chest of Vishnu. sruk - A type of ladle used for pouring oblation in to the sacrificial fire. stambha - A pillar, column. stambhasakha decorated with a pilaster. sukanasa - An antefix placed on the sikhara of a temple, just above the antarala. - - Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir An auspicious sign of varying design, often - A vyala with the head of a parrot. suka-vyala sura-sundari - A heavenly damsel; generally the name for female figures in various attitudes and postures adorning a Technical Dictionary - A molding of the doorway surround temple. sutra - Cord, text on a philosophical, doctrinal or technical subject. torana - An ornate gateway. tribhanga - A posture in which the body is flexed thrice. triratha - A surface endowed with three rathas, or projections, as in a temple wall. trisula - A trident. udadhikumara 3GR - Divinity, generally carrying a pot and riding a makara. Often represented on the sill of a North Indian temple doorframe. - udara--bandha 3- An ornamental belt worn around the stomach. udgama 3 - A pediment, generally crowning niche. - A term generally applied to the dress of udichyavesa the Sun god, when it consists of a tunic and boots. upavita 3 - A sacred thread worn across the left shoulder and under the right arm. urdhapingalakesa terrific deity like Bhairava or Yama. - Curls rising over the head of a For Private and Personal Use Only

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra Iconographic Terms uru 35 - Thigh part of body. urujala 3 the thighs. uttariya - A scarf of shawl-like garment worn over or across the upper part of the body. uttkutikasana 3 vahana of the various divinities. 89 - An ornament, generally suspended in loops over - Posture of sitting on haunches. - A vehicle; generally applied to the animal mounts vajra - A thunderbolt; a weapon commonly represented with two transverse bolts. vajrasana - Adamantive seat. vanamala HI - A large garland, reaching almost to the knees. varada mudra varada mudrA A gesture bestowing gift with hand lowered, palm forward, fingers pointing downwards. veni au- Contexture of three or more interlaced strands of hair. vidyadhara vidyAdhara An angelic being, human in form, and without wings; he is generally shown flying above the principal deity of a sculptural grouping, carrying garlands, casting flowers, etc. vina - A flute, kind of a musical instrument. vigraha fae - Human form of god and animals like mukhalinga, Narvaraha, garuna etc. in human form. vyala - A mythical composite animal, of leonine form but often endowed with wings and possessing the heads of a large variety of animals and birds. yagyopavita yajJopavIta - Same as upavita. yoga - Indian system of meditative discipline. yogapatta - A piece of cloth tied around the legs in order to support the lifted knee. yogasana-yogic seated posture. For Private and Personal Use Only yogini - female practitioner of yoga, endowed with supernatural power.

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra 90 Technical Dictionary Archaeology Archaeology is the unwritten history of the man of that dark ages when he has to seek his own resources for fulfilling his daily need. That man of the past has passed through many cultural transformations since then. Archaeology has assumed much importance during the present time. The archaeological studies have unearthed those cultures which lay unnoticed in the remains belonging to past thousands years. According to W.W. Tylor archaeology is a method which collects cultural informations adopting modern methods. The main aim of archaeology is to collect more and more information about the pre-literate human society. Among the archaelogical material stone-made implements, pieces of pottery, bones and metal-made things are counted. The archaelogist adopts several methods to enearth the cultures of the past. Among these the survey, excavation, analysis and interpretation and report writing deserve mention. During the begining of the 19th century the archaeologists have contributed a lot in the development of archaeological studies. The present dictionary contains all the much terms of archaeology and gives their Hindi meaning to enable the student to grasp proper sense of the term. It is hoped that the present work will prove helpful to the students and the general beaders. For Private and Personal Use Only Archaeology is a science which has developed its own terminology plaraseology and methods. The knowledge of these technical terms is essential for the student as well as for the general reader.

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra Archaeological Terms androsphinic apocryphal analysis anthropologn absolute dating abatement academic archaelogy alabastram albronze an ansate cross antepagmanta appwi backed blade battered backed blade birch bark manuscript bore core boulder box-grave (cist-grave) Archaeological Terms www.kobatirth.org breast plate built-in storage bin buried feature A - - - - - B - - * - - Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir naravyAla ajJAta lekhakIya vizleSaNa mAnava vijJAna nirapekSa tithi nirdhAraNa kRMtana, nihanana zaikSika purAtatva itradAnI, sugaMdhi kUpI mizra kAMsya kAMsya maMjUSA pAzAMkita krUsa sajjita dvAropAMta vedikA zIrSa, prAcIra zIrSa ikadhAra phalaka (cakamaka ) nipravaNAphalaka (cakamaka ) bhojapatra pAMDulipi vilda kroDa golAzma baksAkAra kabra tAbUtI kabra kabanda aMtanirmita dhAnya zeSa bhUmigata lakSaNa For Private and Personal Use Only 91

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra 92 cable molding cairn burial canopic jar capital pillar carafe cardial pottery carinated carolithic column carving casket cast coin cast in die canedron cave deposit cave earthe DhakkanadAra kalaza sazIrSa staMbha surAhI zukti rekhAMkita mRdabhAMDa nautalI kamarakhI parNAlaMkRta staMbha nakkAzI, takSaNa maMjUSA caspiae portal (caspian gates ) - kaispIdvAra cassock cassolette cave mouth cave painting cave resort cave true cavity wall cellarino www.kobatirth.org celt celtic field celtic pottery C 1 - - - Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir rajjusajjApaTTI saMgaurA zavAdhAna curala cogA siMgAradAna r3halA huA sikkA DhAce meM Dhale dega, kar3Aha guhA nikSepa guhA nikSepa Technical Dictionary guhA- mukha guhAcitraNa guhA gRha aMdha guhA koTara bhitti For Private and Personal Use Only grIvA Adima kulhAr3I kelTika kSetra kelTika mRdamAMDa

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Archaeological Terms 93 ceremic - mRttikA kalA cess post - kala kuMDa chalice - pAna pAtra chalcedony kelsoTonI sikthasphaTika chamber tomb - gRha tuMba chatie perronian culture - zaitalapironI saMskRti check area (baulk) - jAMca kSetra cheddar point cailDara bedhanI chert - cakamaka clandestine digging - caurya khanana clipeus kheTaka, baDI DhAla (klIpeyasa) clea veg - vidAraNI clove hilch - lavaMga graMthi, lauMgiyA gAMTha clunch - maMDI miTTI, kaccA patthara cluster analysis - r3herI vizleSaNa clustered column - staMbha gucchA, gucchita staMbha coffer - aMtaphalaka coiled pottery kuMDalita mRdabhAMDa collared breed - haMsalIdAra manakA columba - kapotAkAra pAtra columbarium - bhUgarbhita asthibhasmAvAna cone attachment - zaMkujor3a contracted burial - saMkucita zavAdhAna convience types of certifices - zilpa upakaraNoM kA suvidhAjanaka prakAra classical archaeology zAstrIya purAtatva coordinate grid - samanvita jAlaka copperage - tAmrayuga For Private and Personal Use Only

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94 Technical Dictionary hRdayAkAra cordiform crater cream slipped ware cremation uru cremation burial cribbing crocket crock cromer cromleck crook-ard cross dating cross direction cross find crosslined bown cross nimbus cross bar crucible crusted cuddalore stone cultural type cumulative histogram cup mark cyclone cellar cylinder seal cymatium - motiyAlipa vAle bhAMDa - dAha kalaza asthibhasmAdhAna - khudAI ke samaya kI asthalI rekhA belabUMTA-belabUMTAdAra - mRdApAtra - kromara - zilA smAraka (kromaleka) vakra kudAlI - kAlaprati nirdhAraNa anuprastha dizA ADI dizA prati prApti ADI rekhAvAlA pyAlA - kUsa prabhAvalI - sabbala, raMbhA - kuThAlI, mUSA - papar3IdAra - kuDAlora patthara - sAMskRti prArUpa - saMcayI Ayata citra - caSaka cinha - talaghara - belanadAra mudrA - kapotasajjA, zIrSa For Private and Personal Use Only

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Archaeological Terms 95 dating method deck diaconicum diaper diaper ornament diaphanous dibble dictyothelon dilapidated condition disc barrow donative inscription double conventional lotus double dome double quarked bead drab slip dust bomb kAla nirdhAraNa praNAlI kASTha catvara pAtra bhaMDAra zataraMjI zataraMjI alaMkaraNa pAradarzaka khoMsanI, phAlI, chitra nAlIdAra cinAI jIrNa zIrNa avasthA bimvAkAra stUpa - dAnalekha - vizva kamala gumbada - duharA kaTAvadAra manakA - maTamailA lepa - sUkhA kSetra early archaealogy ear ornament eaves eozoic elster glacicel ecological approach ecological method effigy mound egg-shell porcelain - pUrvakAlIna purAtatva - karNabhUSaNa chajjA Adya mahAkalpa - elasAra himayuga - pAristhitika upAgama - dhAragharSaNa - pratikAya TIlA - aMDabalmaporsilena For Private and Personal Use Only

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96 Technical Dictionary egorai ware egyptian fabrics embossed in low relief enamelled ware encaustic tile engrave engraving enrichment epigraphic figure epigraphic monument episk-opoi (over seer) epistolographic epitaph eskimo archaeology etched bead ethnoarchaeology enstatic factor excavation exhumation extensive excavation extreme unaction (in christian religion) ecolithic age igorI bhANDa mistrI paTa kama ubhare (Thappe citra) mIne ke bhAMDa dagdha mInAkArI khodanA, utkIrNa utkIrNana alaMkaraNa purAlekhIya citra - purAlekhIya smAraka sarvekSaka - patra lekhana sambandhI samAdhi lekha - eskImo purAtatva rekhita manakA jAti purAtatva vijJAna - susthira kSetra tatva - utkhanana zavotkhanana vistRta utkhanana - maraNakAlIna lepa - uSaH pASANa yuga For Private and Personal Use Only

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Archaeological Terms 97 - krisTala vizeSaNa fabric analysis (pelographic analysis) fabricator faceted tool facettes false portal fan vaulting palm vaulting farces fascia board feldspar fenestella fenestration fictile fiddle idol field archaeology fielded panel field excavator field recording field research figure curved in relief figure in the round figure figure stone figurine flauron figury - vizcaka upakaraNa - phalakita aujAra - staMbhaanIka - . chadmadvAra, citradvAra - paMkhAkAra chata - paMkhAkAra chata - kulhAr3I hatthA - olatI paTTa phelsapAra gavAkSikA - vAtAyana vinyAsa abhighaTaya mRttikA belA mUrti - prAyogika purAtatva - umarAdillA, udbhutaphalaka - kSetra utkhanaka kSetra abhilekhana - kSetra anusaMdhAna - udbhuta AkRti - paryutkIrNa AkRti - citraka - AkRti pASANa - laghu mUrti - puSpAlaMkaraNa - citrita For Private and Personal Use Only

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98 Technical Dictionary bharata filling filling motif filling process find find spot finial fire drill fire pit firring furring flagon flail flamb flank flask flat platter flat rim flesh rubber flexed burial flint chopping flint dagger flint hand-axe flint projectile flint saw floating coat flourine dating flower vase flush bead sthAnapUraka alaMkaraNa pUraka prakrama prApta vastu prApta sthAna zikhAMta, kalasI agni baramA agni kuMDa samatalana samatalana surApAtra kaMDanI. anAja pITane kI sAMTI - prakIrNa pAliza pArzva surAhI - capaTI taztarI capaTI kora jhAMvA, jhAmaka nikuMcita zavAdhAna cakamaka karttana cakamaka churA cakamaka hasta kuThAra -' cakamaka prakSepya cakamaka cunAkI palastara kA dUsarA lepa phlorIna kAla-nirdhAraNa maMgalaghaTa - samatala manakA For Private and Personal Use Only

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Archaeological Terms 99 fluted flying pose foliated capital footing forehead ornament foreshaft foundation deposit fresco frieze rail frieze funerary structure - nAlI yukta - utpluti mudrA, vidyAdharI mudrA - parNAlaMkRta staMbha-zIrSa - nIMva kA khasakA - lalATikA, TIkA, boralA - zaradaMDAga AdhAra nikSepa - bhitti citra - madhya paTTI - citra vallarI - zavAdhAna nirmANa garden tomb geometric form geomatric ornament gesture of meditation glacio archaeology glass paper glazed ware globular beaker glyph glyptotheca goblet godroon (gadroon) golgotha gradetto gradine gradino - udyAna tuMba jyAmitIya AkRti jyAmitika alaMkaraNa dhyAna mudrA himayuga purAtattva regamAla camakadAra bartana gola caMcuka - uccitra kalA bhavana - pyAlA, caSaka - kamarakha alaMkaraNa - zavAdhiSThAna - paTTI sajjA - dAMtedAra chenI - sopAna mukhAlaMkaraNa For Private and Personal Use Only

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra 100 graffitte grave grave furniture gravel terrace grave markers "graven" image grave plundering gravette point green stone axe green ware griddle grid system griffin groin grooved ground tool gudivada pottery guided tour gumetnita pottery greal ice age www.kobatirth.org - * - I 1 t 11 U Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir Technical Dictionary bhitti Arekha kabra zavAdhi upaskara jakI uttala zavAdhi sUcaka utkIrNa mUrti For Private and Personal Use Only zAdhi luMTana gravetI bedhanI haritaprastara kuThAra kaccA bhAMDa tavA jAlaka paddhati sapakSa siMha cApAMtara khAMcedAra gharSaNa upakaraNa guDIvADA mRdabhAMDa nirdezita paryaTana gumelanitA bhAMDa mahAn himayuga

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Archaeological Terms 101 hache cakamaka kuThArI hack gaiMtI, phAvaDA, khanitra haematite (hematite) hemATAiTa haft mUTha, dastA halation prabhAva vikIrNana halicarnassus - samAdhi, makabarA handled bowl hatthedAra pyAlA hand pose. hastamudrA hatchment zastrAMkita paTTikA, kulacinhAMkita DhAla hathori hathaur3I heart shaped motif hRdayAkAra abhiprAya heb-shed hebazer3ha helicline cakkaradAra DhalAna heliolithick saura pASANa helledic culture - heleDika saMskRti hemitriglyph - arddhavinAlI heraldic device sAmudhAMka herringrove pattern khajUra patrAkRti hexastyle - SaT-staMbhI hearoglyphic characters citralipi, citrAkSara hieroglyphic liner characters - citrAtmaka rekhIya lipi hieroglyphic scrip citrAtmaka lipi hierogram pavitra pratIka high drum ucca golAkAra hill jar zAMkaba ghaTa board wealth vidhi For Private and Personal Use Only

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102 Technical Dictionary hod hoe hollow-based arrow head holidom hollow bastion hollow relief holoane horizon style horizontal group humped bule hatch hut-urn hydria hydration hypogean cave horizontal excavation historical archaeology - tarAlA, tagArI kudAla - polA bANAgra pavitra vastu khosalA garavAja kUpa udbhUta sarva nUtanakalpa kSaitija zailI - samastarIya samUha kukudamAna vRSabha pAtrapiTaka kuTirAkAra asthikalaza - ghaTa jalayojana adhobhUmika guhA - kSaitija utkhanana - aitihAsika purAtattva interpretation ideographic script immanent impanation impervious coating inaccessible records incised reliei incised ware incising tool incrusted pottery integrating point vyAkhyA bhAvalipi antarvartI sannivezana - apravezya lepana - anadhigamya abhilekha - utkartita udbhUta - utkartita bhAMDa - utkartana aujAra - parpaTita mRda bhAMDa (papaDIdAra) - saMyojana kendra For Private and Personal Use Only

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Archaeological Terms 103 jade jagged edge jhangar culture jhukar culture joggle - haritAzma - dAMtedAra dhAra - jhAMgara saMskRti - jhUkara saMskRti - DhaMturIkaraNa kaolin kashani work knee shaft - cInI miTTI - kasAnI kArIgarI ___- koNadaMDa lance large scale excavation larnex larnex burial lattice lead seal leaf and dart ornament lecythus ledged (side fabowl) ledger lenticular boss lesser signet liana design lion gate lipped bowl little toe bhAlA-kuMta viktRrNa khudAI miTTI kA tAbUta - zavAdhAnI daphana jAlI zIzA mudrA - parNakAra alaMkaraNa kuppI - kagarIdAra samAparka zilA - netrAkAra phallA laghumudrA vallarI abhikalpa siMhadvAra - ambaDadAra kaserA - pAda kaniSThAMgulI For Private and Personal Use Only

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104 Technical Dictionary loam lock ring loculus long tomb long burrow long trench lotiform ornament lower arm lyngby axe - dumaTa - kezapAza samAdhi koSTha dAru tumba laMbastUpa lambI khAI padmAlakaraNa nicalI bAhu - liMgabI kuThAra M . maen-hir magatama maggot decoration magnetic dating magnetic prospecting manaia mantel median spine meditative pose megalith megaron mehi phase merlon meso-relief metomorphic rock metrical stratigraphy mexican pottery micaeeous ekAzma smAraka - magATAmA kITa alaMkaraNa cumbakIya kAla nirdhAraNa - caMbakIya sarvekSaNa ukar3I baiThI mUrti aMgIThI tAka - madhya ubhArarekhA dhyAnAsana mahApASANa maigArona mehI avasthA kaMgUrA, kapizIrSa - madhyaudbhuta kAryAntarita zaila mApIya starita zaila vijJAna maiksikI mRdbhANDa - abhrakI For Private and Personal Use Only

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Archaeological Terms 105 micro blade micro core micro graver microlithic forms micro lithic implement micro-neolithic culture micro-paleontology mid-rib mid-rib dagger milling stone culture mimbres art minted metal coins minian ware miocene epoch miolithic mixoneolithic culture monumental archaelogy mote-hill mound mound-builder people multifoil multivallate fort mural art murus gallicus moraines mycenaean mesolithic age mesozoic laghuphalaka sUkSma hAra - sUkSma TAMkI sUkSma pASANa namUne sUkSmAzma upakaraNa sUkSma navAzma saMskRti . sUkSma jIvAzmikI - madhyazirA - pasalIdAra kaTAra - peSaNI saMskRti - mimbresa kalA DhalIdhAtu ke sikke miniyAyI bhAMDa madhyanUtana yuga uttara purApASANayugIna mizranApASANa saMskRti smAraka purAtatva TIlA TIlA - stUpa nirmAtA loga - bahusAra, bahudala - bahuprAcIra durga - bhitti kalA zailika bhitti himor3ha - mAIsIniyana sabhyatA - madhyapASANa kAla - madhyajIva purAkalA For Private and Personal Use Only

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra 106 national relic neck molding newel niche-burial non-stratified notched beak mundara style neozoic neolithic age oak-coffin burial object card occus ochre coloured ware (OCW) ochre-nashed ware odeon oenochoe ogival dagger olpe www.kobatirth.org oltenian pottery open-air site orangutan man orie ossnary ostracon ovate hand-axe N - - - - Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir Technical Dictionary rASTrIya avazeSa grIvA sajjA sopAna staMbha devalI zavAdhAna astarita khAMcedAra caMcu munDArA zailI navajIvana mahAkalpa navapASANa kAla vaMju peTikA zavAdhAna vastu patraka bhojazAlA gairika mRdabhANDa gerue bartana saMgIta kakSa prekSAgRha surApAtra nukIlI kaTAra surAhI AllenI bhAMDa For Private and Personal Use Only khulA sthala auraMgauTena mAnava saMkaDI paTTI asthi pAtra mRdalekha paTTa aMDAkAra hasta kuThAra

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra Archaeological Terms over cloak ovolo ovoid ovum oxygen isotope analysis painted decoration painted grey ware palace portrees palaeographer paleolith palaeontological method palaelithic age paleoserology palladion palliotto palstave pampre www.kobatirth.org parapithecus parcel gilt parietal art paste bead pre-historic archaeology paten pearl shell inlaid bown peat pecking mark pectoral ornament peeling - P - - - Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir zItAvaraNa golA aMDAbha aMDAlaMkaraNa upeksIjana Ahaso Topa vizleSaNa pralepita alaMkaraNa citrita phUsara mRdabhANDa gar3hI purAlipiI jIvAzma praNAlI purApASANa kAla purAlasI vijJAna paileDiona vedi AvaraNa pAlasTeva drAkSAlaMkaraNa alpanavayugIna AMzika svarNaraMjita bhittikalA kAyita manakA prAgaitihAsika purAtatva rakAbI sIpalaTika kaTorA paMka, daladala TaMkaNa cinha ura alaMkaraNa sArApanayana For Private and Personal Use Only 107

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108 Technical Dictionary pallet bow pallet eye pinannular brooch pendant chain pentacle perforated jar petrified petrifier petrograph petuntse pewter phelloplastic phoenix piazza pictorial relief pigmentation pigmy flint pillar edict pilum pewdal cave pise pit-control pithos plain lancepoint plough share buist plug cock plumb pluteus gulela dhanuSa golarotra chajjAkAra pina laTakana lar3I paMcakoNa tArA chidrita kalaza pASANIkRta pASANakArI zailacitra - cInI miTTI kAMsya AkRti utkIrNa (karNika) aparAkSI AcchAdita vIthi cauka citra udbhUti varNakalA choTA cakamaka staMbha lekha baDI barthI pinDAla guphA - mRta skaMdha, gauMdA garta niyaMtraNa - DholAkAra varNana sAde bhAle kI noka - phAlacakra ToMTI - sAhula (sIsA bhAMDa) prAkArikA For Private and Personal Use Only

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra Archaeological Terms poitrel polished stone implement pollen analysis palliniferous deposit polychrome polygonal cist polygonal soil porcelain porphry port-hole cist preliterate post-mold posture pot-burial pottery uru pre-istocene age propylaesum prostas protoma palaeozoic proto-morph proto molithic culture prove nanche pulto www.kobatirth.org pyramid pyriform process pleistocene - - - - - m - Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir azva kavaca opayukta pASANa upakaraNa parAga vizleSaNa parAgayukta nikSepa bahuvarNa, bahuraMgI bahubhujI zavapeTikA bahubhuja miTTI cInI miTTI porphi gavAkSa zava peTikA prAklipika sthUNAvazeSa mudrA bhAMDa zavAdhAna mRdA asthi kalaza prAtinUtana kAla siMhadvAra upakakSa arddha maMDapa pazu AgrIva alaMkaraNa purAjIva mahAkalpa Adyarupa adyanavapASANa saMskRti mUlasrota prAptisthala nagnazizu pirAmiDa bIrupa peTikA prAtinUtana kalpa For Private and Personal Use Only 109

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110 Technical Dictionary quadrant excavation - catuSkoNa utkhanana R radiography rail coping rampart lion random excavation random rubble masonary range finder rate of sedimentation recessed image reeto red slipped pottery reed shroud reel and bead border reentrant angle relief carving relief figure relief pattern religious art reliquary remnant rescue operation resident dig retroversion angle reversed stratigraphy rhombus rhyparography ribbon spall vikiraNa citraNa muMDera uSNIza jhaMpI siMha yAdRccha utkhanana - aniyantrita roDI ciNAI - parAsadI - avasAdana gati - Ale meM mUrti dAhinA pRSTha - lAla lepa vAle bartana naramukta mRtAvaraNa - garArI aura gukiyA kA bela aMtarviSTa koNa ubharI nakkAzI ubharI AkRti - ubharA namUnA dhArmika kalA - purAvazeSa maMjUSA avaziSTa uddhAra utkhanana - sthAyI khudAI - pazcanati koNa pratiloma stara-vinyAsa - caukora AkRti azlIla citraNa - paTTI khaMDa For Private and Personal Use Only

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Archaeological Terms 111 ribbing rifle - phAMkedAra banAnA - dhUsara raMga aMbaDha, kinArA gola khAI rim peMDhI ring ditch ring foot (pottery) ringlet ring stone riparian rippled badarian vase ripple mark rocker marked rock tomb rolled glass rosace rosette restral column rostrocarinate tool rouleted decoration rouletted ware rounded axe royal shield royal tomb ruins rusticated pottery relative dating keza kuMDalikA valaya prastara anunada sabhyatA laharadAra baDaMkI kalaza - lahara cinha - jhUlA aMkita zaila tumba vaillita kAMca - valayAkAra alaMkaraNa - pATalA alaMkaraNa naukIrti staMbha - caMcumukhI aujAra - cakrila alaMkaraNa - cakrila bhAMDa vartula kuMThAra - rAja cinhita DhAla - zAhI makabarA - bhagnAvazeSa - khuradaI mRdabhANDa - sApekSa tithi nirdhAraNa For Private and Personal Use Only

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112 Technical Dictionary - Asidanta avatala cakkI bhaTTI sabertooth saddle back quern sagger salvaging of antiquitees sand hill sandia sawn tool scallop scalloped axe-head scalloped decoration scarlet ware scena scimitar scooped enclosure scraper scratch plough sculptured figure sculptured tomb sculpturesque scythe seal-off. seated image secondary burial secondary interment section excavation segment excavation semi elliptical dental arch - purAvazeSa uddhAra - bAla TibbA khaMr3hiyA - Rkacita upakaraNa nakhAkAra - nakhAkAra kuThArAgra nakhAkAra alaMkaraNa lohe ke bhAMDa paridhAna kakSa khar3aga protkhanita bADA - khuracanI nakhara hala - takSita AkRti - takSita makabarA - mUrti sadRza - daMrAtI - * stara-pidhAna - AsIna mUrti dvitIyaka zavAdhAna. dvitIyaka daphana khaMDa utkhanana khaMDa utkhanana - arddhadIrgha vRtIya daMtacApa For Private and Personal Use Only

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra Archaeological Terms sepulcharal chalice sequence dating serrated blade shaft shaft grave shaft straighteness sharp end shatter lines sheet-gold ornament sheet metal shell work sherd short blade industry shouldered arrow head sigel silica simulacrum shinker notch pebble site card site locus skewomorphic skewer skin driver slash www.kobatirth.org slate-palette slaughter sone sledge sledge hammer slight curve - Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir samAdhi kaTorA anukrama kAla nirdhAraNa daMtukita phalaka staMbha, daMDa garta kabra zarakAjuka tIkSNAgra bhajata rekhAeM hemapatrAlaMkaraNa dhAtu cAdara kSukti zilpa ThIkarA laghuphalaka udyoga skandhayukta bANAgra mudrA bAlU, sikatA tuMba citra daMturita guTikAzma sthala kAMDa sthala saMsthiti pAtra upakaraNa alaMkaraNa sIMka amAvata gotAkhora kora sleTa paTTikA bali prastara himagAr3I dhana sUkSma bhaMgikA For Private and Personal Use Only 113

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114 Technical Dictionary sling - gophiyA sling ball - gophana golI sling stone gophana patthara slippai pottery lepita bhAMDa sludge tank - avasAda hauja snare-trap - phaMdApoza soaker - AcUSaka solar radiating method of dating -saura vikiraNa praNAlI tithijJAna solid scripture - Thosa mUrti sounding - talAbagAhana spacer aMtaraka spade-ard - kudAlI spatial temporal continum dezakAla sAtala spatula - pralepanI spatulate implement camacAkAra upakaraNa speleology - guphA vidyA spindle whorl - takuMA cakrI splayed axe - peluA kuThAra splintered rock - khaMDita zilA spilet base khaMDitAdhAra spoke shave gola raMdA spondylus - zaMkha AbhUSaNa spout - DhUMTI . spouted bowl - ToMTIdAra pyAlA square method - varga tarIkA squat shouder pot - baiThI gardanavAlA bhAMDa stalaetiform motif himakhaMbI abhipraya standard ware - mAnaka bhAMDa For Private and Personal Use Only

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra Archaeological Terms statue menhir steatile seal steumed axe step flaking stepped platform steppe phase stirrup mouthed jar stone ware storage bin strape handle survey surface indication stratified excavation stratigraphical evidence strepy culture strepy gird sub-conical mound substantive trench summer dig supine burial swallow tailed blade swept back horn swiderian culture soil-analysis solar-radiation www.kobatirth.org - - Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir mUrtirAkAza khelakhar3I mudrA daMDayukta kuThAra sopAna salAna gatAvanata pRSTha sTevI prAvaskepa rakAbamukhI bhAMDa prastara bhAMDa bakhAra paTTenumA hatthA sarvekSaNa talacinha saMketa starita utkhanana stara pramANa sTrepI saMsmRti rajjujAlaka arddhazaMku TIkA mukhya khAI grISma utkhanana urdhvamukha vAdhAna avAbIlapuccha phalaka pRNata sIMga svIDerI saMsmRti mRdA vizleSaNa saura vikiraNa For Private and Personal Use Only 115

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra 116 tablet table ware tabular flint tachymeter tamped earth tang (of a knife) tankard tapettery tarpaulin takonomy text aided archaeology tempered sword terrazzo terristrial deposit test trench testudo www.kobatirth.org thermoluminescence three dimensional recording time recknoning method tip line top frieze top soil toternette travois treasure hunting trenching tool triangulation T - Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir Technical Dictionary takhtI, sillI khAne ke bartana sapATa cakamaka yUrotsaMghamApI bharI huI jamIna cUla pAnapAtra citrapaTTa tirapAla vargIkaraNa vijJAna For Private and Personal Use Only pAThayayukta purAtatva pAnI car3hI talavAra maNi kuTTima sthalIya nikSepa parIkSaNa khAI maharAbI chata cApa chata tApa saMdIpti trivimiya abhilekhana kAlagaNanA vidhi sImAnta rekhA zIrSa citravallarI dharAtala mRdA cAka zakaTI nidhi khanana khanitra upakaraNa tribhujana

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Archaeological Terms 117 tribithon trim trio-quarto system triped temperate zone tubular support turf lone typology tertiary tripASANI saMvAranA tricatuH praNAlI tipATha - samazItoSNa kaTibandha - nAlaTeka - dUrvA rekhA prArUpa vidhi - tRtIyaka ultraviolet photography umbrella stone unaerateo deposit unbaked clay undecipherable inscription undefined stone age under coat undercut rim unetice pottery unilateral barbed harpoon urn urn field ushabto - parAbaiMganI phoTogrAphI - chatrapASANa avAtita nikSepa kaccI miTTI - apAThaya lekha anirdhArita pASANa yuga - nicalI parata - talocchila zera yunehila poTarI . - ekapArzvika kaMTaka hArapUna kalaza - kalaza kSetra mamI ke sAtha kabra meM rakhI jAne vAlI For Private and Personal Use Only

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra 118 vaal technique vertical excavation vignette vignette decoration wheel-made xylograph yamstick yayoi culture www.kobatirth.org zeccab zhob culture V W X xoanon prAcIna yUnAna meM takSita mUrti x-ray crystallographic method - eksakiraNa krisTala saMracanAtmaka praNAlI kASTotkIrNa mUrti - Y Z Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir bAlaTeknIka laMbamAna utkhanana laghucitra laghucitra AlaMkaraNa cAkanirmita Technical Dictionary khanitrI, khaMtI yAyoyI saMskRti For Private and Personal Use Only khetapa joba kalcara (balocistAna)

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra Archaeological Terms end scraper round scraper corvex concave scraper borer points trapezaid burin lenticulate flake pierars lunates cairn circle dolmen menpir sympathetic majic moliar art parietal art adze chisel fatericata mullers megalith Additional Words nukIlA khuracana yaMtra gola khuracana yaMtra uttala khuracana yaMtra avatala khuracana yaMtra bedhaka khuracana yaMtra bedhanI samalambAbha khuracanI dAMtedAra phalaka chedaka yaMtra arddhacaMdrAkAra phalake kerna sarAkala AyatAkAra samAdhiyA~ samAdhi sAdRzya mUlaka jAdU sacala kalA guphA kalA (elI) vasUlA chenI loDhA mahAmApATA For Private and Personal Use Only 119

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra 120 Fine Arts The subject of fine arts is very fascinating and vast. Man has always admired the charm of nature around him. He has tried to emulate the works of nature in his artistic creation. Even from the tribal stage man has experienced the softening influence of nature. The earliest paintings of the prehistoric date are found in caves all over the world. Man had an observant eye and the trained hand even at the primitive stage. "The colours chosen, the movement portrayed and the expression suffused in the pictures are really marvellous things. These paintings give us a picture of life in those faroff days. Abduction shoulder splint Abraum Absorbent ground Abstract expressionism Abstractionism Abstract style Academic painting Academicism Technical Dictionary Art had permeated life in ancient India so every man and woman had a good knowledge of it. The fine arts were cultivated as a pastime and painting being an easier medium than modelling and sculpture was more readily preferred. The nagaraka or a cultivated man was expected to have a good collection of pictures in his house. He should have had a painting board and a casket full of brushes. In short Fine Arts created a joy and filled anyone's life with mirth and merriment. Fine Arts Terms A For Private and Personal Use Only skandhApavartaka spilaMTa geru avazoSaka bhUmi amUrta abhivyaMjakatAvAda amUrta citraNa amUrta zailI pAraMparika citraNa zAstrIyatA

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra Fine Arts Terms Acanthus Accessory Accidental Accroidesgum Achilles Achromatic lens Achromatic Actionmeter paper Actionnemeter Action painting Ada group Adamantine Adeux crayons Adjustable ruler Adrianople red Adulterant Aerial perspective Aestheticm African wallnut After cast Agglutinant Air brush Air drain Alabasler Album painting Alexjejevite Alkanet Alla prima Alloy www.kobatirth.org - - - - Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir kaMTakIparNaka ( alaMkaraNa ) AkaiMthasa - upasAdhana Akasmika chAyAprabhAva akrAyaTIja goMda akIlIja avarNaka laiMsa avarNaka varNakakriyAmApI (phoTo) kAgsa varNaka kriyAmApI ekTino mITara Avacitra, kriyAcitra ADA samudAya vajrakAMti duraMgA khar3iyA citrAMkana samAyojaka rekhaka eDriyAnopela lAla upamizraka AkAzI pariprekSya sauMdarya citraNa aphrIkI akharoTa anunirmita mUrti AsaMjaka dravya phuhAra raMjita, havA buruza vAyu nissAraka selakhar3I, elavAsTara alabama citra 121 eleksajejeviTI mehaMdI raMga sadya citraNa mizradhAtu For Private and Personal Use Only

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122 Technical Dictionary aiMbara Almagra - alamagarA Almond wood - bAdAmI kASTha Aloes wood agarU Alter piece vedi taTa Almina * elyuminA Alminography sphaTIlekhana Amalthea samRddhizrRMga Amassette avyavasAyI Arnber Amasement art manoraMjaka kalA Anadem ziromAlA Anaglyptograph nirekhaNa yukti Analogous Colours sadRza varNa, samAna raMga Analytical Cubism vaizleSika dhanAkRtivAda Anamorphosis rUpAmAsa citraNa vidhi Anastagamatic lens anaviMduka laiMsa Ancona vedikA alaMkaraNa Anecdotal art upAkhyAtmaka citraNa Angle worm lines - koNakRmi rekhAyeM Angular perspective drawing - koNIya pariprekSya lekhana Anomaloscope asaMgatidarzI Anthrax - puSparAga enthreksa Anthropometry - tAlamAna Antic work virupAkRti citraNa Antworp blue - AyasanIla, samudrI nIla Apartment de parade - svAgata kakSa Apophyge - staMbhasaMdhi golA Applied decoration - jar3AU alaMkaraNa For Private and Personal Use Only

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Fine Arts Terms 123 Appuie-main Aqua-fortis Aqua-marine Aquarelle Aquaresin Aquatint pen Aquatone Araeostyle Architectural sculpture Arcuated architecture Argile Armature Armenian blue Arm palatte Arriccato Artificial dye - TekadaMDa tejAba haritanIla jalavarNa citra amla rAjaka dholotkIrNana - ekvATona mudraNa sArdhatraya vyAsAMta - vAstu mUrtikalA toraNAdhRta vAstu, bahucApI vAstu sapheda miTTI sannATa ArminIliyana nIla bAhu phalaka dUsarA lepa kRtrima raMjaka kalAkAra apariSkRta linana asaMdeya rAjAzma tarAzA patthara svarUpa, AkRti goTI, golA, kalaza staMbhahIna asamamiti varNa gajanAbha raMga trivarNavartikA citraNa vaMzI AsamAnI Artist Art linen Arandel marbles Ashlar Aspect Astragal Astylar Asymmetry colours Atmospheric colour Atrois crayons Aulos Azure For Private and Personal Use Only

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124 Technical Dictionary Babul gum Back painting Back view Badigeon Balance Balancing colour Ball flower Balloon Bambexiade Banana oil Banding wheel Barium yellow Baryta water Basalt Basic dye stuff Balloon Battle piece Bay Beaux art Beviling Beveling tool Bichrome Binary alloy Binder Biomorphic art Bird's eye Bite babUlagama - pRSTha citraNa - pRSTha dRzya - vADIjana citraNa jabAba saMtulana raMga kAlikA baMdha - kuMbha, golaka - grAmINa citraNa - kadalI tela cAka, kharAda likuca varNa sudhAjala besAlTa AdhArika raMjaka dravya thApI yuddhacitra AlA lalita kalAeM pravaNana rAMpI dviraMgI dvimizra dhAtu yojaka drava jIvAkRti kalA - khaganatranAMkita nikSAraNa, DaMka For Private and Personal Use Only

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Fine Arts Terms 125 kAjala - samizraka Black gas Blender Bloom Blow over Blottesque Blunt brush Boasting Boasting chisel Bobbin method Bodied linseed oil Boby stain Bonnet board Bort Boss Boucharde Boulle Bonquet Bowenite Bow-pen Bow string roof Brumen blue Brick red Bringing up Bristol board Brocade Bronze disease Brush Buckling - phutlikA vidhmAta kAMca moTA kAma - rukSa tUlikA - prathama takSaNa - baDI sakhAnI - phiragI praNAlI - gAr3hA alasI tela mRdA vivarNaka, kapiza - khulane banda hone vAlA borDa kuTIra - kakuda alaMkaraNa dAMtedAra hathaur3A - khacita gRhopaskara phUloM kA gucchA sarpila rAjAzma dhanurlekhanI dhanuAchata bremena nIla iSTaka lAla raMga camakAnA brisTala phalaka - jarI, kamakhvAba kAMsya doSa tUlikA - budabudI sataha For Private and Personal Use Only

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126 Technical Dictionary Bur Burin Burnish Bust Buttress - khAMcA - takSaNI, utkIrNaka . pAlizadAra sataha AvakSa puztA, vapra Cabinet drawing Cabinet picture Caen stone Calcography Callipyga Camaien Cant . Cap Carbon black Cartoonist Carving Casemate Cassel yellow Cast Casting clay Casting plaster Cast shadow Cast stone Cave painting Cavo relievo hallow relief Celure . kebineTa ArekhaNa kebineTa citra - sena azma - tAmracitraNa - nitaMbanI - ikaraMgI citra - koNa, pravaNatala zIrSa kAjala vyaMgacitrakAra takSaNa indrakoSa haritAlavarNa DhAlanA - DhalAI miTTI - r3hAlane kA plAsTara kSipracchAyA citraNa DhalA patthara - guhA citrakalA gaharA uddhRta udabhuta - ubharI nakkAzI For Private and Personal Use Only

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Fine Arts Terms 127 dUlA Centering Ceramist Cerography Chalking Chamfer Channel black Chassis Chemigraphy Chinille Cherry Chairoscuro Chisel cut technique Chisseling Chrome Chrome pigment Chrome red Cinnabar Cinquefoil Cipolino Ciseleur Claude glass Clavibux Clay filler Closed space Cloud band Coating Coelanaglyphic Cogging - mRttikAzilpI momacitra rUparekhAMkana pakha kAjala - caukhaTA trizAraNa - zanIla cerIlAla - chAyA prakAza yojanA khAMcedAra takanIka takSaNa varNaka kRtrima varNaka kromalAla rasa siMdUra - paMcaparNI citakabarA dhAtutakSaNa klADa glAsa saMgItAbha varNa citraNa raMgamaMdI kAraka AvRta sthAna meghapaTTI parata - gaharA udbhUta - anurekhaNa For Private and Personal Use Only

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128 Technical Dictionary - nIla pramukha raMga - varNa,raMga varNadholotkIrNa varNa virodha varNa vinyAsa varNa gatikI raMgIna dholotkIrNa varNa prabhA varNa sAndra sAmAdhI - varNa mela - raMga mela Cold colour Colour Colour aquatint Colour contrast Colour design Colour dynamics Coloured aquatint Colour glow Colourimeter Colour matching Colour mixing Colour perspective Colour retouching Colour unity Commercial art Concave relief Conceptual colour Console Contained shadow Contrast effect Conversational Coping Corona Cosmorama Craquelure Crawling Crayon drawing Crazing - varNa pariprekSya raMga sudhAraNa varNa ekatA _vANijya kalA avatala uddhRta saMpratyakSyAtmaka varNa zuka nAsikA khagata chAyA virodha prabhAva samUha citra uSNIza, muMDera mukuTa vizvadRzyAvalI bhaMgAbhAsana apUrNa kAcana - vartikA citraNa - lepa caTakanA For Private and Personal Use Only

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Fine Arts Terms 129 ADA tirachA citraNa . chAMTanA Criss-cross Cropping Cross dyeing Cubism Cutoff Cyanic colours - ekAMtara raMjana - dhana citraNa zailI vibhedaka rekhA - nIla harita Dabber Damaseene Dark colour Dapping Dark colour Dark line Dead clay Decorative style Deep relief Demi relief Darby red Diorama Display Divisionism Dodging Dominant colour Dotted print Double Double end tool Draft Drawing board - kuMcI - dhAtupaccIkArI - gaharA raMga uppAkArI - gaharA raMga - kAlI rekhA - sukhAI huI miTTI - alaMkAramaya zailI - gaharA udbhUta ardhaudbhUta DArbIlAla - trividha pradarza - sajjA bindu citravAda - prakAzAva rochana prabhAvI varNa - biMdumita citra anubaddha alaMkaraNa - dvimukhI AkAra ArekhaNa ArekhaNa paTTa For Private and Personal Use Only

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra 130 Drenching Drop out Dross Dry colour Dust ground Earth colour Earthy colour Easel Eccentric figure Ectype Ectypography Effigy Egg tempera Electrun Elevation Embossing Emulsion colours Enamel Enamelling Encaustic painting Epigone Epigraph Esquisse Estheticism Etched figure Etching ground Extender www.kobatirth.org 1 - E - / 1 1 Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir amla prakSAlana prakAzI bhAga lauhamala zuSka varNa retIlA astara Technical Dictionary khanija raMga maTiyAlA varNa citrAdhAra utkendra AkRti prathama pratirUpa udghRta rekhaNa kalA putalA, pratikRti aMDapIta samAraMjana rAjasuvarNa utsedha, U~cAI samudbharaNa pAyasIkRta varNa mInA mInAkArI sikthavarNaka citra yugAnukArI kalAkAra purAlekha For Private and Personal Use Only prathama ArUpaNa sauMdaryavAda nikSArita AkRti nikSAraNa pIThikA visAnaka

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Fine Arts Terms 131 Fabric Fabric painting False biting Fan brush Feather brush Female terracotta figurine Figure Fine art Finger drawing Finger painting Fire marble Fixative Flag stone Flashed Flat colour Flesh Ochre Flower pot Forefinger Foreground Foreshortewing Forest marble Form Formin Fossil wax Foal biting Foundry clay Fractional concept - banAvaTa vastra citraNa anIsita nikSAraNa - paMkhAkAra, kU~cI - paMkha kU~cI - strI mRNmUrti - . citra - lalita kalA - nakha ArekhaNa - aMgulI citraNa - katthaI saMgamaramara sthiraka - paTiyA patthara jvAlA vivarNita sAdA raMga * pANDuraMga, gairika raMga - phUladAra tarjanI agrabhUmi agra saMkSepaNa - banAbha rAjAzma AkRti phormina - phosila moma ati nikSAraNa - r3halAI mRtikA - sAvayava pratyaya For Private and Personal Use Only

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra 132 Frame Free form Fresco painting Fresco colours Fresco secco Friable Frisket paper Frit Fortage Fugitive colour Full colour Fuller's earth Fundamental colours Futurism Gaine Ganosis Grance brun Geat Genre tradition Geometrical art Gesso Gesso panel Gliding Girosol Gis Glair Glass painter www.kobatirth.org * - - - - - G Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir caukhaTA svAdadiSTa rUpa bhitticitra bhitticitra varNa sekko bhitti citraNa Technical Dictionary naramA bhurabhurA pAradarzI kAgaja phriTa gharSaNa citra karNa ur3anevAlA raMga pUrA raMga mulatAnI miTTI mUla raMga gatyAtmaka citraNa gena avadIpana bhaMjiSTha, bhUrA sAMcA cheda grAmINa citraNa jyAmitika kalA dRr3halepa jesopaTala sonA car3hAnA sUryakAMta maNi For Private and Personal Use Only rekhita citra sone para svarNa kA kAma kAMca citrakAra

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Fine Arts Terms 133 Glitter Glory Glose Gold point Gold yellow Gowache Grouge graver Graduated colour Graffito Graph Graticulation Grave Graver Greasy Grinding slab Ground Guilloche Gusto camaka - svarga pradeza citraNa opa, kAMti kAcanI tUlikA svarNapIta apAradarzI varNa citraNa uja utkIrNaka kramika varNAntaraNa palastara para khudAI kArya Alekha - vargIyana citraNa gaMbhIra TAMkI snigdha, cikanA agni zilA jamIna bAMdhanA veNIrUpa sajAvaTa oja Harrlem school Half relief Head stone Hermahrodite Honing Hot colours - hArlema zailI - ardha udbhUta - samAdhi zilA - ardhanArI mUrti - zAna car3hAnA - uSNa raMga Hive . raMga For Private and Personal Use Only

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134 Technical Dictionary Iconoclast Idolino Imitative art Impression Ink duct Inlay Inspiration Intaglio Iris grun Isometric colour Isometric drawing pratimAbhaMjaka AiDolino anukaraNa kalA prabhAva, dAva - syAhI vAhinI jar3AI kA kAma preraNA utkIrNa citrakArI - indravAlaNI harita sadRza varNa - samamitIya ArekhaNa Jewel point vajra kalama Key block - pradhAna kATha ThaphA . vela Lace Laequer ware Landscape Landscape marble Lap Lavendar Lay figure Life drawing Life like - lAkSAkarma sAmAna bhUdRzya, prakRti chavi - prakRti citrakAra maNikArI citra - nIlalohita - mAnavIya DhAMcA - jIva ArekhaNa - jItA jAgatA For Private and Personal Use Only

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Fine Arts Terms 135 Adamakada citraNa rekhAkAra rekhIya pariprekSya - rekhAcitra Life size Limn Linear Liner perspective Line drawing Line work Line engraving Local colour Loom Luminism Lumonosity Lur rekhAMkana rekhA utkIrNana prakRta varNa karaghA prakAza prabhAvavAda jyoti lura - M Madder brown Manikin Maquette Marine painting Maroon Mars pigment Metal work Melamorphosis Mineral lake Miniature Model light Modelling board Modernist Mokuga Mold - mAjiSTha bhUrA - thAnavaka - laghu pratirUpa - jalIya citra nIlA kaNa aMgAraka varNaka - dhAtukarma rUpAMtaraNa raMjaka varNaka laghu citra moDala lAiTa pratirUpaNa paTTa - AdhunikatAvAdI - kASTha citra - sAMcA For Private and Personal Use Only

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136 Technical Dictionary Mold burlap Mold facing Mold separator Monolith Montage Mordant Mosaic Moulage Mummy pigment - dRr3ha zaNaka - lepa cUrNa - sAMcA viyojaka ekAzma saMgrathita citra - sthApaka . - citrila, kuTTima - sAMcA nirmANa - mamI varNa N Naples yellow Narrative art Naturalism Neo-classic Neo-classicism Neo-impressionism Neo-traditionalism Neo-plasticism Numone nepalsapIla kathAcitraNa kalA prakRtivAda navya abhijAta navyamArgIya citraNa navya AbhAsa citraNa nava paraMparAvAda - navya zailI - vamanI citraNa Oblique drawing Obverse Occult lines Ochre Oil colour Oil paint Oil painting tiryak rekhAMkana agrabhAga, mukhabhAga adRzya rekhAeM gairika, pAMDura taila varNa - taila rogana - taila citraNa For Private and Personal Use Only

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra Fine Arts Terms Opacity Opaque screen Optical mixtures Organic colour Orphism Orthographic projection Over-exposure Painted panel Painter master Painting Painting-medium Paint out Palette Palmette Panel Panorma Pantograph Parietal art Pastel Pastose Pattern Pencil drawing Pencil sketch Persian red Pictorial representation Picture gallery Pigment www.kobatirth.org 1 P Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir apAradarzitA apAradarzI paradA varNAMtarAbhAsI citra jaiva varNa AvAda lambakoNIya prakSepa ati-udbhAsana lepita phalaka citrAcArya citrakalA citra - mAdhyama varNa parIkSaNa raMga paTTikA tAlapatra alaMkaraNa paTTikA sarvadRzya citra Alekhita bhitticitra kalA sUkhe raMga sAMdravarNa citraNa namUnA, svarUpa pensila citra vartikA Arekha hirauMjI, vikToriyAlAla citrIkaraNa citra vIthI varNaka, raMga For Private and Personal Use Only 137

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138. Technical Dictionary Plan-design Plate coating Pneumatic pen Pointille Pointing Portrait figure Pose Poster Post-impressionism Primer Priming Profile Prominence Puppet Pysanky rekhAcitra mulammA car3hAnA vAtila vartikA - biMdu citrita anucinha AkRti citra mudrA iztahAra, vijJApana patra uttara AbhAsavAda raMjakI, astara pahalA lepa - pArzva citra, khAkA unnatAvasthA - kaThaputalI - aMDa citraNa Quill-pen Quivering-brush - paMkha kalama - kaMpI tUlikA Rayonism Recession Red-ochre Relief Relief carving Remarque Repoussage Representational art Retouch colours razmi prabhAvavAda gaharAI AbhAsana - geru ubhAra ubharI nakkAzI parIkSalArtha citraNa ripujAja, vitakSaNa - pratirUpaNa kalA - pariSkArI varNa For Private and Personal Use Only

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Fine Arts Terms 139 Retouching Retrousage Rhopography Rigger Romantic Romanticism Rough-hew Round Rubbing block anuzalkana raMga haTAnA nagaNya citraNa sajjaka rUmAnI - rUmAnIvAda - sthUla raMga - pUrNa mUrti - gharSaNa patthara Scagliola Scab drawing Schema School of painting Sculp stone Sculptor Scumbling Scaler Seascape Secco Settlement Shade Siccutive Silhowette Simultanism Smoking Spray-gun Stabiliser - nakalI saMgamaramara - mApa Arekha - citra yojanA - citrakalA zailI - sutakSaNIya zilA zilpI halkA raMga lagAnA - sajjaka lepa - samudra citraNa - kuDaya citra baiTha jAnA - chAyA - zoSaka vastu - chAyAkRti - gatyabhivyaktivAda - dhUmana - picakArI - sthiraka For Private and Personal Use Only

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140 Technical Dictionary Stained glass Statue Steel facing Still life Stipple Stop-off Stopping out Stretcher Style : Subjective art Sugar aquasation Sunday painter Superimposition Super-realism Symbolic colour Symbolism - abhiraMjita kAMca - mUrti - lohAvaraNa - acala citra bindu citraNa - rodhana nikSAsa rodhana vistAraka anI - anubhUtiparaka kalA - zarkarita jalavarNa - sva sukhArthI citrakAra - adhyAropaNa - ati yathArthavAda pratIkAtmaka varNa - pratIka citraNa Tempera Ternary alloy Terracotta Tertiary colour Theatre Thinner Tilt board Tint Toning Topia Topiation TaiparA, dRDhIbhUtacitraNa trimizra dhAtu - pakkI miTTI tRtIyaka raMga - nATayazAlA tarala drAvaka abhinayana paTTa . chaTA, AbhA - raMga baiThAnA - vRhat citra - sukartana For Private and Personal Use Only

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Fine Arts Terms 141 Top tone Torentics Torso Tortillion Tracing box Translaced painting Transparent painting Triplet Tube colour Type piece - pragAr3ha tamavarNa dhAtu TaMkaNa kalA kabaMdha mUrti kAgajI zaiku anurekhaNa paTTI - dhAtucitraNa pAradarzI citraNa trija TyUba raMga namUnAkRti Under time Under tone nyUna samaya aMtarnihita varNa : Vanishing point Variant Vehicle Vignette Verticism lopI bindu - bhinna rUpa - bandhaka dravya laghu citra abhilatAvAda Wax work Whirling table Wood carver Wood panel moma kA kAma bhrAmI phalaka kASTha takSaka kASTha phalaka Zoanon Zocola utkIrNa mUrti - pASANapIThikA For Private and Personal Use Only

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra 142 www.kobatirth.org Abbacy Abbey Abbot History The importance of history lies in the fact that it opens up the vista of past happenings for us. Many great civilizations blossomed and withered in the past leaving the trail of their greatness. It is history which gives us a clue of their greatness and grandeur. It is again history which enlightins us of the different stages of development of the human race. Mankind has taken rapid steps to reach at the present level. In remotest ancient times man lived in a foodgathering stage. Gradually he discovered some meatles such as copper and zinc which enabled him to leave aside his dependence on stone implements. Later the discovery of iron brought a revolution in man's life and opened up multifarious avenues of progress and development. The historical account provides knowledge about various stages through which the early manpassed. Various wars and conflicts had taken place in the past but fortunately we have the record of most of them with us. These records link the present with the past and provides solid base for future. Abditory Abkhasian people Ablution Abraham Era Like other subjects history has developed its own technicalities which are explained here in the simple vernacular language for the benefit of the reader. Historical Terms A Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir - Technical Dictionary maThAdhIza AvAsa sr maThAdhIza mAlakhAnA avakhAsIjana For Private and Personal Use Only prokSaNa abrAhama kAla

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Historical Terms 143 - bhikSu Abraham-man Absolute Chronology - nirapekSa kAlAnukrama Abut sImA-sparzana Abyss naraka Acca kimarabAba Accelerated aging la prabhAvana Access door chadma raMdhra Accessory beligerent sahAyaka yuddhakArI Accolade vakra sajjApaTTI Accomplement yugmana, jor3a Accruals prodbhUta sAmagrI Acerra dhUpadAna Achaean - ekiyAyI Acinaces - esinesIja Acolyte - anucara Acrophone - ekrophona Acta Diurna - zAhI rojanAmacA Acta Senatus sIneTa kA kAryavRtta Act of attainder apakIrti adhiniyama Act of Indemnity and oblivion- daMDamukti evaM vismaraNa adhiniyama Act of settlement rAjya vyavasthA adhiniyama Acute arch nukIlA cApa Admantine noose - vajrapAza Adit - praveza mArga Adjoining territory - Asanna kSetra Abode kaccI IMTa Adventurer - sAhasika, jAMbAja Adversary - vipakSI, zatru Advowson - saMrakSaNAdhikAra For Private and Personal Use Only

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra 144 Adytum Aedes Aedicula Aegicrames Aegis Aetoma Aflowman Age of shivalry Age of Enlightenment Age of Pyramids Agger Agglutinative architecture Agiasterium Agora Agrarian movement Agriculture stage Aileron Ainu (people) Akkadian Akkdian people Akkadian sculpture www.kobatirth.org Alb Albion Alcazar Alderman Alectorium Aleexadrinum Thauna Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir garbhagRha pUjAgRha devagRha, maMdira meSazIrSa Ijisa trikoNa zIrSa ekalamAnava zaurya yuga prabodha yuga pirAmiDa yuga vapra, cAradIvArI yogAtmaka vAstu devAlaya Technical Dictionary sabhAsthala bhUmi saMbaMdhI AMdolana kRSi avasthA lakSya, uddezya AinU (jana) akkAdI bhASA akkAdIjana akkAdI mUrtikalA cogA elabiyona durga (spena) pauramukhya For Private and Personal Use Only dyUtazAlA sikandarI kuTTima zilpa devakoTatAka

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra Historical Terms Almond Alphenhorn Alpine man Altar Altar rail Alternate flaking Alto-relievo Alure Amber bead Ambo Ambulacrum Ambulatio Ambulatory Ammon's law Amity Ampulla Anachronism Analogian Ancient history Ancillary passage Ancon Andesite mask Andrea Androgynous image Andro sphinx Anepigraphic Angan Angelot www.kobatirth.org - bAdAma laTakana tUrya elpIya mAnava vedikA vedi veSTinI ekAMtara zalkana uccodbhUta galiyArA Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir maNimaNakA maMca, vedikA vRkSAcchAdita patha pradakSiNApatha pradakSiNApatha aimana niyama maitrI tuMbikA kAladoSa pAThapIThikA prAcIna itihAsa upamArga kamAcA, kUrpara enDejAiTa mukhauTA sArvajanika bhojanazAlA arddhanArIzvara mUrti naravyAla alikhita zayanakakSa eMjIloTa For Private and Personal Use Only 145

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146 Technical Dictionary Angkor Angle bead Anglicanism Aniconic Annalist Annals Annates Annotation Anta Antenave Antennal sword Anthesteria Anthropolite Antiquarian Antiquarium Antique Antique level Antiquities Antiquity Anti-semitism Appenine culture Apex stone Apparel Applied column Apsidal Arab camp city Arbitrary level system Arbitrary stratigraphy - dRSTikoNa (aMgakora) - kora manakA - AMgala carcavAda - mUrtivihIna - AkhyAna lekhaka itihAsa, khyAta - prathamadeya TippaNa - bhittisthUlana pazcimI Dayor3hI - dusiMgI talavAra - puSpotsava - narAzma purAtanika - purAsaMgrahAlaya - purAvastu - purA-pravaNa - purAvazeSa purAtanatA - yahUdI virodhI - epinAina saMskRti zIrSa prastara - paridhAna anuprayukta staMbha gajapRSThAkAra hirA - yadRcchastara paddhati - yAdRcchika stara vijJAna For Private and Personal Use Only

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Historical Terms 147 Arbour Arcobontant Arcella Archaism Archaist Arched motif Archeion Archer Archisynagogos Architectural remains Architrave 'Arch pendant Arch priest Arcosolium Ardish Area exposure Area method Arena Arkose arm Armarium Armlet Armpet Arotelle Arras Assize Astronomic dance Attire Audience hall - kuMja arddhacApa vapra panIra kakSa purAtanaparatA purAtanatAvAdI cAparacanA - maMdira koSAgAra dhanurdhara - pUjAdhyakSapITha vAstuzeSa toraNa sajjA - cApaluMbI - mukhya purohita cApita samAdhikoSa - kAMca jar3AI kSetra anAvaraNa kSetra praNAlI akhAr3A bAhu, bhujA (Arkoja) patrAdhAna bAjUbanda bAhukakSa - valayAlaMkRta alaMkRta paTa abhisatra rAzinRtya - pozAka - sabhA maMDapa For Private and Personal Use Only

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148 Technical Dictionary Aulic Council Avellance Course Aven Awning Azyme - nijI pariSad - puSpAMkita krUsa - ucca mArga caMdobA, sAyabAna - ejAima, khamIra rahita roTI U~cA maMdira baikeneliyA - zUra - ekadhArI talavAra - vADerI saMskRti maTha Babel Bacchanali Bachelor Back-sword Badarian culture Badia Badigeon Bagnio Bail Bailey Balistraria Bamboo curtain Bandeaw Banded stones Bandit Bandlet Band moulding Banner Bannerol Barbarian Baron Barracoon bharAI snAnaghara . prAcIra durga prAcIra - mokhA, indrakoza bAMsa kA pardA - sarabaMdha (striyoM kA) paTTabaddha pASANa DAkU - laghupaTTI paTTIsajjA patAkA samAdhidhvaja - jaMgalI, barbara sAmaMta - dAsagRha For Private and Personal Use Only

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Historical Terms 149 - samAdhi - talanikSepa AdhAra zivira samAdhi maMDapa salAmI topakhAnI raNa, samara parazu. yuddha ghoSa - raNabhUmi yuddhagAna - eDayuddha Barter Basal deposit Base camp Basilica Balter Battery Battle Battle axe Battle cry Battle field Battle hymn Battle of the Spurs Battle of the standard Battle ship Bayx tasty Beacon Bead house Bead woman Beaver Beggar's opera Belfry Bellicose Benatura Bench method Benefice Benevolence Bent bar coin Berserk dhvajayuddha jaMgI jahAja veyU citrapaTa saMketa prakAza prArthanAgAra - pUjArina bIvara sikkA, mukharakSI bhikSuka saMgIta ghaMTAghara yuddhapriya, lar3AkU - pavitra jalapAtra baiMca praNAlI - maTha vRtti - najarAnA - vakra zalAkA mudrA - vikSipta For Private and Personal Use Only

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra 150 Bickern Bilingual inscription Birelta Birth stories Bishopric Bivonac Blach birding Black Hole tragedy Black shirt Blemmyes Blind arcade Blind door Blitzkrieg Block capital Block figure Bloodwite Board of Ten Boast Bonded servant Bond stone Bonder Bond timber Book of common prayer Borough Boulanger Episode Boulewterion Bourbon Bowl barrow www.kobatirth.org - - - - - - Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir zrRMgI nidhAna dvibhASI lekha caukora TopI jAtaka kathAeM vizapa kAryAlaya raNa zivira avaidhadAsa AyAta kAlakoTharI durghaTanA Technical Dictionary kAlI kurtI dala aphrIkI kAlpanika jAti ruddha toraNapatha aMdha dvAra tUphAnI hamalA upAdhAna zIrSa rUr3hAkRti khUna kI kImata dasa senApatiyoM kA borDa avotkIrNana anubaddha sevaka baMdhaka paTTI baMdhaka paTTI baMdhaka kaSTa sArvajanika prArthanA pustaka pura, baro bulaiMjara ghaTanA sineTa sadana bUrbA kaTorA stUpa For Private and Personal Use Only

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra Historical Terms Bowman Bow street runners Box-headed Box headed characters Boziga Brace Bracelet Brahmanical triad Brass age Brassard Bread colonies Broad band Bretwalder Broletto Bronteum Bacentaur Bucket mount Bucket wheel Buddhist croos Buff's Buff slip Buhl Buck culture Bukranium Bulb-boul Bulbous Bulbous member Bulging bottom www.kobatirth.org - - - - Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir dhanurdhara vo sTrITa guptacara piTaka zIrSa paTaka zIrSa varNa gRha, nivAsa bhuja kavaca kaMgana hindU trimUrti pItalayuga bhujabaMdha bahudhAnyaka pradeza kaMcuka sekzana zAsaka naDAra bhavana garjana kakSa vRSabha mAnava DolacI cokhaTA rahaTa svAstika bapharejimeMTa pANDulepa kASTha paccIkArI bukka saMskRti (haMgarI) gomukha gamalA kaMdAkAra guMbaja stUpikA ubharI peMdI For Private and Personal Use Only 151

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152 Technical Dictionary Bull Bulla Bull capital Bullion Bull nose Bull's head ornament Bung Burial Burnished blackware Burnisher Butment Buttery Button seal Buttress Byssus Byzantine art popa Adeza laTakana tAbIja vRSa staMbha zIrSa - gavAkSa vRSanAsA - vRSamukha alaMkaraNa bhAMDa citi - bhUniveza opadAra kAlA bhAMDa - pAliza karane vAlA aMtyAdhAra bhaMDAra baTana mudrA puztA, vajra - mamI kaphana - bAIjenTanI kalA C Cabana Cabildo Cable Cabiri Cabriole Caduceus Caesarism Cahier Cainozoic Cairn Caisson kuTiyA - kavilDo - rajju sajjApaTTI - yUnAnI devasamUha dvibhaMga pada - sarpadaMza - sIjara taMtra - kAhiyara - nUtana jIvayuga - TIlA (mRtaka sambandhI) - visphoTaka koSTha For Private and Personal Use Only

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Historical Terms 153 - saudha graMthikA - tApita kakSa sUlI krUsa - karNikA sauhArdra naipathya, sajjAgRha ghAI, ghAti popa kA mukuTa - sAMDanI zivira vitAna - lazkarI girajA kabristAna - dIpastaMbha kaMdI Calcareous nodule Calefactory Calvary cross Calyx Camaraderie Camarin Came Camelaweum Camelus dromedarius Camp ceiling Camp follower Campo santo Candelabrum Candi Canephora Cangue Cannibalism Cannonade Cannon fodder Canoe Canon Canonical court Canonist Canon law Canopied niche Canopus degree Cantilever blacket Canting arms - DaliyAvAlI kATha svajAti bhakSaNa golAbArI topacArA DoMgI dharma sUtra - carca nyAyAlaya - dharmAcArya - carca kAnU savitAna tAka - kenopasa AjJapti - bAhudharaNa brekeTa cinhita Ayudha For Private and Personal Use Only

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154 Technical Dictionary Cape Cape colony Cape horn Capital Caffadocian seal Caffing Capstone Captive Captivity Cacquetoire Carcase Cancer Cardinal Cardinal tenet Carnage Carnelian Carolingian dynasty Carriage porch Cartel ship Cartoccio Cartouche Carucate Caryatid bAMha rahita koTa . aMtarIpa kolonI - zrRMga aMtarIpa staMbha zIrSa kaipADosiyana mudrA chatraka AcchAdana zilA baMdI baMdI sthiti ArAma kursI DhAMcA kArAgAra pramukha mukhya siddhAMta - hatyAkAMDa - indragopamaNi - kairoliMjI rAjavaMza - vAhana dvAra maMDapa samarabaMdha jahAja - laghupaTTa dilhA alaMkaraNa - halabhUmi, 120 ekar3a bhUmi madanikA - gRha, bhavana, havelI nirNaya vidhi iMdrakoSa, kamAcA - kiledAra, koTavAla - durga Casa Case law Casemate Castellan Castle For Private and Personal Use Only

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra Historical Terms Castra Catastrophic burial Catenated Cathedra Candillo Cavalier Cave dedication Cave habitation Cave in Cave man Cave shrine Cede Ceiling light Celadon ware Celebrant Celtic cross Cemetery Canogenesis Cenotaph Cenozoic era Censor Centour Central effect Central repository Centumvir Centuriation Century Ceremic sculpture www.kobatirth.org - - romana zivira vipAtI zavAdhAna Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir zrRMkhalArUpa pAdarI kA siMhAsana kAMDilo ghur3asavAra guphA samarpaNa guhAvAsa dhaMsanA guhA mAnava guphA maMdira arpaNa kara denA vitAna gavAkSa kAhI bhAMDa karmakAMDI Ayariza krosa kabristAna navajanana caitya, smAraka samAdhi - nUtanajIva mahAkalpa abhivacaka narAzva, kinnara kendrIya prabhAva kendrIya bhaMDAra katumaMdira zatibhAjana zatAbdI mRNmUrti kalA For Private and Personal Use Only 155

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156 Technical Dictionary - darzana kakSa '- samAroha kRtya kArathUsImaTha - arpaNa, dedenA vaivAhika mekhalA zrRMkhalA kavaca - jiraha bakhtara - zrRMkhalAbaddha sarvekSaNa - tAmrapASANa yuga kailDeI - pratihArI - kRtita kinArA - zaipalaijI yuga Akasmika khoja Cercis Ceremonial Certosa Cession Cestus Chain armour Chain mail Chain survey Calcolithic age Chaldaei Chamberlain Chamfered corner Champlainic epoch Chance discovery Chancel Chandelier Chantry Chaplain Chapter Charge Charger Chariot burial Charity kitchen Charnel house Charrette Charter of liberties Chartist Movement Chassey culture - cAMsela kaMdIla, jhAr3a samarpita maMdira dharmAdhikArI pAdarI maMDala kIrti-cinha yuddhAzva saratha zavAdhAna laMgara - zavAsthizAlA aMtima pariSkAra karma - svAdhInatA ghoSaNApatra cArTisTa AMdolana - caisI saMskRti For Private and Personal Use Only

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Historical Terms 157 Chateaw Chauvinism Check board method Check post Check strip Cheddar man Check plate Chester Chief icon Children of sun Chimney bar Chimney piece Chinoiserie Chlamys Chottry Chopping tool Choragic monument Choraula Christian socialism Chronicle Chronology Chryse charsonese Chryselephantine Churchmen Churchyard Ciborium Cicada design Cicatrization - sAmantagar3hI - yuddhapriyatA caturaMga praNAlI par3atAla caukI jAMca paTTI - ceDDAra mAnava - mukha paTTa durga nagara mukhya pratimA - sUrya saMtati - aMgIThI zalAkA aMgIThI sajjA - cIna prabhAvita kalA cogA, kalemisa - pathika zAlA khaMDaka - sahagAna maMdira gAnazAlA IsAI samAjavAda itivRtta tithikrama . svarNabhUmi - hemadaMta bhUSita - pAdarIjana - carca prAMgaNa - chatra, chatarI, caMdobA - zalabha abhikalpa godanA For Private and Personal Use Only

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra 158 Cicerone Cimmerian Cincture Cinenary Urn Cinquefoil Circular cella Circular face Circular nimbus Circulating collection Cist Cisterian monk Cist grave Citadel Civis Romanus Clan Clapham sect Classicism Classificatory Kinship Clay impression Clay stamp Clepht Clepsydra Clergy Clericalism Clerk Cleruch Cliff expousure Climatic pattern www.kobatirth.org L - purAtatva pradarzaka simerI mekhalA bhasmapAtra paMcadala gola garbhagRha gola mukha Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir vRttAkAra prabhAvalI cala saMgraha krisTa, tAbUta sisTarzI sAdhu tAbUta ka gar3hI, durga romana nAgarika vaMza mRd mudrAMka mRNa mohara Technical Dictionary klephema saMpradAya zreNIvAda varNAtmaka baMdhutA baTamAra jalaghar3I pAdarI pAdarIvAda paMDitarAja For Private and Personal Use Only bhUgrAhI zailodghATana jalavAyu pratirUpa

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra Historical Terms Climatic succession Climax phase Cloison Cloister Close Closed caste system Closed class Close rolls Cloth casing Clubbed rim Clauniae movement Coalition Coaming Cobweb Coskie Codex Coequal authority Cower de lion Coeval Coffin Coffin burial Cognomen Coilon Coil technique Coin Collar brace Collective burial Collective savagery www.kobatirth.org - - - - - - - - - - * - - - - jalavAyu anukramaNa kASThAprAvasthA tAra jar3AI upAsanA kakSa bAr3A saMvRta jAti vyavasthA saMvRta varga vizeSa patra Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir vastrAvaraNa mUThadAra kinArA klUnI AMdolana saMgha Ar3a makar3ajAla silavaTa saMhitA samAna satA narakesarI samakAlIna tAbUta tAbUta zavAdhAna kulanAma baiThane kA sthAna kuMDalI pravidhi mudrA grIvA paTTI sAmUhika zavAdhAna sAmUhika nRzaMsatA For Private and Personal Use Only 159

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160 Technical Dictionary Colonial protectorate Colonial rule Colonization Colossal Colosseum Colossus Colour bar Coloured stucco Colymbethra Colymbion Combatant Combed decoration Commemoration arch Commemorative relief Commercia belli Commonalty Common consent Compact bed Compluvium Compose Composit rare Compurgator Concave walled Concordat Confessor Conflict Conformism Conquistador aupanivezika rakSita rAjya aupanivezaka zAsana upanivezana visAla kolosiyama - mahAmUrti raMgabheda raMgInagaca bapatismA hauja - jalapAtra lar3AkU kaMkita sajAvaTa - smAraka toraNa - smAraka udbhUti yuddhakAlIna saMsarga - janasAdhAraNa - sarvasammati saMhata tala - AkAza vAtAyana samAdhAna karanA mizra jAti doSa mArjaka - avatala pArzva dharma saMdhi pApa svIkartA saMgharSa anurupatAvAda - atyAcArI vijetA For Private and Personal Use Only

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Historical Terms 161 Consecration Consilium Consistory Contemporary Content unit Conventicle Copyhold Core culture Coronel Corsair Conslet Cortes Counter batten Counter lathing Coup de metre Covenant with god Cowl staff Cradle Crannog Crapandine Caravat Criophinx Cross current Cross worship Crown land Crown topped Crusade Cryptogram - pavitrIkaraNa - rAjapariSada - carca nyAyAlaya samakAlIna pUrNa ekaka dharma saMgha - paTTeparAmalI bhUmi - kror3a saMskRti - mukaTikA - jaladasyu - vakSatrANa spenI saMsada - prati paTTikA - pratiprabalana - ustAdI cAla bhagavata prasaMvidA bhAradaMDa palanA jaladurga dvAradhuristhita graveyaka - meSa zIrSa daitya pratikUla pravRtti - krosa pUjA rAjabhUmi kirITa zIrSa - dharmayuddha - kUTalekha For Private and Personal Use Only

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra 162 Cryptoporticus Cult syncretism Cunciform Dark Continent Day of Judgement Dead Culture Dean Death ship Decade Decipher Decypher Denarious Desicated burial Despoil Dethrome Deuterocanonical Devil Worshipper Decasterium Dice Die-struck coin Diluvialist Diluvial man Dimensional record Dimini Culture Diocese Dipper Direct dating www.kobatirth.org - - - - * Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir pArzva vIthi saMpradAya samanvayavAda kalAkAra aMdha mahAdvIpa pralaya divasa mRta saMskRti Technical Dictionary adhiSThAtA naukAkAra tAbUta dazaka udvAcana bIja lekhAvAcana dInAra zoSita zavAdhAna viluMThana gaddI se utAranA dvitIya carca vidhIya asura pUjaka nyAyAlaya pAsA, akSa ThappAMkita sikkA jalapralanavAdI himAnI mAnava bImA vivaraNa dviminI saMskRti vizapa kSetra For Private and Personal Use Only bar3A camacA pratyakSa kAlanirdhAraNa

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra Historical Terms Directoire Dirk Disaster Disc Discoid Discus Discussion pose Dish lid Dish on stand Disloyal Dismemberment Dispension Distraint Diver Divine mother Domesday book Don Donjon (keep) Doom Double thunderbolt Dowager queen Doxology Drachma Dragoons Drabridge Drinking fountain Droit administratif Dromedarian www.kobatirth.org - - - DAyarekTarI kAlIna Darka ghora vipatti cakra cakrAkAra upakaraNa cakra visarka mudrA pAtra Dhakkana sAdhArataztarI dezadrohI vighaTana daMDonmukti kurkI gotAkhora mAtRdevI mahA sarvekSaNa pustaka zikSaka durga aTTAlikA, aMtakoTa kAnUna vizva vajra rAjamAtA stutigAna dirahama Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir DraigUna karSa setu dhArAgRha prazAsanika vizeSAdhikAra sAMDanI savAra For Private and Personal Use Only 163

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra 164 Dromens Dromond Drum room Dry-rot Dry wall Dual alliance Duchess Duma Duke Duel Dummy grave Dummy shrine Dump area Dump phase Dungeon Dungeon like cells Duocento Dyke Dynastic culture Dynasty tomb www.kobatirth.org - - - - - - Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir prazikSaNAdhIna sainika mahAnaukA naubatakhAnA kASTha apakSaya gArA rahita dIvAra doharA sahabaMdha Daceja DayUmA DayUka dvaMdvayuddha kUTa samAdhi kUTa Ayatana dhUrA sthAna nikSepastara Technical Dictionary aMdhakUpa kAlakoTharI For Private and Personal Use Only terahavIM zatI taTabaMdha vaMzIya saMskRti rAjavaMza tUMba

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Historical Terms 165 Eagle Ealderman Ear disk Early Helladic culture Early historical sites Early Mecadonian Culture Early settlement Earth mound Earth Work Easings Ecclesia Echelon Echwem Edging Knife Eightfold path Ekotaba Elam Culture Elders Elephant goad Elevation Elf-bore Elongated base Embattlement Emludding Embossed ornament Empaistic Emporium ukAba - elDaramaina - bAlI, karNakuMDala - prAraMbhika heleDika - pUrvakAlIna aitihAsika sthala - mesoDoniyana saMskRti - pUrvakAlIna bastI - miTTI kA TIlA - gar3habandI, vapra - olatI - nAgarika sabhA sopAnaka dhvani pravarddhakapAtra dhAravanati vAlAcAka aSTAMga mArga paTacitra ilAma saMskRti - carca adhikArI aMkuza - urdhvadvanda - parI-koTara - pralaMbita AdhAra - koTabandI aMtaAdhAra saMsthApana - samudbhUta alaMkaraNa - uddhRta - vikraya kendra For Private and Personal Use Only

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166 Technical Dictionary Enchorial Encirclement Enclosed skelton Encyclical Endocannibalism Endogean Enlarged food versel Ennestyle Entourage Epic age Episcopats Episode Epistles Epithet Eponymous hero Equerry Equine-head Erechtheum - daizika - gherAbandI - parivRta kaMkAla popa paripatra - sajAti bhakSaNa adhobhUmika - vizAla Dega navastaMbhI - paricAlakagaNa vIragAthAyuga vizapa pITha ghaTanA saMdeza patra upAdhi - nAmasrota vibhUti azvapAla azvamukha - ethinA devI kA maMdira kAla kagAra saMghabhAva rAjyAnumodita carca - ilAkA hathiyAnA - aMtima bhoja saMskAra iMjilI pracAraka - bhaMDAra - nirvAsitoM kA zAsaka - khojakartA Era Escarpment Esprit de lois Established church Estate jumping Eucharist Evangelist Ewery Exilarch Explorer For Private and Personal Use Only

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Historical Terms 167 kAranAmeM dharma pravaktA Exploits Expounder Extinct Extra-mural settlement - lupta - parakoTe se bAhara kI bastI Falange Faldstool False door Family feast Fane Fances Favourite Fealty Feather money Fenland Feria Feretory Fetisa Fetishism Fetishistic symbol Feudal Fictional part of territory Fidei defensor Fief Field system Figure head Figurism Finger indented phaileMja vizapakursI - kUTadvAra kulabhoja devAlaya, maMdira - bhavana mArga prItipAtra niSThA paMkha, mudrA - kachAra parva - cala samAdhi jar3a pUjA bhUtapreta vizvAsa jar3a pratIka sAmaMtI . kalpita bhUbhAga - dharmatrAtA - jAgIra bhUvyavasthA - nAma mAtra kA - pratIkavAda - aMgulI cinhita For Private and Personal Use Only

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra 168 Finishing coat Fiord Fire altar Fishnet Flag Flamen Flanking movement Flexion Flourine test Flourishing civilization Fluvialistic belief Folk ethics Folk god Folk saying Font Food offering Food taboo Foot arclur Foray Forerunner Firesight Formative stage Formulaic pattern Fortified town Fortlet Fortuna Forum Fossiliperos www.kobatirth.org - - Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir aMtima lepa daMturataTa (pharDa) yajJavedI machalIjAla dhvajA romana pujArI tulugamA apakuMcana phlorIna parIkSaNa Technical Dictionary unnata sabhyatA nadI saMbaMdhI vizvAsa lokAcAra loka devatA lokokti pavitra hodI AhAra bali khAdyaniSedha paidala dhanurdhara dhAvA * pUrvagAmI pUrva dRSTi nirmANAvasthA sUtragata namUnA prAcIrayukta nagara gaDhI saubhAgya devI cauka jIvAzmamaya For Private and Personal Use Only

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Historical Terms 169 Fossilman Foursided monolith Fourth toe Freehold Freelance Freelance soldier Freeman Free pass French revolution Friar Front hearth Frontlet Fuhrer Functional interpretation Funeral feast Filefot Fyrd - jIvAzma mAnava - caupahalU ekAzma - caturtha pAdAMgulI mAphIjamIna svataMtra vyakti svacchanda sainika nAgarika dastaka phrAMsisI krAMti bhikSu, sAdhu agniSThAgra gRhamukha phyUharara, svataMtra zAsaka - kAryAtmaka vyAkhyA __ mRtyubhoja - svastika - pharDa, sainyabala Gallican Game laws Gammadion cross Garderobe Gate tower Gauntlet Gebur Geld book Gemot phrAMsisI AkheTa niyama svastika vastra maMjUSA - praveza dvAra - . lohe kA dastAnA kisAna, AsAmI - zulkAvalI - sabhA For Private and Personal Use Only

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170 Technical Dictionary Genealogical history Geneat General Eyri Genos Gentry Geographical location Gerontes Cerusia Gerzian copper Gesture of preaching Ghetro Ghost hole Giant's tomb Gibbet Gigantic Gild Gimmal Girth Glass block Glazing bar Glost ware Glyptie representation Glyptics Gold noble Government by consent Grand alliance Grand Assize Grandee - vaMzAvalI itihAsa asAmI sAmAnyacala nyAyAlaya gola bhadrajana bhaugolika sthiti - vRddha sabhAsada - rAjapariSad - garajiyAI tAmrakaTAra - pravacana mudrA - yahUdI bastI - preta chidra dAnava tuMba phAMsI kA takhtA bhImakAya zreNI kIlita karma - paridhi - kAMcakhaMDa . kAMcana zAkhA - kAcita bhAMDa - nakkAzI - utkIrNana kalA - svarNa mudrA - sahamati se zAsana - mahAmaitrI - mahAbhisatra - amIra, saradAra For Private and Personal Use Only

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Historical Terms 171 Grand nation Grand signor Grand tour Great flood Great Hellas Great Renunciation Great sphinx Great toe Great treck Grecian culture Greve Grinding stone Grotesque Grotto Group burial Guardian deity Guerilla war Guess dating Guilloche Gall hook Gunyah Gymnasiarch Gyneconitis Gypsum cave culture mahArASTra - turkI kA samrATa mahAparyaTana mahAjala viplava vRhat yUnAna - mahAbhiniSkramaNa - vizAla sphiMksa pAdAMguSTha - mahAniSkramaNa yUnAnI saMskRti - piMDalI kavaca - cakkI pATa virupa guhA, kaMdarA samUha zavAdhAna - adhiSThAtR devatA chApAmAra yuddha anumAnita kAlanirdhAraNa - veNIrUpa sajAvaTa - samudrI kAka kaMTaka AdivAsI kuTIra vyAyAma-adhyakSa mahilA kakSa jipsama guhA saMskRti For Private and Personal Use Only

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra 172 Habitacle Habitation level Hagiasterium Hagiographical Writing Hagiology Hair line Hair net Hair powder Hair ring Half-Unceal Hall and bower Hall moot Hall of private audience Hallowed Halo-circle Ham Hardboard Hardware Haw Headcovering Head gear Hearse Heathen Heathenism Heat triated pottery Heliacal rising Heliacal setting www.kobatirth.org H 1 1 1 AvAsa gRha vAsa stara pAdarI pITha saMtacarita graMtha saMtacarita Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir keza rekhA kezabaMdha keza cUrNa keza cimaTI vRhadakSara rAjabhavana aura ranivAsa nyAyAlaya dIvAna khAsa pAvana prabhAmaMDala nagara bastI kASThaphalaka dhAtu sAmagrI gherA zirovastra keza sajjA zavayAna kAphira devapUjA tapta bhAMDa sUryodaya sUryAsta For Private and Personal Use Only Technical Dictionary

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Historical Terms 173 Hellenic Helot Hemidrachma Hemispherical dome Heraldry Heriot Hermeneutics Heterogeneous people Heuristic device Hieracosphinx Hieratic Hieratic motif Hieratic posture Hieratic sculpture Hierolatry Hieron High altar Hill fort Hippodrome Historical materialism Historiette Historiographer Hoe Hollow sculpture Hollow way Hole writ Homage Home rule Homogeneous yUnAnI bhUmidAsa, dAsa - arddhadramya - arddhagolAkAra guMbada - kulacinha - mRtyudeya zAstrArtha mImAMsA viSamarUpa loga - anveSaNAtmaka yukti - zyemavyAla . . paurohityaka dhArmika abhiprAya - pUjAsana dhArmika mUrtikalA saMtapUjA devAlaya kSetra mukhya vedI - pahAr3I kilA - ghur3adaur3a kA maidAna - aitihAsika bhautikavAda - laghu itivRtta - itihAsa lekhaka kudAla khokhalI mUrti - suraMga popa Adeza najarAnA - svazAsana - sajAtIya For Private and Personal Use Only

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174 Technical Dictionary Hooked Hoplite Horologium Hospitallium Hostrie House earl Household art Household cult Household god Household suffrage Hub Hybrid form Hymen Hymnist AMkar3edAra sazastra sainika ghaMTAghara - Atithya kakSa sarAya aMgarakSaka gharelU kalA kuladharma gRhadevatA - gRhamatAdhikAra - nAbhikA - saMkara rUpa - yUnAnI - stutikAra Iberian man Ich-sound Iconolater Iconology Iconoplastic art Iconostatis Ideogram Idolater Imamate Imbow Imbex Imbricated Imperator - AiberiyAI mAnava 'za' svana - pratimApUjaka - pratimAzAstra - mUrti nirmANa kalA - vedipaTa - bhAvacitra - mUrtipUjaka - imAmapada cApIkaraNa - arddhavRtta kharjara - khaparelI - samrATa For Private and Personal Use Only

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra Historical Terms Impersonator Implementiferous area Impresa Incurcionist Indented Index finger Indegenous culture Indology Indus culture Infallibility Infamia Infangthef Infidel Infra-red photography Ingle Inglenook Inner line Instituetes Insular culture Integlio figure Internal adaptability Internment Inter-nunciation Inter-nuncio Intra-regional Intrusion Irinics Ironside Irontipped www.kobatirth.org - - Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir pararUpadhAraka upakaraNa saMkula kSetra kulacinha AkramaNakArI daMturita tarjanI dezI saMskRti bhAratIya vidyA siMdhu sabhyatA amoghatA niMdA daNDa caura grahaNAdhikAra kAphira avarakta phoTogrAphI agnikuMDa dhUmra konA AMtarika patha vidhisAra svasImita saMskRti utkIrNa AkRti AMtarika anukUlanazIlatA najarabandI aMtara AvAsa upapratinidhi kSetrAntargata balapraveza carca ekatAvAda lauha purUSa lauhAgra For Private and Personal Use Only 175

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra 176 Island fortress Ithyphallic Jagged margin Jampan Janiform Janitor Jewelled pendent Judges of presentment Justiciar Juxtaposition Kartvelian people Keep Kill site Kindred attribute Kinglet King post truss King's bench King's fold Kinship Kirk assembly Kirtle Kistvaen Knecler Komistra Kyak www.kobatirth.org J K - - - dvIpadurga mahAliMgI Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir khuradarA upAMta pAlakI dvimukhI dvArapAla jar3AU laTakana yahUdI jUrI rAjyanyAya adhikArI saMsthiti kArtavelIjana aMta: koTa sUnAsthala samAna lakSaNa Technical Dictionary kSudrarAjA madhyadaMDa kaiMcI rAjapITha nRtya maMca carma naukA svajana baMdhutA skATI dharma saMsada labAdA tAbUta vakrAdhAra For Private and Personal Use Only

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Historical Terms 177 Labarum Labarum cross Laber Lacterium Lacuneria Lady chapel Laestrygones Laissez alter Laity Lapidary Lararium Larmier Last finger Last glaciation Latent Lateral margin Later guptas Latin Vulgate Lattice-burnished ware Laudian Clergy Lawmen Law of piety Law of primogeniture Lay Court Lay desciple Lay world Lease deed - rAjacinha - leborama krUsa cuAbachata - dugdhazAlA golA pUjAghara mAnavabhakSI paraMparAyukti - gaira pAdarI varga - maNikAra - gRhadevatA - kapota - kanInikA aMtima himanadana avyakta - pArzva upAnta - utara guptavaMza . . leTina jana . camakIle jAlI bhAMDa lADamalake pAdarI vidhipuruSa dharma jyeSThAdhikAra kAnUna jana nyAyAlaya upAsaka - gRhastha samAja - paTTAnAmA For Private and Personal Use Only

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra 178 Leech Legate Legion Leister Liberationism Liberi homines Liege lord Liegeman Life guard Line Linear Consanguinity Lithsman Little vehicle Littoral state Liturgics Living monument Liwan Lock Locumtenens Locus columbae Long cist Loom frame Loop handle Loop hole Lotophagi Lotusgeat Low lane Lur www.kobatirth.org - - - L joMka popadUta sainyadala trizUla muktivAda muktajana sAmaMta Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir sevAbalda sAmaMta aMgarakSaka Technical Dictionary vaMza vaMzaja rakta sambandha nAvika hInayAna samudra taTavartI rAjya prArthanA tatva jIvita smAraka vikakSa kezapAza sthAnApanna kApotaluMbI laMbA tAbUta karaghA kuMDalAkAra hatthA prAcIna raMdhra kamalabhojI padmAsana saMkarI galI tUrya For Private and Personal Use Only

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Historical Terms 179 Lustral Lustrum Lynchet Lynchlaw abhiSeka janagaNanA meMDa apahanana vidhi - gadA maMDI Mace Macellum Machicolated Magic mark Magna Carta Magnet Mailed fist Makimono Maltolte Man Cymru Mandorla Mansard roof . Manse Mansion Mappe mande Mapping Marbled ware March Maritime best Martelo tower Martyrium Massacre Massive fortification raMdhita lakSaNa megnAkArTA - viziSThajana - phaulAdI mukkA - kuMDalita citrapaTa atikara dhAtrI mAtA prabhAvalI dvir3hAla chata pAdarI nivAsa havelI . vizva mAnacitra - mAnacitraNa - maramarI bhAMDa - par3Ava . samudrI pradeza gola durga zahIda bhavana hatyA - vizAla durgabandI For Private and Personal Use Only

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra 180 Mastaba tomb Match lock Material culture Material wrong Matted hair Mat well Mansoleum Mean date Measuring pole Medaille Mediaevalist Median ridge Medieval abbey Medimni Meeting point of culture Mercantile marine Metropolitan area Midchannel Miliary pillar Millenarianism Millenium Milord Miniature throne Minstrel Minute man Miserere Missile Mitra www.kobatirth.org - - - - - * - - - Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir mastabA tuMba tor3edAra bandUka bhautika saMskRti tAtvika apakAra jaTAjUTa pAMbapoza darAja Technical Dictionary rojA, makabarA mAdhya tithi mApadaMDa padaka madhyayugavid madhyaubhAra rekhA madhyakAlIna IsAI maTha meDimanI saMskRti saMgama vyApArI ber3A mahAnagara kSetra madhya jalamArga mArga saMketa pASANa sahasrAbdavAda sahasrAbda AMgla amIra rAjapIThikA cAraNa phaurI sainika For Private and Personal Use Only laghuphalaka kaTAra astra kamarabanda

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra Historical Terms Mitre Mixed polity Minemonic records Mnoital Moat Mobilization Moderatism Molding Monasticism Mongoose Monkey god Monogenetic Monogram Monopteron Monostrance Monument Monumental work Moon drop Moor land Mopstic handrail Moraine Morpheus Mors Mortwary Vessel Moss troops Mothones Motte Mottled clay www.kobatirth.org - I vizapa Topa mizrita zAsanataMtra smRti abhilekha dAsa khAI Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir lAmabandI saMyata mArgI mata sajjApaTTI maThavAda nevalA hanumAna ekavaMzIya nAmacinha vRttAkAra maMdira pavitra pAtra smAraka mahAn kRti caMdrakAMta maNi Usara bhUmi vartula sopAna vedikA himor3ha svapna devatA yama bhasma kalaza sarahadI luTere dAsIputra prAcIra- aTTa bahuraMgI miTTI For Private and Personal Use Only 181

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182 Technical Dictionary kaTAra Mouchette Moulded Ware Mound and stocade castle Mound builder Mount of god Mourner Mulatto Mullion Muntin Museology Myrtle decoration Mystery religion - Dhale bhAMDa - TIle kaTahare kA durga - stUpa nirmAtA devavAhana - vilApa karane vAlA saMkaTanigro vAtAyana daMDa madhyazAkhA saMgrahAlaya vitAna - mehaMdI patrAlaMkaraNa - guhya dharma Nard Native Natural interruption Natural layer Natural stratigraphy Neck rest Needle case Nemesis Neolith Neolithic age Neophyte Neorama Neo-renaissance Neplunus Nimb - narakula - mUla nivAsI - prAkRtika avarodha - prAkRtika tala prAkRtika stara vitAna grIvAdhAra sUIdAnI pratizodha kI devI - navapASANa upakaraNa navapASANa yuga - navaziSya aMtardRzya navapurnajAgaraNa jaladevatA prabhAvalI For Private and Personal Use Only

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Historical Terms 183 Noblesse Nomad Nomarch Nonchalant pose Non-conformist Non-material culture Nose piece Novena Nulum tempus occurrit Nun Nunciature Nunnery Nurghe kulInajana khAnAbadoza - jilAdhIza anAsakta mudrA paraMparA virodhI - abhautika saMskRti nAsArakSI - navAkSa upAsanA rAjA ko samaya nahIM roka sakatA sAdhvI nansio AvAsa bhikSuNI vihAra - burja, mInArI Oblique thrust Occidental civilization Oceanas Odour of sanctity Offertory Old guard Old Testament Old World Omnicompetence Omphalos Opening Oppidum Opus Oratory tiryaka praNoda - pAzcAtya sabhyatA - samudrI devatA saMta saurabha naivedya - dala vRddha - bAibila - purAnI dubhiNa - sarvakAryakSamatA - pavitra pASANa - asvAyata nagara - mahAn kRti . . prArthanA gRha For Private and Personal Use Only

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra 184 Orb Orchesis Orientalist Ormaed Ornamental hanging Orthodox school Ostraka Outlandish figure Ovolo moulding Paddle rudder Pad stone Pagoda Painted palace Painted pottery Paladin Palaeolithic family Palazzo Palias Palm foude Pancratium Panoply Pan Turanism Paper heraldry Parapet wall Parasol Pastophoria Pater patratus www.kobatirth.org - - - P Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir cakra, bimba nRtya kalA prAcyavid ahuravAda alaMkRta laTakana rUr3hivAdI saMpradAya niSkAsana mata vicitra mUrti uttala sajjApaTTI patavAra dharaNa pASANa stUpa raMga mahala Technical Dictionary citrita bhAMDa zUravIra purApASANayugIna kuTumba prAsAda smRti pASANa tAlapatra mallayuddha varutha sarva tUrAnavAda kAgajI kulacinha prAcIra chatarI For Private and Personal Use Only yajJazAlA pUrNa adhikArI

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra Historical Terms Patron deity Peacock mount Padiluvium Pennant Peplum Perembulating Perforated stone Peristerium Petit tranchet Peytral (Poitret) Phalanx Phallic emblem Phonogram Pit burial Pithecanthropus Pivot Planeterum Platband Pleat Plumbate pottery Pluto Poimenics Polemics Porte cohere Post chaise Post Wall Praedial www.kobatirth.org - - mukhya devatA mayUrAsana pAdaprakSAlana patAkA aMgarakhA paribhrAmaka Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir chidrita prastara kapota luMbI laghu pASANa chenI ratha mAlaMkaraNa azva kavaca sainya vyUha liMga pratIka dhvanilekha garta zavAdhAna kRSi mAnava kIlaka tArAmaMDala kSaitija paTTI veNI sIsA bhAMr3a pAtAla devatA pAdarI zAstra zAstrArtha yAnazAlA DAka bagghI staMbha bhitti dAsa For Private and Personal Use Only 185

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186 Technical Dictionary Precursor Prelate Presentment Pretinder Primary internment Principal raft Promodus Promiscuous excavation Pronaos Prothyron Proto-Australoid Proto-historic Proto-lithic Prototype Pseudepigraph Pseudo-history Pulsatile instrument Pulvinar Panch-marked coin Pyrrhic victory - pUrvagAmI - girjAdhyakSa - AropaNa mithyAdAvedAra mukhya zavAdhAna mukhya kar3I agra maMDapa - kramahIna utkhanana agramaMDapa dvAramaMDapa Adya AsTrelAdya prarUpa itihAsonmukha AdyapASANayugIna AdyarUpa chadma lekha, jAlI lekha - chadma itihAsa - avanaddha vAdyayaMtra - devAsana AhatasikkA ati mahaMgI vijaya Quarrel Quartier nativ Qwarternary Queen regnant Quinquifoil Quinta - prastara khAna . - leTina zikSA kendra - caturtha mahAkalpa - zAsikA rAnI - paMcadala - jAgIra For Private and Personal Use Only

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Historical Terms 187 - jAti Race Race fusion Raciology Radiating chapela Railed pavilion Rampart Ransack Ravages Realm Receiving Country Recess Recorded history Rectory Recurrent warfare Resusancy Refectory Refractory Refuse Regency Regnum Relic Relicn Religoloci Religiose Religious structure Renaissance Reorientation - prajAti saMyojana prajAti vijJAna pArivArika girjA vedikAyukta maMDapa - prAcIra . lUTanA vidhvaMsa rAjya zaraNa rAjya aMtarapatra likhita itihAsa maThAcArya gRha AvartI yuddha virodha bhojanakakSa vidrohI kUr3A pratizAsana vyavasthA zirodhAna avazeSa uddhRta mUrti mAhAtmya kaTTaradharmI - dhArmika saMracanA - punarjAgaraNa punaHsthApana For Private and Personal Use Only

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188 Technical Dictionary Repousse decoration Requiem mass Rescript Resist-dye-painting Reveal Revisionist Revival Rhoxolani Ribbon flake Rider Ridge Ring finger Ring mail Riot Rock dash Rolled Rood Rubble hearting Rum Rump Rane - pazcodbhuta alaMkaraNa - mRta ke lie zAMti prArthanA - likhita samAdhAna raMgarodhI raMgAI pakSa saMzodhanavAdI - punaruddhAra - roksolAnI - paTTI zalka - anuvRddhi maMgarA anAmikA challedAra jiraha bakhtara daMgA dAnedAra gaca kuMDalita krUsa rodI cinAI rUma - avaziSTa - varNamAlA For Private and Personal Use Only

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra Historical Terms Sabazius Sabbath Sacae Sac and soe Sacellum Sacerdotal authority Sacerdotalism Sacramental grace Sacramentalism Sacrificial alter Sacrificial inscription Sacrilege Sacristan Sacristy Sacrosant Sagger base Sally point Salt glaze Saracen Satrap Saturn Sauce boat Seagliola Scalloped pattern Scamillus Scarabold Scarp www.kobatirth.org S - - -- - - * savejiyasa vizrAma divasa dhAka Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir nyAyAdhikAra laghu maMdira rohita prAdhika purohitavAda saMskAraja anugraha saMskAravAda balivedI yUthalekha apavitrIkaraNa devasevaka pUjA sAmagrI gRha alaMghanIya natatala nirgama sthala lavaNa kAcana islAmI kSatrapa zani naukAkAra pAtra nakalI saMgamaramara nakhakAra pratirUpa upITha gubarailA khAItaTa For Private and Personal Use Only 189

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra 190 Scauper Schiltron Scion Scriptorium Sculptured tomb Scythian people Scaling Second advent Sedile Sediteous libel Seigniory Seminary Semite Sepulchre Seraglio Seraph Sexpartito Shibboleth Shroulded burial Sibae Sibyl Siderography Sigillate Signet ring Silo Silvanus Sinecure Siparium www.kobatirth.org - - - w - - - - * * - - - - daphana aMta:pura phariztA SaSThapadI utkIrNaka vyUhabaddha se rAjavaMzaja lekhana kakSa takSita makabarA zaka loga pratimudrA dvitIya Agamana pAdarI pITha rAjadrohI lekha gar3hI dharmagoSThI zAmI loga Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir mudrAMkita mudrikA koSTAgAra vanadevatA Technical Dictionary abhijJAna, saMketa AcchAdita zavAdhAna zivijana bhaviSya vAdinI lauha utkIrNana For Private and Personal Use Only lAbhaprada naukarI yavanikA

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra Historical Terms Siren Skin fold Skyligh Somnus Span Sphragisties Spine Spoils system Square nimbus Squatters Stadhuis Stagger Stall Standard bearer Statuesque pose Steeple house Stellate Stint Stoa Stoop String Course Stronghold Stylization Subjects Supercede Swamping Symbolism Synagogue www.kobatirth.org jalaparI carmAvalI Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir chata rozanadAna nidrA sevI vistRti phailAva " muhara zAstra merUdaMDa inAmI praNAlI vargAkAra prabhAvalI avaidha kabjA karane vAle nagara bhavana aMtarIkaraNa baiThaka dhvaja vAhaka mUrtivat mudrA zikhara bhavana tArAkRti pazucAraNa sImA sabhA maMDapa catvara bhavana paTTI gar3ha rUr3hIkaraNa prajA atikramaNa karanA AplAvana pratIkavAda upAsanA gRha For Private and Personal Use Only 191

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192 Technical Dictionary Syncretistic icon Synod - samizra mUrti - dharmasabhA T - abhilekha kakSa kASTa karma - sAmarika bhUmikara DhalAna tAnA bAnA jaMghA kavaca jApAnI samrATa sImA devatA TIlA Tablinum Tabulatum Tactician Taille Talus Tartan Taslet Tenno Terminus Terp Terracotta Terranvara culture Tetrapolis Thalweg Therianthropomorphic Theriomorphic Thermae Theseion Thimble Thole Tholos tomb Thrall Titanic Titan - pakva miTTI jalasthala saMskRti - catuSpurI madhyadhArA - narapazu AkRtika pazurUpa deva janasnAnAgAra thisyUja kA maMdira - aMguztAnA devakoSTha deva samAdhi dAsa - atikAya ___TAiTana For Private and Personal Use Only

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Historical Terms 193 caMDI, pASANa maMdira makabarA saMkRta TIlA uparAjya Tjandi Tomb Tomen Toparchy Tope Topography Tore Tortoise Torsade Torse Torso Torus Tracery Tree stem theory Trierarch Trinity Trinket Tripolis Truce sthalAkRti kaMThA, haMsalI kacchapa rajju sajjA bhAlA, hAra dhar3a sthUlaka jAlI vaMza vRkSavAda potAdhyakSa trimUrti kSudrabhUSaNa tripurI zAMti kASThabhAMDa TIlA vikSobha - phirojA Trug Tump Turmoil Turquoise Tutetary deity Typical - kula devatA - prarUpI For Private and Personal Use Only

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194 Technical Dictionary Umiak Unbeliever Uncial Undercloak Ungeunt pot Unifaced Unstratified Urban civilization Usu capion Usufruct Usurpation Usus bellict Usus in bello Uti possidetis - carma naukA - nAstika vRhadAkSara lipi nimnAvaraNa aMgalepa pAtra - ekamukhI astarita - nagara sabhyatA - avadhijanita adhikAra - phlopabhoga rAjyAharaNa yuddhakAlIna upayoga yuddhakAlIna paraMparA yathAzruta For Private and Personal Use Only

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra Historical Terms Vardastuga Varella Vase and foliage Vedic lore Vein quartz Velodromo Veneer Venus Verdona Vessel Vicarage Viking voyage Villa Vini culture Vis majeure Visorium Vital sanctorum Vitrified fort Vitruvian Vilta Vivarium Vizor Volte-face Votive hoard Vulcan Vulnerable www.kobatirth.org V - - - 1 I t * I - - - - - kASThakathA pegauDA Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir ghaTapallava vaidikakAlIna gAna sirA sphaTika chatrAMgaNa kASThaparata sauMdarya devI iTalI kA harA saMgamaramara pota pAdarI nivAsa lUTane kI mAtrA grAma bhavana aMgUra kI khetI daivIzakti darzaka vIthI pavitra sthala kAcita durga kuMDalita sirabanda pazuvATikA mukhatrANa parAvartana, phira jAnA pUjA nidhi agnidevatA subhedya For Private and Personal Use Only 195

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196 Technical Dictionary W Wainsot Waistband Waist girdle Waist string Walk-up Wakeman buff Wale Walk Wall plate Wand Wardship Wardrobe Waterlogged Wedge blade Whinger Whinyard Witan Working hypothesis. kASThAstaraNa - kaTibaMdha * karadhanI kamarabanda padArohI bhavana - vabhra patthara paTTa pagaDaMDI - dAba vitaraNa paTTI char3I nigarAnI paridhAna kakSa jalAkrAMta sphAnaphalaka kaTAra asikA pariSad sadasya - kAryakArI prAkkalpanA Xenodochium Xiuhcoat atithigRha agnisarpa - For Private and Personal Use Only

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Historical Terms 197 Yaman . Yaqua Yellow peril Yellow press Yeoman Yourt Yuletide feasting maMdarina nivAsa rAjatAla - pIta AtaMka sanasanIkheja patrakAritA - gRhastha yurTa, eskImo kA zItakAlIna nivAsa - krisamisa samAroha Zababa Zapotec Zend-Avesta Zephyrus Zeus Ziggurat Zoo Zoomorphic Zoophorus Zoroaster Zwinger - sumera kA yuddha devatA - meksiko kA nivAsI - jenda avestA - jephirasa devapati beboloniyA kA zikharabanda maMdira cir3iyAghara pazurUpa laTakana - jIva vallarI - jaradurata - gar3hI, durga For Private and Personal Use Only

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra woodburn Sarret Spana Yessoria BCOD AUUUU INDOW FUTTEHPORE-SIKRI MINARET MOSQUE AGRA Indian Saracenic www.kobatirth.org nypyT D RACKET COLUMN DIWAN-I-KAS FUTTEHPORE-SIKRI KIOSK: FUTTEHPORE-SIKRI B STAIRS TO THRONE & ROOF BRACKET COLUMN C FAR PORCH GOPAL BHAWAN PALACE: DEEG: AGRA ANGLE OF SELIM CHISTEES TOMB th DIWAN-I-KAS:FUTTEHPORE-SIKRI 43.0 GPLAN (K. ELEVATION Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir DOOR:SELIM CHISTEES TOMB For Private and Personal Use Only 24000 H BRACKET:FUT TEHPORE-SIKRI L ARCH-SPRINGING MIHRAB: FUTTEHPORE-SIKRI

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Prehistoric Architecture (ATHE HUT MONOLITH LOCMARIAKER:BRITTANY SHIELINGS: JURA: SCOTLAND WA mg .. 7.26 D BEEHIVE HUTS: LEWIS: SCOTLAND ( BEEHIVE HUT : IRELAND - 106' 0. DOLMEN:NR. REGNIER: SAVOY STONEHENGE (AS RESTORED BY WALTIRE) OTHE CAVE THE TENT For Private and Personal Use Only

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Greek and Roman Architecture GREEK) ROMAN FILLET MOOOM ASTRAGAL (BEAD E REEL) CORONA D CAVETTO SCOTIA - SCOTIA OVOLO EGG E TONGUE ENRICHMENT) SECTION Y -CYMA RECTA ANTHEMION ACANTHUS DOLPHINS A HE +CYMA REVERSA (OGEE) LEAF E TONGUE ENRICHMENT SECTION X-X SECTION Y-Y ACANTHUS Ng DENTILS BIRD'S BEAK FLUTES CUILLOCHE TORUS BAY LEAF GARLAND For Private and Personal Use Only

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Egyptian Architectue Mammise Temple Island of Elephantine Restored CELLA ELEVATION SECTION CELLA 20 FEET 3 4 5 6 METRES PLAN CVIEW Porn E OLIE TEMPLE | KHONS :KARNAK CLEAR STORY CLEAR-STORY LIGHT HOLES COURT E SECTIONAL VIEW CLEAR-STORY BEYOND SACRED BOAT OF KHONS LONGITUDINAL SECTION CLEAR-STORY OVER HYPOSTYLE COURT HALL AN ng METRES URT FROM ENTRANCE For Private and Personal Use Only

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra B APAPYRUS CAPL (FROM NATURE) PHILE CEGYPTIAN GORGE OR HOLLOW &ROLL JUD CAPITAL N COMPOSITE CAPL: ESNA Egyptian Architecture C PAPYRUS (PAINTED) K www.kobatirth.org V OBOR D LOTUS FLOWERU (FROM NATURE) F LOTUS FLOWER (PAINTED) E alalala Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir LOTUS FLOWER (PAINTED) G D COLUMNS WITH BUD & BELL CAPITALS: MEDINET HABU For Private and Personal Use Only (E) LOTUS BUD (PAINTEDI ANTA P VOLUTE CAP: PHILA HATHOR HEAD CAPL: PHILA LOTUS R PAPYRUS H C PIERS: KARNAK M COLUMN WITH BELL CAPL: THEBES PALM CAPL: EDFU

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Egyptian Architecture CONTINUOUS COIL SPIRAL QUADRUPLE SPIRAL GRAPE ORNAMENT TUS & PAPYRUS 1310110 MAYO ROPE & FEATHER ORNAMENT SACRED BOAT: THEBES ROPE & PATERAE ORNAMENT 15 VOSIRIS PILLARS RAMESSEUM : THEBES DOORWAY IN PYLON. PHILAE WINDOW MEDINET HABU PETALARNIER 01241VIZIONISAVED TOOT. WINGED SOLAR DISC. N GRANITE SPHINX LOUVRE : PARIS INCISED WALL SCULPTURE :KARNAY For Private and Personal Use Only

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra bhoga maMDapa www.kobatirth.org 952 Plan of Lingraj Temple Je G2pii Q nara maMDapa 0 0 H jagamohana 10 Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir BHH Plan of Konark Temple mslh Sao Yue 1501234250150 For Private and Personal Use Only

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra Vivah Asthan Kartar Pur DADOOR Patal Puri Kirtar Pur How Manji Sahib Akoi Dapox Gurdwara Nankyana Gurdwara Loh Garh Dina Samar www.kobatirth.org Sangrur Darbar Sahib Muktsar Domes Guru Sar Hadiaya Gurdwara Shahidan Amritsar Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir Golden Temple Amritsar For Private and Personal Use Only Tibbi Sahib Jaitu Darbar Sahib Dehra Baba Nanak Gurdwara Ram Sar Amritsar Gurdwara Gobind Garh Bhatinda

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra TRIANGULAR ROUND HORSESHOE 16 DEPRESSED THREE-CENTRED 21 PARABOLIC LANCET 12 EQUILATERAL (26)CINQUEFOIL METHOD OF SETTING FLAT OR STRAIGHT Comparative Arches 2 CORBELLED MULTIFOIL (17 FOUR-CENTRED (TUDOR) www.kobatirth.org 27 MULTIFOIL (32) ITALIAN POINTED 3 SEMI-CIRCULAR 8 HORSESHOE (13) DROP (18)RAMPANT (28)OGEE 4 SEMI-CIRCULAR STILTED Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir 9 HORSESHOE 14 POINTED (19 22 ROUND TREFOIL 23 POINTED TREFOIL 24 TRIFOLIATED SEGMENTAL PSEUDO-FOUR-CENTRED (29)OGEE For Private and Personal Use Only 33 VENETIAN 34 FLORENTINE 5 POINTED (10) SARACENIC SEGMENTAL 15 THREE 20 30 CENTRED ELLIPTICAL 25 TRIFOLIATED PSEUDO-THREE-CENTRED SHOULDERED

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Plan of Kandaria Mahadev Temple 30 20 1 40 by 90 40 no Jub e bernare ter o mahA maMDapa lan For Private and Personal Use Only

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The Shikhara of Khajuraho amo TUK OBCASYS les IN For Private and Personal Use Only

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra Baba Atal Types of Balconies and Windows in Sikh Architecture KIM Golden Temple www.kobatirth.org Baba Atal Darbar Sahib Tarn Taran Golden Temple Nankyana Sangrur Nankyana Sangrur Bahadur Garh Dam Dama Hargovind Pur

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Types of Pillars and Pilasters -- XIV VTT XIX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI For Private and Personal Use Only

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Gradual Development of the Stupas For Private and Personal Use Only

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Pillar Plan Minaret 9.01WIOTOT m tqr bh z frz Cenotaph For Private and Personal Use Only

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Dashawatar Temple, Devaganwa Cenotaph olja oko mila Villems omo010101010 DOGO OUDOUNGE The Arch The Balcony For Private and Personal Use Only

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Types of Kiosks Minarets and Chhatries in Sikh Architecture Gobindgarh Bhatinda Dehra Baba Gurdita Kirat Pur Golden Temple Golden Temple Akal Takhat Dehra Baba Nanak Golden Temple Hol Garh Anand Pur Nankyana Sangrur BAD KT 4 Baba Gurditta Kirat Pur Nankyana Sangrur Harimandir Kirat Pur PO Golden Temple Golden Temple Golden Temple For Private and Personal Use Only

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Varieties of Arches Gurdwara Gobind Garh Bhatinda Gurdwara Manji Sahib Akoi Sangrur Gurdwara Bahadur Garh Patiala Gurdwara Baba Gudita Kirat Pur Gurdwara Moti Bagh Patiala Gurdwara Angitna Sahib Khadoor Gurdwara Loh Garh Dina Gurdwara Baou Sahib Goindwal For Private and Personal Use Only

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Stone age technique of making stone tools * Con rekhAcitra 3 pASANayugIna upakaraNa banAne kI vidhiyAM citra. 1 blAka oNna blAka yA anavila takanIka Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir 2 ekAMtara phalakIkaraNa 3 pratyajJa pratighAta takanIka 4 sileNDara haimara takanIka 5 dabAva takanIka For Private and Personal Use Only

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra aloot Early age stone implements ent rekhAcitra 4 upa pASANayugIna upakaraNa citra. bacayeM se dAyeM 1 rosTrokrIneTa, 2, 3 khuracana yantra 4. TekuAM For Private and Personal Use Only

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Higher age ancient stone implements MINS HARMA FASURE rekhAcitra 5 nimna purApASANa kAlIna upakaraNa citra. bacaMye se dAyeM 1 zailana kundapo, 2-3 ezyalana hasta kulhADI 4 klaikaToniyana phalaka 5 laiveloziyana phalaka, 6 kaoNraDeTa hasta kulhADI, 7 TAraTAyasa AMtaraka 8 mAikokiyana hasta kulhADI, 9 piyara zepDa hasta kulhADI For Private and Personal Use Only

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Higher age ancient stone implements WI sis SAN 358 KHATYAAVAT rekhAcitra 6 madhyapurApASANa kAlIna upakaraNa citra. bAMye se dAyeM 1 solDaraDa pvAMTa, 2 lArela lIpha 3 bedhanI, 4 avatala khuracana yantra, 5 bedhaka, 6culadAra bedhanI,7 uttala khuracana yantra, 8 bAjU vAlA khuracana yantra, 9 asthi upakaraNa For Private and Personal Use Only

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Ancient Stone implements OKHARA na SANIRNOR OILERS (IIALA gA Anam REETMAITATTA m NIOM adhan ATTA Pralon RADIATRIERE HTOAAAAAALASARA VOLUN rekhAcitra 7 uccapurApASANa kAlIna upakaraNa citra bAMye se dAyeM : 1-4 aurineziyana upakaraNa, 5-8 saulyuTiyana upakaraNa, 9-12 maigdAlIniyana upakaraNa For Private and Personal Use Only

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Ancient Stone implements 7 m CS BIDERED rekhAcitra 8 ucca purApASANa kAlIna asthi upakaraNa citra. bAMye se dAyeM 1 baiTansa-dA-kamaiDakmeMTa 2 hArpUna, 3 bedhanI, 3. dvimukhI bedhaka, 4 pAliza karane kA yantra, 5 ghoDeM ke dAMta kA AbhUSaNa, 6. dvimukhI bedhaka, 7 maigdAlIniyana hArpUna, 8 suI For Private and Personal Use Only

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Upper palaeolithic homely art hp enota oirifiloeblog reqqu j Vpit (1) rekhAcitra 9 ucca purApASANa yugIna gharelU kalA citra. bAMye se dAyeM 1 vInasa kI mUrti 2 pASANa para nakkAzIyukta vInasa kI AkRti, 3 hAthI dAta kI mUrti meM jUr3e kA aMkana, 4 hAthI dAMta kI vInasa kI mUrti

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Upper palaeolithic stone art ANNY rekhAcitra 10 uccapurApASANa yugIna kalA (a) citra. bAMye se dAyeM 1 aurineziyana yuga ke hAthI kA citra 2 ghAyala bhaiseM kA citra, 3 alatamirA se prApta cAra raMgoM se banA bhaiseM kA citra, 4 rainaDiyara ke jhuMDa kA citra / For Private and Personal Use Only

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Ancient Stone Implements Accoo rekhAcitra 12 madhyapASANa kAlIna upakaraNa citra. bAMye se dAyeM 1-8 laghupASANa upakaraNa 9 zrRMga bedhaka 10. DUMga kA phAvaDA 11. asthi nirmita tIra 12. chaSANa kA basUlA 13. machalI pakar3ane ke asthi nirmita kAMTe 14-15. asthi nirmita yaSTi (Stick) 16. dhanuSa For Private and Personal Use Only

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Ancient Stone Implements RAND Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir rekhAcitra 13 navapASANa kAlIna upakaraNa citra. bAMye se dAyeM : 1 ghRSTa kulhADI, 2 AMzika pAlizayukta kulhADI 3. chenI samAna kulhADI 4-5 pAlizayukta kulhADI 6 pAlizayukta chenI, 7 arddha candrAkArapAlizayukta kulhADI, 8-11. kyauDe / For Private and Personal Use Only za

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Sindhu Valley Civilization Tools, Seals etc. rekhAcitra 20 sindhu ghATI kI sabhyatA citra. bAMye se dAyeM 1-2 mohanajodaDoM se prApta sIla 3. citrita mRdabhAMDa 4. chakI miTTI se nirmita bailagADI, 5. macehanajodaDoM se prApta nartakI kI kAMsya mUrti 6-9. tAmra ke bartana 10. kDappA kI kabra meM kI garla citrakArI. 11-16 haDappA se prApta tAmra TikiyAM / For Private and Personal Use Only

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Megalithic Tomb niitik rekhAcitra 21 mahApASANa samAdhiyAM

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zabdakoza // kalA, itihAsa, purAtattva kosh|| Technical Terms of Fine Arts, Architecture, Archaeology and History For Private and Personal Use Only