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________________ sAMskRtika saMkaTa ke bIca prAkRta pro. jagannAtha upAdhyAya bhAratIyatA ke lie sAMskRtika saMkaTa yaha hai ki usake virAT svarUpa ko, jise sahasrAbdiyoM meM vidyA, tyAga aura tapasyA ke bala para usane upArjita kiyA thA, yA to chipAyA jAtA hai yA use vikRta rUpa meM prastuta kiyA jAtA hai| eka ora bhAratIya dharatI kA yaha saubhAgya rahA hai ki prAk-itihAsakAla se hI lagAtAra darjanoM mAnavavaMzI samUhoM aura saikar3oM viziSTa jAtiyoM ne ise apanI mAtRbhUmi banAyA aura apane-apane dharma, darzana, saMskRti, kalA evaM AdhyAtmika tattvacetanA se ise aisA susamRddha kiyA, jisase yaha saMbhAvanA jAga uThI ki isake dvArA mAnava jAti ko eka vizva mAnava saMskRti kA avadAna prApta ho| kintu dUsarI ora durbhAgya yaha hai ki isake virATa sAMskRtika cetanA ke svarUpa ko ubharane na dene ke lie aneka dUrabhisaMdhipUrNa ceSTAyeM kI gii| deza ke isa apamAnapUrNa itihAsa-khaNDa ke prati isa prakAra kI anavarata ceSTA hI uttaradAyI hai| apanI sAMskRtika yAtrA ke Adi kAla meM hI yaha maMgalakAmanA kI gaI thI ki yahA~ se sAre vizva meM zreSThatA kA prasAra hogaa| usa samaya manISiyoM kA yaha udgAra thA ki jo bhUmA hai, vahI sukha hai, jo alpatA hai vahI mRtyu hai| himAlaya, sindhu aura gaMgA kI upatyakA se uThanevAle isa mAnavIya jayaghoSa ko jisa mahApramAda ne apane ahaMkAra ke pracaNDa kolAhala meM anasunA kara diyA aura jisa hRdaya-daurbalya kI pracaNDatA ne isa deza kI virAT AtmA ko kSudratA kI ora Dhakela diyA, usakI avasAdapUrNa pariNati kA dAyitva bhI hamArI usa aitihAsika akSamatA para hI hai| isa duSpravRtti ne hamAre tejasvI jIvana para caturdika prahAra kara, virATa ko kSudratA kA abhyAsa kraayaa| Aja bhI hamAre sAmAjika abhyAsa, usake svabhAva aura zakti-saMghAta para isa hIna pravRtti kA spaSTa prabhAva dekhA jA sakatA hai| isa bar3e deza meM yaha jitanA phailA hai, utanA gaharA bhI hai| isalie isa aitihAsika tathya ke puMkhAnuY=kha vizleSaNa ke binA bhAratIya jIvana meM sthita gahare avasAda kA nidAna nahIM kiyA jA sakatA aura na usakA upacAra / ina kAraNoM kI khoja meM prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya ke sAkSya prastuta haiM, vizeSakara prAkRta, pAli Adi ke AgamoM ke vizAla sAhitya meN| parisaMvAda-4
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________________ sAMskRtika saMkaTa ke bIca prAkRta 244 bhAratIya vizvavidyAlayoM evaM saMsthAnoM meM dharma, darzana, saMskRti evaM itihAsa se saMbaMdhita kisI viSaya para zodha yA viziSTa adhyayana kA kArya kiyA jAtA hai to usakA gantavya evaM usakI dizA prAyaH pUrva nirdhArita rahatI hai| Rgveda se yAtrA prAraMbha kara upaniSad, mahAbhArata, dharmasUtra, smRtiyA~, purANa taka, usI se saMbaMdhita kAvya evaM SaDdarzana ke vimarza tk| itane se hI adhyayana pUrNa samajha liyA jAtA hai| bhAratIya saMskRti tathA bhAratIya vidyAoM ke adhyayana kA yahI 'atha evaM iti' mAna lI jAtI hai| vAstava meM bhASA evaM viSaya kI dRSTi se saMskRti kI yaha eka saMkIrNa vIthi hai, jise bhAratIya saMskRti ke adhyayana kA rAjamArga batAyA jAtA hai| isa prasaMga meM bhAratIya bhASAoM ke itihAsa tathA usake bhASA-vaijJAnika niSkarSoM ko yA to A~kha ojhala kara diyA jAtA hai yA use bhI anyathA rUpa meM prastuta kiyA jAtA hai| vaidika bhASA ke saMyojana ke pIche tatkAlIna janabhASAoM ke avadAna kI carcA hama yahA~ na bhI kareM, to bhI hamArA dhyAna isa ora avazya AkRSTa rahanA cAhie ki vaidika bhASA kA Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM ke sAtha nairantarya kaise jor3A jAya / isa gahare antarAla ko mAtra saMskRta se jor3ane kI ceSTA kI jAtI hai| yaha ThIka hai ki saMskRta kA jIvana dIrghakAlIna hai, kintu isakA jIvana kabhI samagna bhAratIya janajIvana kA pratinidhi nahIM thA, yaha bhI chipA nahIM hai| samAja ke alpa-saMkhyakoM kA, usameM bhI vargavizeSa kA hI to jIvana usameM pratiphalita huaa| phalataH saMkRta ne na to navajIvana evaM janabhASA se svayaM preraNA prApta kI aura na apanI viziSTatA se janajIvana kA sparza hI kiyaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki saMskRta kabhI sahaja nahIM bana skii| apanI kRtrimatA ke bala para vaha 'devavANI' banane ke prayAsa meM lagI rhii| yaha bhI dhyAna dene kI bAta hai saMskRta dvArA devavANI' banane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA, kabhI bhI 'devIvANI' nhiiN| saMskRta kI isa virodhI pRSThabhUmi meM vijJajanoM dvArA yaha niSkarSa nikAlanA aura use prasArita karanA kitanA hAsyaprada, asvAbhAvika evaM avaijJAnika hai ki 1. saMskRta hI bhAratIya saMskRti hai| 2. vartamAna bhAratIya bhASAe~ saMskRta se hI utpanna haiN| ukta prakAra kI avadhAraNA para hI bhAratIyatA kI samagratA ko na ubharane dene kA pramukha uttaradAyitva hai / saMskRta hI yadi bhAratIya saMskRti hai, to hama bhAratIyatA ko kitanA khaNDita evaM AMzika rUpa dete haiM, isakI ora hamArA dhyAna nahIM jaataa| bhASA kA saMskRti ke sAtha kyA saMbandha hai aura apane sahaja rUpa meM vaha . parisaMvAda-4 18
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________________ 242 jainavidyA evaM prAkRta : antarazAstrIya adhyayana kaise vikasita hotI hai, isakI ora hamArA dhyAna jAnA caahie| vaidika chAndasa ke bAda eka bhASA 'saMskRta' 'laukika saMskRta' yA 'bhASA' ke nAma se banAI gaI / prArambha meM anekAneka janabhASAoM kA isameM yogadAna thA / usI ke AdhAra para kRtrimatA se bojhila evaM jaTila niyamoM se Abaddha eka bhASA banI, jo saMskRta thI / isa bhASA ko chAndasa ke bAda hI saMyojita kiyA gayA, jo janabhASAoM ke samAnAntara khar3I huI jo eka choTe varga kI sAMskRtika bhASA bnii| isake pIche jana-jIvana se pRthak rahane kI dhArmika evaM sAMskRtika preraNA thI / bhASAvidoM se yaha tathya chipA nahIM hai ki jo bhASA sAhityika banatI hai, usakI sAmAnya pravRtti janabhASA evaM janajIvana se dUra rahane ke rUpa meM ubharatI hai| alpasaMkhyaka abhijAta varga kI bhASA hone se saMskRta meM yaha pravRtti adhika ugra thI / saMskRti ke sAtha bhASA kA tAdAtmya, sambandha yA kisI prakAra kA anivArya sambandha nahIM hotA hai, kintu saMskRti kA sarvAdhika zaktimAn saMpreSaka mAdhyama bhASA hI hai, isameM bhI vivAda nahIM hai / varNoM, jAtiyoM kI uccatA-nIcatA, sevA aura zrama kA avamUlyana, strI, zUdra, antyaja evaM janajAtiyoM ke adhikAroM kA hanana Adi jisa samAja racanA kA AdhAra bana gayA hai, usake AcAra-vicAra kI kAlavyApI paramparA ko yadi 'saMskRti' nAma denA hai to usa artha meM saMskRta avazya saMskRti kI pratinidhi bhASA hai / isa sthiti meM 'saMskRta Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM kI jananI hai,' isa mAnyatA kA abhiprAya sirpha itanA hI ho sakatA hai ki svataH evaM sahaja pravahamAna janabhASAoM ko unake svabhAva se cyuta kara unakA saMskRtIkaraNa karane kI pravRtti Aja bhI saMskRta meM banI huI hai / Upara saMskRta ke saMbandha meM jo kucha kahA gayA hai usakA uddezya usakA avamUlyana karanA yA eka vizeSa aitihAsika saMdarbha ke dvArA prApta usake mahattva ko kama karanA nahIM hai / apitu, bhAratIyatA ke virATa saMdarbha meM usakA sahI mUlyAMkana karanA hai / phira usake prasaMga se vibhinna kAla ke una jana-bhASAsamUhoM evaM jana saMskRtiyoM kA mahattvAMkana uddezya hai, jinakA pratinidhitva bhASA kI dRSTi se pAli, prAkRta aura apabhraMzoM dvArA huA hai / sAtha hI isakA nirdhAraNa bhI Avazyaka hai ki bhASA kI ve kaunasI svagata pravRttiyA~ haiM aura saMskRti ke ve kaunasI svagata pravRttiyA~ haiM aura saMskRti ke ve kauna se tattva haiM jinake kAraNa sthAnIya janabhASAoM ke AdhAra para udgata evaM vikasita hokara bhI saMskRti ke samAna anya bhASAe~ bhI apanI vAstavika laukikatA chor3ane lagatI haiM, aura saMskRti ke ve kauna se tattva haiM, jo use loka-jIvana se vimukha karane lagate haiN| kyoMki dekhA parisaMvAda -4
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________________ sAMskRtika saMkaTa ke bIca prAkRta 243 gayA hai ki alaukika hone kI ina pravRttiyoM ne eka sImA ke bAda pAli, prAkRta aura apabhraMzoM ko bhI prabhAvita kiyA / isa sthiti meM vicAra karanA hogA ki kyA janajIvana se dUra honA bhASA aura saMskRtiyoM kI niyati hai yA isake viparIta inakA koI apanA svatantra puruSArtha bhI hai, jisase ve apanI sahajatA ko kAyama rakha sakeM / isake vizleSaNa ke AdhAra para hI hama isake nirdhAraNa meM bhI sakSama hoMge ki janabhASAoM, unakI pratinidhi bhASAoM tathA unake dvArA prakAzita jIvana-darzana kI samasyAe~ kyA haiM aura unakI sahaja evaM svAbhAvika gati kahA~ aura kyoM avaruddha hotI hai| vaidika chAndasa bhASA se Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM ko jor3ane vAlI bhASAparaMparA hai prAkRta, jisane apane sahaja svabhAva evaM nirantara vikasanazIla gati ke kAraNa vibhinna pAli, prAkRtoM aura apabhraMzoM ke nAma se 1700 varSoM se adhika Ayu ko zilAlekhoM, AgamoM, nATaka, kAvya evaM vibhinna sAhityoM meM pUrNa vaibhava ke sAtha surakSita rkhaa| isa saMbaMdha meM ina tathyoM para vizeSa dhyAna rahanA cAhie ki prAkRtoM kA udbhava saMskRta se nahIM huaa| usakI jIvana-dhArA saMskRta se pUrva bahuta prAcIna kAla se pravAhita thI aura saMskRta ke Adi se usake pUre kAla meM usake samAnAntara apane pUrva-pUrva svataMtra srota se calakara uttarottara kAloM meM vistRta evaM gaMbhIra hotI calI gaI / itanA hI nahIM, usake dvArA prakAzita jIvana-darzana, sAmajika evaM dhArmika mAnyatAeM aura aitihAsika upalabdhiyA~ saMskRta kI pramukha vicAradhArA brAhmaNavAda se nitAMta bhinna thiiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki itihAsa ke prAraMbhakAla se hI bhAratIya sAhitya meM zramaNa evaM brAhmaNa ke maulika bheda aura virodha ko bAra-bAra duharAyA gayA hai| jaba zramaNa aura brAhmaNa nAmoM ke dvArA bheda kiyA jAtA hai to usakA saMdarbha sAMskRtika hotA hai, jAtiva dI nahIM, kyoMki jAti kI dRSTi se zramaNoM meM bhI brAhmaNa paryApta mAtrA meM rahe haiN| isI prakAra brAhmaNa saMskRti meM brAhmaNetara bhI pracura saMkhyA meM milate haiN| isa prasaMga meM kucha loga itihAsa kI bhrAMtipUrNa vyAkhyA karanA cAhate haiM ki zramaNa saMskRti brAhmaNavAda kI pratikriyA meM udgata huI yA brAhmaNadhArA ke antargata hI yaha eka utkrAMti thI, jisakA uddezya brAhmaNa-paraMparA meM udAra saMzodhana lAnA thA, jabaki aitihAsika sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para zramaNoM kI prAcInatama paraMparA ko anyathA nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| isa saMbaMdha kA prAga-aitihAsika vivAda yahA~ prAsaMgika nahIM hogaa| acchA yahI hogA ki prAkRtoM ke itihAsakAlika parisaMvAda-4
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________________ 244 jaina vidyA evaM prAkRta : antarazAstrIya adhyayana udgama aura vikAsa dvArA pratiphalita niSkarSoM ke AdhAra para hI vAstavikatA kA Akalana kiyA jAya / vidita hai ki zramaNa-paraMparA aneka bhAgoM meM vibhakta thI / kintu IsApUrva pA~cachaH sau varSoM ke madhya usake do sazakta Andolana khar3e hue, jisake mahAna nAyaka the bhagavAn mahAvIra aura bhagavAn buddha / yaha yugAntakArI utkrAMti AryoM ke madhya meM hI khar3I huI, jisane preraNAeM pUrvAgata zramaNa-paraMparA se prApta kI aura samasAmayika vaidika jIvana-darzana evaM usakI sAmAjika vyavasthA ko mAnava hita kA virodhI samajhakara mAnava zreSThatA pradhAna dharmoM kA upadeza kiyaa| donoM zramaNa-paraMparAoM meM paraspara mata- vaicitrya hote hue bhI anekAneka aisI samAna mAnyatAe~ thIM, jinase zramaNoM kI viziSTatA tathA brAhmaNavAdI paraMparA se usakA maulika bheda evaM virodha spaSTa huA / zramaNoM ne deva zreSThatA aura IzvaravAda kA virodha karake mAnava zreSThatA ke siddhAntako pratiSThita kiyA / brAhmaNa evaM rAjanyoM ke antahIna sAmrAjyavAdI AyAma ko dhArmika AvaraNa meM surakSita karane ke pradhAna uddezya se prasthApita yajJIya karmaAarus kA virodha kara zramaNoM ne use AdhyAtmika sAdhanAoM kI dizA pradAna kI / yajJa ko kendra banAkara usake caturdika eka aisI saMskRti kA prabhAmaNDala khar3A hotA thA, jisameM janma se utkRSTa samajhA jAnevAlA varga saba prakAra ke lAbhAnvita ho aura itara loka vaMcita rahe / sirpha pazu-hiMsA ke hI kAraNa zramaNoM ne yajJa kA virodha kiyA, yaha kahanA mAnava-prajA ke zoSaNa-virodhI isa aitihAsika Andolana ko halkA banAnA hai / satya yaha hai ki zrautayAga sAmrAjyavAdI zoSaNa kA dhArmika maMca thA / isa dRSTi se itihAsa kI tathyAtmaka vyAkhyA honI cAhie / isI saMdarbha meM zramaNoM kA gaNatantroM ke prati pakSapAta ko bhI grahaNa karanA cAhie / zabdoM kI nityatA, usakI sarvocca pavitratA aura akATya prAmANya kI jagaha zramaNoM ne artha kI pavitratA ke siddhAnta ko mukharita kiyA / zabda ko unhone kevala artha saMpreSaNa ke lie mAdhyama mAtra svIkAra kiyA / mAnava hita zramaNoM kA Adarza thA, isalie unhoMne chAndasa bhASA kA karake apane upadezoM kA mAdhyama janabhASAoM ko svIkAra kiyA / eka ora varNavAda aura jAtivAda ke virodha meM zramaNoM ne mAnava -samatA kA siddhAnta pratiSThita kiyA aura dUsarI ora strI, zUdra, antyaja evaM cAMDAloM taka ko adhyAtma kA adhikAra pradAna kiyaa| samatA, zrama aura zAMti kI pratiSThA ke AdhAra para parisaMvAda -4
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________________ sAMskRtika saMkaTa ke bIca prAkRta ahiMsaka samAja-vyavasthA ke lie avasara pradAna karanA, zramaNa-dharma kI svAbhAvika pariNati hai | zramaNoM ne yuddha aura hiMsA ko kabhI dharma hone kI mahimA pradAna nahIM kI, pratyuta use mAnava kI vivazatA ke rUpa meM bhI mAnA tathA ApasI vivAdoM ko zAntipUrNa DhaMga se nipaTAnA apane gaNataMtra kI nIti banAyI / zramaNoM kI ahiMsA sirpha prANIvadha se virata honA mAtra nahIM hai, apitu vyaktigata evaM sAmAjika tRSNA aura parigraha ke jitane krUra rUpa haiM, jinakI pariNati vyakti-jIvana evaM samAja ke anyAnya-kSetroM meM viSamatA, duHkha aura dAridrya ke rUpa meM pratiphalita hote haiM, una sabase virata honA ahiMsA kI vAstavika pratiSThA haiM / sarvasaMgrAhakatA, jo kisI bhI saMskRti kA sarvasva honA cAhie, usake puraskartA zramaNa the aura brAhmaNa usake virodhI / virodhI-dharma tathA virodhI - sAmAjika vyavasthA ke bIca mahAvIra aura buddha ke anuyAyiyoM ne pUre bhAratIya mahAdvIpa meM zreSThatA ke adhikAra se vaMcita koTikoTi janatA ko apane zAstA ke upadezoM se Azvasta kiyA aura unheM sAhitya tathA saMskRti kA mAnavIya vara pradAna kiyA / zramaNoM meM buddha ke anuyAyiyoM ne to isa mahAdvIpa ke bAhara bhI jAkara vizva ke golArddha meM zramaNa-dharma kA prasAra kiyA / saMskRti - prasAra ke abhiyAna meM zramaNa jahA~ bhI gaye, vahA~ unhoMne apanI bhASA ke sAmrAjya ko sthApita karane kI ceSTA nahIM kI / pratyuta sthAnIya janabhASAoM ko aMgIkAra karake unheM hI zilAlekhoM aura kAvya, sAhitya Adi meM utkRSTatama svarUpa pradAna kiyA / pAli, prAkRta aura apabhraMza ke anekAneka bhedoM meM vibhakta hone ke pIche unake dvArA sthAnIya janabhASAoM ke aMgIkAra aura usake prati Adara kA bhAva hI mukhya thA / ThIka isake viparIta vaidika dhArA ke pramukha pratinidhi mImAMsakoM ne kahA ki mahAzramaNa buddha ke zabdoM meM kathita ahisA vaise hI dharma nahIM hai jaise camar3e meM rakhA huA godugdha grAhya nahIM / unake samakSa vedoM meM saMgrahIta Aryetara zabdoM kI prAmANikatA kA jaba prazna uThA, to unhoMne use usa dazA meM svIkRti pradAna kI, jaba ve AryaMvirodhI nahIM hoM / jainoM ora bauddhoM ne apane zAstA ke upadezoM ko 'Agama' kahA zruti nahIM / kevala jaina, bauddha hI nahIM, prAraMbhika sabhI vaiSNava, zaiva evaM zAkta AcAryagaNa ne bhI zruti ke virodha meM unase apane prasthAna kI bhinnatA pradarzita karane ke lie apane AdhArabhUta sAhitya ko 'Agama' kahA aura usake lie prAkRtoM kA mAdhyama svAkAra kiyA / paravartI kAla meM bhA vaiSNava, zaiva aura zAktoM para jaba brAhmaNa-saMskRti kA prabhAva bar3hane lagA to unhoMne vedoM ke virodha meM Agama kA hI prAmANya strIkAra parisaMvAda -4 245
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________________ janavidyA evaM prAkRta : antarazAstrIya adhyayana kiyaa| isa prakAra jaina aura bauddha hI nahIM, apitu pUrvavartI vaiSNava, zaiva aura zAktoM ke yajJavAda, jAtivAda, veda-prAmANyavAda saMbaMdhI virodha ne tathA strI, zUdra Adi ke aMgIkAra ne zramaNoM ke prabhAva kSetra ko akhila bhAratIya banA diyaa| yaha saba kahane kA abhiprAya mAtra itanA hI hai ki isa tathya ko samajhane meM koI kaThinAI na ho ki kyoM bhAratIya saMskRti ke nirmANa meM zramaNoM kI bhASA evaM sAhitya Adi kA pradhAna evaM zreSTha avadAna hai aura unheM isake lie virodhI mAnyatAoM ke sAtha kisa prakAra caturdika saMgharSa karanA pdd'aa| isa tathya ke spaSTa hone meM bhI kaThinAI nahIM honI cAhie ki itihAsa kAla meM sarvaprathama zramaNa-saMskRti dvArA sarva bhAratIya saMskRti kA pratinidhitva saMbhava huA, jo sabhI Agama-sAhityoM meM pratibiMbita evaM surakSita hai| kahA jA sakatA hai ki zramaNa-saMskRti kA paryAya usakI Agama-saMskRti rahI hai| isI pRSThabhUmi meM Agama-saMskRti meM sarvabhAratIyoM kI saMskRti pratibiMbita huI jabaki saMskRta kI saMskRti meM alpasaMkhyaka varga kI vargIya-saMskRti / darzana aura AdhyAtmika cintana kI dRSTi se bhI yadi isa tathya kI parIkSA kareM to veda aura upaniSadoM se jaina aura bauddha Agama adhika purogAmI evaM zreSTha siddha hoMge / buddha evaM mahAvIra ne dArzanika cintana kI eka mahattvapUrNa prakriyA prastuta kI, jise vibhajyavAda, madhyamamArga aura anekAntavAda ke dvArA spaSTa kiyA jAtA hai| isa ora dhyAna jAnA cAhie ki vibhajyavAda, madhyamamArga, anekAntavAda mAtra eka darzanaprasthAna nahIM hai, apitu yaha cintana kI vaha pravahamAna prakriyA hai, jisake dvArA anekAneka dArzanika prasthAnoM ke udgama kI saMbhAvanA khar3I hotI hai| jo cintana prakriyAdhArita nahIM hotA, usakI gaNanA zreSTha darzana kI koTi meM nahIM kI jA sakatI, pratyut ve pUrva-prApta vizvAsoM kI vyAkhyA mAtra haiN| pAli-prAkRta AgamoM meM apane samakAlika dRSTivAdoM kA jo prabhUta saMgraha, parIkSaNa evaM vizleSaNa huA, usase eka ora zramaNoM ke dArzanika cintana kI tatparatA aura unakA bauddhika utkarSa prakaTa hotA hai aura dUsarI ora usa kAla kI brAhmaNa paraMparA meM usakA abhAva aura unake cintana kI akSamatA ko spaSTa karatA hai| bauddha, jaina AgamoM aura prAcIna sAhityoM meM jitane vistAra se padArtha-vidyA kA vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai, udAharaNa meM paramANuvAda ko leM, usakA jo vyApaka evaM vistRta adhyayana huA vaha samasAmayika sAhitya meM kahA~ upalabdha hai ? prAcInatama kAla meM paramANu ke saMbaMdha kA gaMbhIra evaM sUkSma adhyayana jaisA jainoM dvArA prastuta kiyA gayA vaha Aja bhI mahattvapUrNa hai| karmavAda ke dvArA nItiparisaMvAda-4
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________________ sAMskRtika saMkaTa ke bIca prAkRta 247 vyavasthA tathA guNasthAnoM evaM bhUmibhedoM ke AdhAra para yoga evaM vividha sAdhanAoM kI vyavasthA dvArA jIvana kI jo adhyAtma-pravaNatA nirdhArita kI gaI vahI bhAratavarSa kA apanA AdhyAtmika varcasva mAnA gyaa| aise viSayoM se saMbaMdhita prAcInatama evaM vistRta sAhitya kA anyatra milanA saMbhava nahIM hai| jIvana ke Antara aura bAhya pakSoM se sambandhita vidyAoM kA itanA bar3A vaibhava pAli aura prAkRtoM ke mAdhyama se vikasita honA tathA usakA samAnya janajIvana ke sAtha sambandha jor3e rakhane kA nirantara prayAsa karanA, alpasaMkhyaka saMskRti kI apekSA zramaNa-saMskRti ko bhAratIyatA kA vizAla AyAma pradAna karatA hai| uparyukta sampUrNa carcA ke bAda yaha prazna samAdhAna kI nitAMta apekSA rakhatA hai ki pichale hajAra varSoM se pAli-prAkRtoM ke prabhAva meM uttarottara hrAsa honA, jisase ki usakA sarva bhAratIya pratinidhitva niHzeSa-sA ho jAya, usake pIche kyA kyA kAraNa haiM ? yaha prazna anya aneka aitihAsika praznoM ko uThAtA hai, jisakA vivecana yahAM saMbhava nahIM hai, kintu isa mUla bAta kI ora hamArA dhyAna jAnA cAhie ki pAli prAkRtoM ke hrAsa ke pIche jabaradasta sAMskRtika parAjaya hI kAraNa hai / vAstava meM pAli prAkRta kA parAjaya bhAratIya saMskRti kI aitihAsika udAratA kA aura sarva bhAratIya loka-saMskRti kA parAjaya thaa| yaha bhI saMbhava hai ki AkrAmaka alpa-saMkhyaka saMskRti ne apane meM una apekSita guNoM ko AtmasAt kiyA ho jo zramaNoM kI kabhI ekamAtra vizeSatA thii| kAraNa ke rUpa meM yaha bhI saMbhAvita hai ki zramaNoM kI durbalatA aura virodhI AkramaNa kA sAmanA karane kI akSamatA ke pIche unake apane svayaM ke durguNa hoM, jinheM unhoMne paravartI saMgharSa kAla meM apanAyA ho| isI prakAra ke praznoM ke samAdhAna ke binA Aja AgamoM ke gauravazAlI evaM mahattvapUrNa hote hue bhI usakI samasyA khar3I hai / isa pUrI paristhiti ko eka vAkya meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki AgamoM kI samasyA usakA sAMskRtika saMkaTa hai| aitihAsika niSkarSoM ke AdhAra para yaha spaSTa hai ki pAli, prAkRta Adi kA bahiSkAra sirpha bhASA-bahiSkAra nahIM, apitu saMskRti-bahiSkAra hai| isa saMkaTa kA rUpa kevala bauddhoM, jainoM yA anyAnya santa sampradAyoM kI dRSTi se dekhanA saMkaTa ke AyAma ko choTA samajhanA hogaa| vAstava meM yaha bhAratIya saMskRti aura bhAratIyatA kA saMkaTa hai, jisase Aja kI prAyaH sabhI mUlabhUta rASTrIya samasyAeM sAkSAt yA paraMparayA jur3I haiM, Aja inakA vivecana nitAMta apekSita hai| parisaMvAda-4
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________________ 248 jainavidyA evaM prAkRta : antarazAstrIya adhyayana isa prasaMga meM sarva prathama zramaNoM kI isa pravRtti kA aitihAsika vizleSaNa avazya honA cAhie ki unheM paravartIkAla meM saMskRta bhASA kA Azraya grahaNa karane kI kyA vivazatAyeM thiiN| yaha ThIka hai ki saMskRta svayaM meM eka bhASA mAtra thI, jise artha saMpreSaNa kA mAdhyama svIkAra karanA, Apatti naka nahIM honA caahie| athApi chAndasa se utarakara saMskRta ko 'laukika' banAne meM zramaNa AcAryoM kA mahAn yogadAna hai| yahA~ taka ki bauddhoM ke mahAyAna sUtroM kA eka vizAla sAhitya eka aisI laukika saMskRta meM hai, jise 'gAthA saMskRta', 'mizrita saMskRta' yA 'saMkara saMskRta' kahA jAtA hai, jisakA anuzAsana, pANinIya anuzAsanoM se nitAMta bhinna hai| jainoM ke dhavalA aura jaya dhavalA granthoM meM bhI prAkRta aura saMskRta donoM bhASAoM ko 'maNi-pravAla' nyAya se jor3akara bhAratIya cintana ko loka hita ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai| itane ke bAvajUda zramaNoM kA prayAsa saMskRta ko loka-bhASA nahIM banA sakA, kyoMki saMskRta jinake ghara kI bhASA thI, vaha unake dharma evaM karmakANDa kI bhI bhASA thii| usake sAtha eka aisI saMskRti thI, jo hajAroM varSa ke prAkatoM ke sAtha saMgharSa meM apane ko bacA cukI thI aura jisane apane sImita AyAma meM hI uttarottara apanI viziSTatA meM vRddhi kii| anyAnya aitihAsika kAraNoM se zramaNa jaba durbala hote gaye to unhoMne apanI rakSA ke lie brAhmaNa-saMskRti aura saMskRta ke viziSTatAvAda ko aMgIkAra karanA prAraMbha kara diyaa| viziSTatAvAda ke grahaNa kI isa pravRtti ne unheM prabala to nahIM banAyA, para isake viparIta usase unakA sarvajana kA paramparAgata saMbaMdha TUTatA gayA, jisase uttarottara unakI paraMparAgata saMskRti aura bhASA jana-samarthana se dUra hotI gii| azvaghoSa ne apane saMskRta nATaka meM prAkRta ko sthAna diyaa| kintu jina mukhoM se vaha nikalI ve viziSTa varga ke nahIM the, strI aura zUdra pAtroM ke tathAkathita apavitra mukha the| bhASA ke mAdhyama se viziSTatA kaise praveza karatI hai azvaghoSa usake mahattvapUrNa nidarzana haiN| azvaghoSa prAraMbhika jIvana meM mahAn vaidika paNDita the, bAda meM mahAzramaNa buddha ke mAnavatAvAdI prabhAva meM Akara zramaNa bhikSu bane / zramaNagharma kA janasAdhAraNa ke andara prasAra hI usake jIvana kA ekamAtra lakSya thaa| isI kI pUti meM unhoMne bhikSu-vinaya ke kiMcit virodha meM jAkara 'buddha carita' aura 'saundarAnanda' jaise mahAkAvyoM kA sarjana kiyA aura janasAdhAraNa meM jAkara usakA saMgIta ke sAtha gAna kiyaa| kahA jAtA hai ki azvaghoSa dvArA buddhacarita Adi ke parisaMvAda-4
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________________ sAMskRtika saMkaTa ke bIca prAkRta 249 gAna se manuSya hI nahIM, pazuoM kA hRdaya bhI dravita ho uThatA thA, ghor3e hinahinA uThate the; jisase usa zramaNa mahAkavi kA nAma bhI azvaghoSa par3A / yaha saba ThIka thA, kintu azvaghoSa ne jaba apane kAvya nATakoM ke lie saMskRta bhASA grahaNa kI, to unake dvArA hI hone vAlI prAkRta kI avamAnanA kI ora unakA dhyAna kyoM nahIM gayA / isa prakAra kA yaha eka udAharaNa hai / kintu aise udAharaNoM kI kamI nahIM hai jinake vizleSaNa se pAli, prAkRta aura apabhraMzoM kA saMkaTa spaSTa hotA hai / dekhA jAtA hai ki jaise-jaise saMskRta ke sAtha prAkRta kA sahavAsa bar3hA, vaise-vaise usakI dazA giratI gaI / sAhitya ke nAma para uttarottara prAkRta evaM pAli bhASAe~ saMskRta kI taraha hI kRtrima hotI gaIM / phalataH prAkRteM bhI sarvajana kI jagaha abhijAta varga kA pratinidhitva karane lagIM / prAcIna kAla ke prAkRta sAhitya kI apanI samatAvAdI saMskRti thI, evaM sAhitya aura saMskRti ke bIca kA antara nagaNya thA / bAda kI prAkRtoM meM vaha antara bar3hatA gayA / isa prakAra kI Adarza-cyuti ke pIche saMskRta aura brAhmaNoM kI viziSTatAvAdI saMkRti ke anukaraNa kI pravRtti thI / prAkRteM jaba apane Adarza zikharapara thIM, to saMskRta apane sAhitya gaurava ke lie unakA anukaraNa karatI thI, kintu sthAnacyuti ke sAtha dazA badalatI gaI / yahA~ taka ki aba saMskRta ke sahavAsa se prAkRteM apanA AMzika rUpa bhI samApta karane jA rahI haiM / granthoM meM prAkRtoM para saMskRta kI kRpA chAyA usake dama ko tor3atI jA rahI hai / lokasaMskRti kA pratinidhitva na hone ke kAraNa saMskRta ko 'mRta bhASA' kahA jAtA hai, mAna bhI leM, to saMskRta yadi jIvita bhASA nahIM to usakI abhijAta saMskRti kA samAja aura rAjya para Aja bhI prabhAva jamA hai, prAkRteM to utane se bhI vaMcita haiM / uparyukta bAteM tathyapUrNa haiM to prazna hai ki isake samAdhAna kI dizA kyA ho / jisakI ora manISiyoM evaM tattvaciMtakoM kA dhyAna jAnA cAhie / parAmarza ke rUpa meM kucha bAteM rakhI jA sakatI haiM, jina para vicAra vimarza honA cAhie / yaha bahuta hI Avazyaka hai ki zramaNa jIvana-darzana kI vizeSatAoM ko chipAne vAlI vyAkhyAoM kI aitihAsika evaM tAtvika parIkSA kara vAstavikatA ko prakaTa kiyA jAya jisase yaha vyApaka bhrAMti samApta ho ki zramaNavAdI darzana aura pAli evaM prAkRta Adi bhASAe~ veda-upaniSadoM aura saMskRta kI hI prasUti haiM / udAharaNa ke rUpa meM anekAntavAda ko samanvayavAda yA samajhautAvAda samajhA jAtA hai / jaina vidvAn bhI isakA samarthana karate pAye jAte haiM / isakI pRSThabhUmi meM vartamAna samAja kA dabAva kAma parisaMvAda -4 19
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________________ 250 jaina vidyA evaM prAkRta : antarazAstrIya adhyayana karatA hai / isI dabAva meM Akara krAMtikArI zaktiyA~ kuNThita hokara apane ko apaneapane saMpradAya meM hI ghera letI haiN| virodhI dabAva meM bhI himmata jAtI rahatI hai ki buddha aura mahAvIra ke samatAvAdI evaM mAnavatAvAdI vicAroM ko jana-sAdhAraNa ke samakSa prastuta kreN| aise loga apanI kRtrima zreSThatA ko surakSita rakhane ke lie kulazreSThatA, jAti-zreSThatA ko svIkRti pradAna karate haiM aura vAstava meM mahAvIra aura buddha ke nAma se unake viruddha zatAbdiyoM se jIvana vyatIta kara rahe haiN| isa sampUrNa vAtyAcakra kA bheda karanA hogaa| isake lie Avazyaka hai -strI-zUdra evaM janajAtiyoM taka pahu~cakara unheM mahAvIra aura buddha ke saMdezoM se sAMtvanA pradAna kI jAya / isa prasaMga meM prAkRta evaM apabhraMzoM kA vartamAna prAdezika bhASAoM aura sthAnIya boliyoM ke saMbaMdha ko jor3anA nitAMta Avazyaka hogaa| isa prakAra kI anekAneka bAteM haiM jinakI ora dhyAna denA hogaa| sarvAdhika dhyAna isa ora denA hogA ki prAkRtoM kI samasyA para sAMpradAyikatA kI dRSTi se nahIM, rASTrIya pariveza meM vicAra kiyA jAya aura usake samAdhAna ko bhI bhAratIya saMskati ke virATa saMdarbha meM sthApita kreN| kintu isake prAraMbha kA uttaradAyitva unhIM logoM para hai, jo zramaNa-paraMparA se prabhAvita haiM / parisaMvAda-4