Page #1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ RSibhASita meM prastuta cArvAka darzana prAcIna jaina AgamoM meM cArvAkadarzana kI tArkika pratisthApanA aura tArkika samIkSA hameM sarvaprathama RSibhASita (I.pU. cauthI zatI) meM hI milatI hai usake pazcAt sUtrakRtAMga ke dvitIya zrutaskandha (I.pU. prathama zatI) meM tathA rAjapraznIya (I.pU. prathama zatI) meM milatI hai| RSibhASita kA bIsavA~ "ukkala' nAmaka sampUrNa adhyayana hI cArvAka darzana kI mAnyatAoM ke tArkika prastutIkaraNa se yukta hai| cArvAkadarzana ke tajjIvataccharIravAda kA prastutIkaraNa isa grantha meM nimna prakAra se huA hai - "pAdatala se Upara aura mastaka ke kezAgra se nIce taka ke sampUrNa zarIra kI tvacAparyanta jIva AtmaparyAya ko prApta ho jIvana jItA hai aura itanA hI mAtra jIvana hai| jisa prakAra bIja ke bhuna jAne para usase puna: aMkura kI utpatti nahIM hotI, usI prakAra zarIra ke dagdha ho jAne para usase punaH zarIra (jIvana) kI utpatti nahIM hotii| isIlie jIvana itanA hI hai (arthAt zarIra kI utpatti se vinAza taka kI kAlAvadhi paryanta hI jIvana hai) na to paraloka hai, na sukRta aura duSkRta karmoM kA phala vipAka hai| jIva kA punarjanma bhI nahIM hotaa| puNya aura pApa jIva kA saMsparza nahIM karate aura isa taraha kalyANa aura pApa niSphala hai|" RSibhASita meM cArvAkoM kI isa mAnyatA kI samIkSA karate hue puna: kahA gayA hai ki "pAdatala se Upara tathA mastaka ke kezAna se nIce taka ke zarIra kI sampUrNa tvacAparyanta AtmaparyAya ko prApta hI jIva hai, yaha maraNazIla hai, kintu jIvana itanA hI nahIM hai| jisa prakAra bIja ke jala jAne para usase puna: utpatti nahIM hotI, usI prakAra zarIra ke dagdha ho jAne para usase puna: utpatti nahIM hotii| isalie puNya-pApa kA agrahaNa hone se sukha-duHkha kI sambhAvanA kA abhAva ho jAtA hai aura pApa karma ke abhAva meM zarIra ke dahana se yA zarIra ke dagdha hone para puna: zarIra kI utpatti nahIM hotI arthAt punarjanma nahIM hotaa|" isa prakAra vyakti mukti prApta kara letA hai| yahA~ hama dekhate haiM, ki granthakAra cArvAkoM ke apane hI tarka kA upayoga karake yaha siddha kara detA hai ki puNya-pApa se Upara uThakara vyakti punarjanma ke cakra se mukti pA letA hai| isa grantha meM cArvAka darzana ke sandarbha meM sabase mahattvapUrNa bAta yaha hai ki isameM karma siddhAnta kA utthApana karane vAlo cArvAkoM ke pA~ca prakAroM kA ullekha
Page #2
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ RSibhASita meM prastuta cArvAka darzana : 133 huA hai aura ye prakAra anya dArzanika granthoM meM milane vAle dehAtmavAda, indriyAtmavAda, mana: AtmavAda Adi prakAroM se bhinna haiM aura sambhavataH anyatra kahIM upalabdha nahIM hote| isameM nimna pA~ca prakAra ke ukkaloM ke ullekha haiM daNDokkala, rajjUkkala, stenokkala, dezokkala aura savvukkala / isa prasaMga meM sabase pahale to yahI vicAraNIya hai ki 'ukkala' zabda kA vAstavika artha kyA haiM? prAkRta ke 'ukkala' zabda ko saMskRta meM nimna cAra zabdoM se niSpanna mAnA jA sakatA hai- utkaTa, utkala, utkula aura utkuul| saMskRta kozoM meM 'utkaTa' zabda kA artha unmatta diyA gayA haiN| cU~ki cArvAka darzana adhyAtmavAdiyoM kI dRSTi meM unmattoM kA pralApa thA ataH use utkaTa (unmatta ) kahA gayA haiN| merI dRSTi meM ukkala kA saMskRta rUpa utkaTa mAnanA ucita nahIM hai| usake sthAna para utkala, utkula yA utkUla mAnanA adhika samIcIna hai| utkala kA artha hai jo nikAlA gayA ho, isI prakAra 'utkula' zabda kA tAtparya hai jo kula se nikAlA gayA hai yA jo kula se bahiSkRta hai / cArvAka AdhyAtmika paramparAoM se bahiSkRta mAne jAte the, isI dRSTi se unheM utkala yA utkula kahA gayA hogA / yadi hama ise utkUla se niSpanna mAneM to isakA artha hogA kinAre se alaga haTA huaa| "kUla" zabda kinAre artha meM prayukta hotA hai, arthAt jo kinAre se alaga hokara arthAt maryAdAoM ko tor3akara apanA pratipAdana karatA hai vaha ukkUla hai| cU~ki cArvAka maryAdAoM ko asvIkAra karate the ataH unheM utkUla kahA gayA hogaa| aba hama ina ukkaloM ke pA~ca prakAroM kI carcA kareMge daNDokkala ye vicAraka daNDa ke dRSTAnta dvArA yaha pratipAdita karate the ki jisa prakAra daNDa apane Adi, madhya aura antima bhAga se pRthak hokara daNDa saMjJA ko prApta nahIM hotA, usI prakAra zarIra se bhinna hokara jIva, jIva nahIM hotA hai| ataH zarIra ke nAza ho jAne para bhava arthAt janma- paramparA kA bhI nAza ho jAtA hai / unake anusAra sampUrNa zarIra meM vyApta hokara jIva jIvana ko prApta hotA hai| vastutaH zarIra aura jIvana kI apRthakatA yA sAmudAyikatA hI ina vicArakoM kI mUlabhUta dArzanika mAnyatA thI / daNDokkala dehAtmavAdI the| rajjUkkala rajjUkkalavAdI yaha mAnate haiM ki jisa prakAra rajju tantuoM kA skandha mAtra hai usI prakAra jIvana bhI paMcamahAbhUtoM kA skandha mAtra hai| una skandhoM ke vicchinna hone para bhava - santati kA bhI viccheda ho jAtA hai| vastutaH ye vicAraka paMcamahAbhUtoM
Page #3
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ 134 ke samUha ko hI jagat kA mUla tattva mAnate the aura jIva ko svataMtra tattva ke rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM karate the| rajjUkkala skandhavAdI the| stenokkala RSibhASita ke anusAra stenokkala bhautikavAdI anya zAstroM ke dRSTAntoM ko lekara unakI svapakSa meM udbhAvanA karake yaha mAnate the ki hamArA bhI yahI kathana hai| isa prakAra ye dUsaroM ke siddhAntoM kA uccheda karate haiN| parapakSa ke dRSTAntoM kA svapakSa meM prayoga kA tAtparya sambhavataH vAda-vivAda meM 'chala' kA prayoga ho| sambhavataH stenokkala yA to naiyAyikoM kA koI pUrva rUpa rahA ho yA saMjayavelaTThIputra ke siddhAnta kA yaha prAcIna koI vidhAyaka rUpa thA, jo sambhavata: Age calakara anekAntavAda kA AdhAra banA ho| jJAtavya hai ki RSibhASita meM dehAtmavAdiyoM ke tarkoM se mukti kI prakriyA kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| dezokkala RSibhASita meM jo AtmA ke astitva ko siddha karake bhI jIva ko akartA mAnate the, unheM dezokkala kahA gayA hai| AtmA ko akartA mAnane para puNya-pApa, bandhana-mokSa kI vyavasthA nahIM bana paatii| isalie isa prakAra ke vicArakoM ko bhI AMzika rUpa se ucchedavAdI hI kahA gayA hai, kyoMki puNya-pApa, bandhana-mokSa Adi kA nirasana karane ke kAraNa ye bhI karmasiddhAnta, naitikatA evaM dharma ke apalApaka hI the| ataH inheM bhI isI varga meM samAhita kiyA gayA thaa| sambhavata: RSibhASita hI eka aisA grantha hai jo Atma-akartAvAdiyoM ko ucchedavAdI kahatA hai| vastuta: ye sAMkhya aura aupaniSadika vedAnta ke hI pUrva rUpa the| jaina unheM utkUla yA ucchedavAdI isalie mAnate the ki ina mAnyatAoM se lokavAda (loka kI yathArthatA) karmavAda (karma siddhAnta) aura AtmakartAvAda (kriyAvAda) kA khaNDana hotA thaa| sabukkala sarvotkUla sarvadA abhAva se hI sabakI utpatti batAte the| aisA koI bhI tattva nahIM hai jo sarvathA sarva prakAra se sarvakAla meM rahatA ho, isa prakAra ye sarvocchedavAda kI saMsthApanA karate the| dUsare zabdoM meM jo loga samasta sRSTi ke pIche kisI nitya tattva ko svIkAra nahIM karate the aura abhAva se hI sRSTi kI utpatti mAnate the, ve kahate the ki koI bhI tattva aisA nahIM hai jo sarvathA aura sarvakAloM meM astitva rakhatA ho| saMsAra ke mUla meM kisI bhI sattA ko asvIkAra
Page #4
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ RSibhASita meM prastuta cArvAka darzana : 135 karane ke kAraNa ye sarvocchedavAdI kahalAte the| sambhavataH yaha bauddha granthoM meM sUcita ucchedavAdI dRSTi kA koI prAcInatama rUpa thA jo tArkikatA se yukta hokara bauddhoM ke zUnyavAda ke rUpa meM vikasita huA hogA / isa prakAra RSibhASita meM AtmA, punarjanma, dharma-vyavasthA evaM karma siddhAnta ke apalApaka vicArakoM kA jo citraNa upalabdha hotA hai use saMkSepa meM isa prakAra rakhA jA sakatA hai 1. granthakAra uparokta vicArakoM ko "ukkala" nAma se abhihita karatA hai jisake saMskRta rUpa utkala, utkula athavA utkUla hote haiN| jinake artha hote haiM bahiSkRta yA maryAdA kA ullaMghana karane vAlA / ina vicArakoM ke sambandha meM isa nAma kA anyatra kahIM prayoga huA hai, aisA hameM jJAta nahIM hotA / - 2. isameM ina vicArakoM ke pAMca varga batAye gaye haiN| daNDotkala, rajjUtkala, stenotkala, dezotkala aura sarvotkala / vizeSatA yaha hai ki isameM skandhavAdiyoM (bauddha skandhavAda kA pUrva rUpa ) sarvocchedavAdiyoM (bauddha zUnyavAda kA pUrva rUpa) aura Atma-akartAvAdiyoM (akriyAvAdiyoM-sAMkhya aura vedAnta kA pUrva rUpa) ko bhI isI varga meM sammilita kiyA gayA hai| kyoMki ye sabhI tArkika rUpa se karma siddhAnta evaM dharma vyavasthA ke apalApaka siddha hote haiN| yadyapi Atma-akartAvAdiyoM ko dezotkala kahA gayA hai arthAt AMzika rUpa se apalApaka kahA gayA hai| 3. isameM zarIra paryanta Atma- paryAya mAnane kA jo siddhAnta prastuta kiyA gayA hai, vahI jainoM dvArA AtmA ko dehaparimANa mAnane ke siddhAnta kA pUrva rUpa pratIta hotA hai| kyoMki isa grantha meM zarIrAtmavAda kA nirAkaraNa karate samaya isa kathana ko svapakSa meM bhI prastuta kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra isameM jaina, bauddha aura sAMkhya tathA aupaniSadika vedAnta kI dArzanika mAnyatAoM ke pUrva rUpa yA bIja parilakSita hote haiN| kahIM aisA to nahIM hai ki ina mAnyatAoM ke susaMgata banAne ke prayAsa meM hI ina darzanoM kA udaya huA hai| 4. isameM jo dehAtmavAda kA nirAkaraNa kiyA gayA hai vaha Thosa tArkika AdhAroM para sthita nahIM hai| mAtra yaha kaha diyA gayA hai ki jIva kA jIvana zarIra kI utpatti aura vinAza kI kAla sImA taka sImita nahIM hai| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki kucha vicAraka jIvana ko dehAzrita mAnakara bhI dehAntara kI sambhAvanA arthAt punarjanma kI sambhAvanA ko svIkAra karate the /
Page #5
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ 136 RSibhASita meM utkaTavAdiyoM (cArvAkoM) se sambandhita adhyayana ke anta meM kahA gayA hai evaM se siddhe buddhe virate vipAve dante davie alaM tAi No puNaravi iccatthaM havvamAgacchati tibemi| isa prakAra vaha siddha, buddha, virata, niSpApa, jitendriya, karuNA se dravita evaM pUrNa tyAgI banatA hai aura puna: isa saMsAra meM nahIM AtA hai, Adi kahA gayA hai| ata: dehAtmavAdI hokara lokAyata dArzanika bhautikavAdI yA bhogavAdI nahIM the ve bhAratIya RSi paramparA ke hI aMga the, jo nivRttimArgI, naitika darzana ke samarthaka the| ve anaitika jIvana ke samarthaka nahIM the - unheM virata yA dAnta kahanA unako tyAgamArga evaM naitika jIvana kA sampoSaka hI siddha karanA hai| vastuta: lokAyata darzana ko jo bhogavAdI jIvana kA samarthaka kahA jAtA hai, vaha unakI tattvamImAMsA ke AdhAra para virodhiyoM dvArA prastuta niSkarSa hai| yadi sAMkhya kA Atma-akartAvAda, vedAnta kA brahmavAda, bauddhadarzana kA zunyavAda aura vijJAnavAda tapa, tyAga aura sampoSaka mAne jA sakate haiM to dehAtmavAdI lokAyata darzana ko usI mArga kA sampoSaka mAnane meM kauna sI bAdhA hai| cArvAka yA lokAyata darzana dehAtmavAdI yA tajjIvataccharIravAdI hokara naitika mUlyoM aura sadAcAra kA sampoSaka rahA hai| vaha isa sImita jIvana ko sanmArga meM bitAne kA saMdeza detA hai, usakA virodha karmakANDa se rahA hai na ki sAtvika naitika jIvana se| yaha bAta RSibhASita ke uparokta vivaraNa se siddha ho jAtI hai|