Page #1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ rAjasthAnI sAhitya ko jaina saMta kaviyoM kI dena DaoN0 narendra bhAnAvata rAjasthAna : vIrabhUmi, dharmabhUmi rAjasthAna vIrabhUmi hone ke sAtha-sAtha dharmabhUmi bhI hai / zakti aura bhakti kA sAmaMjasya isa pradeza kI mUla vizeSatA hai / yahA~ ke vIra bhaktibhAvanA se prerita hokara apanI pradbhuta zaurya vRtti kA pradarzana karate rahe to yahA~ ke bhakta apane puruSArtha, para dharma kA teja nikhArate rahe / yahA~ zaiva, phalane-phUlane kA avasara aura Adara milA / sAdhanA aura zakti ke bala vaiSNava, jaina prAdi sabhI dharmoM ko samAna rUpa se jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra isa avasarpiNI kAla meM caubIsa tIrthaMkara hue jinameM antima tIrthaMkara bhagavAn mahAvIra kA samaya IsvI pU0 chaThI zatI hai / bhagavAn mahAvIra kA nirvANa hue Aja paccIsa sau teraha varSa ho gaye haiM / inake nirvANa ke sAtha hI tIrthaMkaroM kI paramparA samApta ho gii| mahAvIra ke bAda unake dharma - zAsana ko zrArya sudharmA aura jambUsvAmI jaise kevaliyoM, prabhavasvAmI aura bhadrabAhu jaise zrutakevaliyoM tathA sthUlabhadra, mahAgirI, suhastI devaddhagaNi kSamA-zramaNa, kundakunda jaise prAcAryoM ne zrAge bar3hAyA / rAjasthAna meM jainadharma rAjasthAna meM jaina dharma kI vidyamAnatA kA saMketa IsvI pU0 pAMcavI zatI se milatA hai / ajamera jile ke bar3alI nAmaka gAMva se prApta zilAlekha meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 84 veM varSa kA tathA citaur3a ke samIpa sthita madhyamikA nAmaka sthAna kA ullekha hai / isase sUcita hotA hai ki samrAT azoka se pUrva rAjasthAna meM jainadharma kA pracAra-prasAra thA / azoka ke pautra rAjA samprati ne jaina dharma ke unnayana aura vikAsa meM mahattvapUrNa yoga diyA / usane rAjasthAna meM kaI jaina mandira banAye / yaha bhI kahA jAtA hai ki vIra nirvANa saMvat 203 meM zrArya suhastI ke dvArA usane ghAMvaNI meM padmaprabha kI pratimA kI pratiSThA karAyI thI / vikrama kI dUsarI zatI meM bane mathurA ke kaMkAlI TIle kI khudAI se prati prAcIna stUpa aura jainamandira ke dhvaMsAvazeSa mile haiM jinase jJAta hotA hai ki rAjasthAna meM usa samaya jainadharma kA astitva thA / kezorAyapATana meM guptakAlIna eka jainamandira ke avazeSa se, sirohI kSetra ke basantagar3ha meM prApta bhagavAn RSabhadeva kI khaDgAsana pratimA se jodhapura kSetra ke zrosiyA~ nAmaka gAMva ke mahAvIra mandira ke zilAlekha se, koTA kI samIpavartI jaina guphAoM se, udayapura ke pAsa sthita Ayar3a ke pArzvanAtha mandira aura jaisalamera ke lodaravA sthita jinezvara sUri kI preraNA se nirmita pArzvanAtha ke mandira se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki rAjasthAna meM jainadharma kA pracAra hI nahIM thA, varan sabhI kSetroM meM usakA acchA prabhAva bhI thA / dhammo dIvo saMsAra samudra dharma hI dIya hai
Page #2
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ caturtha khaNDa / 208 ajamera kSetra meM bhI jainadharma kA vyApaka prabhAva rhaa| yahA~ ke rAjA vIrAja ke mana meM zrI jinadatta sUri ke prati vizeSa sammAna kA bhAva thaa| jinadatta sUri marudharA ke kalpavRkSa mAne gaye haiN| unakA svargavAsa ajamera meM huA / dAdAbAr3iyoM kA nirmANa unhIM se zuru huaa| kumArapAla ke samaya meM hemacandra kI preraNA se jainadharma kA vizeSa pracAra hunaa| prAbU ke . jainamandira jo apanI sthApatyakalA ke lie vizvavikhyAta haiM, usI kAla meM bane / pandrahavIM zatI meM nirmita rANakapura kA jainamandira bhI bhavya aura darzanIya hai| isake stambha apane zilpa aura kalAtmakatA ke lie prasiddha haiN| jayapurakSetrIya zrI mahAvIrajI aura udayapura kSetrIya zrI kesariyAnAthajI ke mandira ne jainadharma kI prabhAvanA meM mahattvapUrNa yogadAna diyA hai| ye tIrthasthala sabhI dharmoM va vargoM ke lie zraddhAkendra bane hue haiN| isa kSetra ke mINA aura gUjara loga bhagavAna mahAvIra aura RSabhadeva ko apanA parama ArAdhya mAnate haiN| yaha tathya dhyAna dene yogya hai ki mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke lagabhaga 600 varSa bAda jainadharma do matoM meM vibhakta ho gayA-digambara aura zvetAmbara / jo mata sAdhunoM kI nagnatA kA pakSadhara thA aura use hI mahAvIra kA mUla prAcAra mAnatA thA, vaha digambara kahalAyA / yaha mUla saMgha nAma se bhI jAnA jAtA hai| aura jo mata sAthuoM ke vastra, pAtra kA samarthana karatA thA, vaha zvetAmbara khlaayaa| Age calakara digambara sampradAya kaI saMghoM meM vibhakta ho gayA, jinameM mukhya haiM--- drAvir3asaMgha, kASThAsaMgha aura maathursNgh| kAlAntara meM zuddhAcArI, tapasvI digambara muniyoM kI saMkhyA kama ho gaI aura naye bhaTTAraka varga kA udaya huA jisakI sAhitya ke kSetra meM mahattvapUrNa sevAyeM rahI haiN| jaba bhaTTArakoM meM zithilAcAra panapA to usake viruddha satrahavIM zatI meM eka naye paMtha kA udaya huA jo terahapaMtha khlaayaa| isa paMtha meM ToDaramala jaise vidvAn dArzanika hue / zvetAmbara sampradAya bhI Age calakara do bhAgoM meM baMTa gayAcaityavAsI aura vnvaasii| caityavAsI ugravihAra chor3akara mandiroM meM rahane lge| kAlAntara meM zvetAmbara sampradAya kaI gacchoM meM vibhakta ho gyaa| inakI saMkhyA 84 kahI jAtI hai| inameM kharataragaccha va tapAgaccha pramukha haiN| kahA jAtA hai ki vardhamAna sUri ke ziSya jinezvara sUri ne gujarAta ke aNahilapura paTTaNa ke rAjA durlabhadeva kI sabhA meM jaba caityavAsiyoM ko parAsta kiyA to rAjA ne unheM 'kharatara' nAma diyA aura isa prakAra kharataragaccha nAma cala pdd'aa| tapAgaccha ke saMsthApaka zrI jagatacandra sUri mAne jAte haiN| saMvat 1285 meM unhoMne ugratapa kiyA / isa upalakSya meM mevAr3a ke mahArANA ne inheM 'tapA' upAdhi se vibhUSita kiyaa| taba se yaha gaccha 'tapAgaccha' nAma se prasiddha huaa| kharataragaccha aura tapAgaccha donoM hI mUrti-pUjA meM vizvAsa karate haiN| caudahavIM-pandrahavIM zatI meM saMtoM ne dharma ke nAma para panapane vAle bAhya prADambara kA virodha kiyA, isase bhagavAn kI nirAkAra upAsanA ko bala milaa| zvetAmbara paramparA meM sthAnakavAsI aura terApaMtha pramUrtipUjaka haiN| ye mUrtipUjA meM vizvAsa nahIM karate / sthAnakavAsiyoM kA sambandha gujarAta kI lokAgaccha paramparA se rahA hai| rAjasthAna meM yaha paramparA zIghra hI phaila gayI aura jAlaura, sirohI, jaitAraNa, nAgaura, bIkAnera Adi sthAnoM para isakI gaddiyA~ pratiSThApita ho gyiiN| isa paramparA meM jaba ADambara bar3hA taba jIvarAjajI, harajI, dhannAjI pRthvIcandajI, manoharajI Adi pUjya muniyoM ne tapa-tyAga mUlaka saddharma kA pracAra kiyaa|
Page #3
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ rAjasthAnI sAhitya ko jaina saMta kaviyoM kI dena / 209 sthAnakavAsI paramparA bAIsa sampradAya ke nAma se bhI prasiddha hai| isa paramparA meM bhUdharajI, jayamallajI, raghunAthajI, ratanacandrajI, javAharalAlajI, cauthamalajI, Adi prabhAvazAlI prAcArya aura saMta hue haiN| zvetAmbara terApantha sampradAya ke mUla saMsthApaka prAcArya bhikSa haiN| yaha paMtha saiddhAntika matabheda ke kAraNa saMvat 1817 meM sthAnakavAsI paramparA se alaga huaa| isa paMtha ke cauthe prAcAryajI zrI jayAcArya ke nAma se prasiddha haiM, rAjasthAnI ke mahAna sAhityakAra the| unhoMne terApaMtha ke lie kucha maryAdAyeM nizcita kara maryAdA-mahotsava kA sUtrapAta kiyaa| isa paMtha ke vartamAna navama prAcArya zrI tulasIgaNI haiM, jinhoMne aNuvrata prAMdolana ke mAdhyama se naitika jAgaraNa kI dizA meM vizeSa pahala kI hai aura jo rAjasthAnI bhASA ke sarasa kavi haiN| rAjasthAna meM jainadharma ke vikAsa aura prasAra meM ina sabhI jainamatoM kA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna rahA hai| jainadharma ke vibhinna prAcAryoM, santoM aura zrAvakoM kA jana-sAdhAraNa ke sAtha hI nahIM varan yahA~ ke rAjA aura mahArAjAmoM ke sAtha bhI ghaniSTha sambandha rahA hai| prabhAvazAlI jaina zrAvaka yahA~ rAja-mantrI, senApati, salAhakAra aura kiledAra jaise viziSTa uccapadoM para rahe haiN| udayapura kSetra ke rAmadeva, sahaNA, karmAzAha, bhAmAzAha kramazaH mahArANA lAkhA, kumbhA, sAMgA aura pratApa ke rAja-mantrI the| kuMbhalagar3ha ke kiledAra prAsAzAha ne bAlaka rAjakumAra udayasiMha kA gupta rUpa se pAlana-poSaNa kara apane adamya sAhasa aura svAmIbhakti kA paricaya diyA thA, bIkAnera ke mantriyoM meM vatsarAja, karmacanda bacchAvata, varasiMha, saMgrAmasiMha, Adi kI sevAyeM vizeSa mahattvapUrNa haiN| bIkAnera ke mahArAjA rAyasiMha karaNasiMha, suratasiMha ne kramaza: jainAcArya jinacandra sUri, dharmavarddhana, va jJAnasAra ko bar3A sammAna diyaa| jodhapura rAjya ke mantriyoM meM mehatA rAyacandra, vardhamAna AsakaraNa, mUNota neNasI aura indrarAja siMghavI kA vizeSa mahattva hai| jayapura ke jaina dIvAnoM kI lambI paramparA rahI hai| inameM mukhya haiM-mohanadAsa, saMghI hukumacanda, vimaladAsa chAbar3A, rAmacandra chAbar3A, kRpArAma paNDyA / ajamera kA dhanarAja siMghavI bhI mahAna yoddhA thaa| ina sabhI vIra mantriyoM ne na kevala zAsanavyavasthA kI sudar3hatA meM yoga diyA varan rAjasthAnI sAhitya aura kalA ke vikAsa va unnayana ke lie anukUla avasara bhI pradAna kiyaa| jaina santoM ke sAhitya kA dharAtala jaina santoM kI prAtmotthAna aura rASTrotthAna meM mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA rahI hai| unakA samagra jIvana ahiMsA, saMyama, tapa, tyAga aura lokakalyANa ke liye samarpita rahA hai / sAMsArika moha-mAyA aura ghara-gRhasthI ke prapaMca se chUTa kara ye jaba zramaNa dIkSA aMgIkAra karate haiM taba nitAnta aparigrahI bana jAte haiM / na inakA apanA Thaharane kA koI nizcita sthAna hotA hai na jIvanayApana ke lie ye koI saMgraha karate haiN| varSARtu ke cAra mahInoM ke atirikta ye kahIM sthAyI rUpa se Thaharate nhiiN| varSa ke zeSa ATha mahInoM meM grAmAnugrAma padayAtrA karate hue, jIvana ko pavitra aura sadAcArayukta banAne kI preraNA aura dezanA denA hI inakA mukhya lakSya rahatA hai| apanA jIvana ye sadgRhasthoM se bhikSA lAkara calAte haiN| inakI bhikSAvRtti ko / madhukarIvRtti yA gocarI kahA gayA hai| ye apane pAsa eka kaur3I taka nahIM rakhate aura vastra, dhammo dIvo pAtra, zAstra Adi milAkara itanI hI sAmagrI rakhate haiM ki pada-yAtrA meM ye svayaM uThA skeN| saMsAra samudra meM dharma hI dIpa hai
Page #4
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ caturtha khaNDa | 210 na kisI ke prati inakA rAga hotA hai na dveSa / prANimAtra ke prati maMtrI bhAva rakhate hue ahiMsA, satya, acaurya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha ina pA~ca mahAvratoM kA ye kaThoratA ke sAtha pAlana karate haiM / inakA adhikAMza samaya dhyAna, svAdhyAya, sAdhanA aura lokopadezanA meM hI vyatIta hotA hai| prAcAragata pavitratA aura maryAdA ke pariNAmasvarUpa jainasantoM dvArA sRjita sAhitya zabdoM kA vilAsa na hokara AtmA kA ullAsa aura naitika jAgaraNa kA mAdhyama hotA hai| mAnava apane vikAroM para vijaya prApta kara sake, isa prakriyA ko vibhinna rUpoM aura prakAroM se janasAmAnya ko samajhAnA, jaina sAhitya kA mUla uddezya hai| yaha 'samajha' jana-sAmAnya ke hRdaya ko chU sake, isa prayojana ko dhyAna meM rakha kara ye santa apanI bAta lokabhASA meM lokakathAoM aura loka-vizvAsoM ko AdhAra banAkara kahane ke vizeSa abhyAsI rahe haiN| loka jIvana se itanA nikaTa utara kara bhI ye zAstrIya jJAna se anabhijJa nahIM haiN| zAstrIyatA aura sahajatA, paNDitatA aura saralatA, dhArmikatA aura laukikatA kA jo sAmaMjasya inakI sAhityaprakriyA meM dRSTigata hotA hai, vaha atyanta durlabha hai| apane prAcAra-niyamoM ke prati atyanta kaThora hote hue bhI ye kavi yuga kI nabja ko pahacAnane meM vizeSa dakSa va saMvedanazIla rahe haiN| eka amuka dharmavizeSa kA prAsthA meM palakara bhI ye vicAroM meM udAra mAnavavAdI rahe haiN| padayAtrA inake dharma kA aMga hone se inakA jana-jIvana se nikaTa kA samparka sadhatA calatA hai / vibhinna kSetroM aura anubhavoM ke logoM kA samparka inheM samaya kI vartamAnatA aura jIvana kI yathArtha sthitiyoM se barAbara jor3e rakhatA hai| pariNAmasvarUpa inake sAhitya meM eka vizeSaprakAra kI tAjagI aura AtmIyatApUrNa saMbaMdhoM kI gandha milatI hai / kathyagata zAlInatA aura zilpagata vaividhya isakA pratIka hai / jaina santa jIvana aura zAstroM ke gUr3ha adhyetA rahe haiM / vyakti kI garimA, svatantratA aura samAnatA ke ye jabaradasta samarthaka rahe haiN| inakI cintanA kA mUla prAdhAra yaha rahA hai ki vyakti kA vikAsa kisI parokSa sattA dvArA niyantrita na hokara, vyakti ke svayaM ke puruSArtha dvArA saMcAlita hai| vyakti jaisA karma karatA hai, usIke anurUpa use sukha-duHkhAtmaka phala bhogane par3ate haiN| karmavAda kA yaha siddhAnta vyakti ko tathAkathita IzvarIya niraMkuzatA ke caMgula se mukta kara vyakti ko svataH karma karane aura use bhogane kI svatantratA pradAna karatA hai aura isa bAta para bala detA hai ki vyakti apane puruSArtha aura sAdhanA ke bala para udIraNA, udvartana, apavartana aura saMkramaNa ke jariye apane karmoM kI avadhi ko ghaTA-bar3hA sakatA hai, karma phala kI zakti ko manda athavA tIvra kara sakatA hai aura eka karmaprakRti ko dUsarI karmaprakRti meM saMkramita bhI kara sakatA hai| pramukha jaina santa kavi rAjasthAna ke jaina santa saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraza, rAjasthAnI aura hindI sabhI bhASAmoM meM samAna rUpa se sAhitya-sarjana karate rahe haiN| haribhadra sUri, udyotana sUri, jayasiMha sUri, padmanandI, jinezvara sUri, jinacandra sUri, jinavallabha sUri, jinakuzala sUri, samayasundara, bhaTTAraka zubhacandra Adi prAkRta sAhitya ke, ailAcArya amRtacandra, hemacandra, prAzAdhara, prabhAcandra,
Page #5
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ rAjasthAnI sAhitya ko jaina saMta kaviyoM kI dena | 211 sakalakIrti, brahmajinadAsa prAdi saMskRta sAhitya ke pramukha sAhityakAra hue haiN| prAkRta, saMskRta aura apabhraMza kI hI paramparA Age calakara rAjasthAnI sAhitya meM vistAra ko prApta huii| rAjasthAnI sAhitya ko samRddha karane vAle pramukha kaviyoM ke nAma isa prakAra haiM:-zAlibhadra suri, Asiga, sumatigaNi, delhaNa, jaya sAgara, depAla, RSivardhana sUri, matizekhara, padmanAbha, dharmasundaragaNi, sahajasundara, pArzvanAtha sUri, ThakkurasI, bucarAja, chIhala, vijayasamudra, rAjazIla, puNyasAgara, kuzalalAbha, mAladeva, hIrakalaza, kanakasoma, hemaratna sUri, rAyamalla, harSakIrti, brahmajinadAsa, vidyAbhUSaNa, ratnakIrti, guNavinaya, samayasundara, sahajakIrti, zrIsAra, jinarAjasUri, jinaharSa, labdhodaya, dharmavardhana, kIrtisundara, kuzaladhIra, jinasamudra sUri, jayamalla, saMta bhIsaNajI, rAyacandra, prAsakaraNa, sabaladAsa, durgAdAsa, lAlacanda, ratanacandra, cauthamala, jayAcArya, manIrAma, mujAnamala, nemicandra, mAdhavamuni Adi / / jaina santoM kI taraha jaina sAdhviyoM kA bhI sAhittya-nirmANa meM mahattvapUrNa yogadAna rahA hai| pramukha kavayitriyoM ke nAma isa prakAra haiM:-vinayaculA, padmazrI, hemazrI, hemasiddhi, vivekasiddhi, vidyAsiddhi, harakavAI, hulAsA, sarUpAM bAI, jar3AvajI, bhUrasundarI Adi / nainakAvya kI vizeSatAeM - jainakAvya vividha aura vizAla hai| yadyapi isakA mUla svara zAnta rasAtmaka hai para jIvana ke sabhI pakSoM ko isane sparza kiyA hai| rasAtmaka sAhitya ke sAtha-sAtha jJAnAtmaka sAhitya bhI vipula parimANa meM racA gayA hai / yathA jyotiSa, gaNita, vaidyaka, yoga sambandhI sAhitya / __ jaina kAvya kI yaha vizeSatA viSaya taka hI sImita nahIM hai, rUpa aura zailI meM bhI mahAkAvya tathA khaNDa kAvya ke bIca kaI staroM para zatAdhika navIna kAvya rUpa khar3e kiye gye| padya ke kSetra meM jo kAvyarUpa ubhare, unheM isa prakAra vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai: (ka) carita kAvya _inameM sAmAnyata: jaina tIrthaMkaroM, prAcAryoM aura viziSTa mahApuruSoM ke jIvana pAkhyAna ko padya meM bAMdhA gayA hai| ye pAkhyAna vizeSata: prabaMdhAtmaka aura gauNata: muktaka haiN| inameM caritranAyaka kA pUrvabhava, janma, mAtA-pitA, zaizavakAla, vivAha, vairAgya, saMyamadhAraNa, kaThora sAdhanA, mRtyu prAdi kA varNana hai| ye carita prAyaH vibhinna soM, adhyAyoM yA DhAloM meM vibhakta haiN| isa varga meM rAsa, rAso, caupAI, caupaI, sandhi, carcarI, DhAla, prabandha, carita, pAkhyAna, kathA, pavAr3A, Adi kAvyarUpa pAte haiN| (kha) Rtu kAvya inameM sAmAnyataH RtuoM evaM laukika utsavoM para likhe gaye kAvya rUpa sammilita kiye jA sakate haiN| phAgu, dhamAla, bArahamAsA, dhavala, maMgala Adi aise hI kAvya haiN| phAgu kAvya mUlataH vasaMtotsava se sambandhita hai| dhamAla meM kisI utsavavizeSa kI cahalapahala, utsAhavarddhakatA, mastI aura mAdakatA citrita kI jAtI hai| bArahamAsA meM nAyikA kI viraha-vyathA pratyeka mAsa ke Rtuparivartana ke pariprekSya meM vyaM jita kI jAtI hai| dhavala aura maMgala kAvya vivAhAdi mAMgalika utsavoM aura tatsambandhI gItoM se sambandhita haiM / | dhammo dIvo saMsAra samudra meM varma hI dIpa hai
Page #6
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ caturtha khaNDa / 212 (ga) nItikAvya jaina kAvya kI mUla pravRtti propadezika bhAvanA hai / saMsAra kI prasAratA,kAyA kI nazvaratA, vyasana-tyAga, krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha kA tyAga, tapa kA mAhAtmya, ahiMsA, satya, acaurya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha vratoM kA dhAraNa, bhAva zuddhi, dAna kI mahattA, saMyama kI kaThoratA prAdi aneka . naitika upadeza saMvAda, kakkA, mAtRkA, bAvanI kulaka, hIyAlI, bArahakhar3I prAdi kAvyarUpoM meM diye jAte haiN| saMvAda meM do mUrta-pramUrta bhAvanAoM meM kRtrima virodha kA jhagar3A khar3A kara ekadUsare ko nIcA dikhAte hue, zubha saMkalpa aura dharmatattva kI vijaya dikhAyI jAtI hai / kakkA, bAvanI, bArahakhar3I Adi kAvyarUpoM meM devanAgarI lipi ke varNakrama ko AdhAra banAkara, koI na koI nIti kI bAta kahI jAtI hai| (gha) stutikAvya isa varga meM jaina tIrthaMkaroM, dharmAcAryoM, dharmaguruoM, viziSTa santa-satiyoM prAdi kA guNakIrtana kiyA jAtA hai| tIrthaMkaroM meM RSabha, zAntinAtha, neminAtha, pArzvanAtha aura mahAvIra svAmI kI stuti vizeSarUpa se kI gaI hai| viharamAnoM kI stuti meM bIsI saMjJaka kAvyarUpa likhe gaye haiM / tIrthasthAnoM kI mahattA meM tIrthamAlA, caitya paripATI Adi kAvyarUpa rakhe gye| stuti kAvya ke pramukha rUpa haiM-stuti, stavana, stotra, sajjhAya, vinati, gIta, namaskAra, caubosI, vIsI, tIrthamAlA aadi| jaina padya kI taraha jaina gadya bhI kAphI samRddha aura vipula parimANa meM milatA hai| yaha gadya do rUpoM meM milatA hai- svatantra maulika sRjana ke rUpa meM aura TIkA tathA anuvAda ke rUpa meM / svatantra gadya ke kSetra aitihAsika aura kalAtmaka gadya ke rUpa meM tathA TIkAtmaka gadya ke kSetra meM TabbA aura bAlAvabodha ke rUpa meM kaI kAvya rUpa vikasita hae / saMkSepa meM unheM isa prakAra vargIkRta kiyA jA sakatA hai : (ka) aitihAsika gadya dhArmika gadya ke sAtha-sAtha jaina vidvAnoM ne aitihAsika gadya ko bhI prArambhika sahayoga diyaa| ina vidvAnoM ne gurvAvalI, paTTAvalI, vaMzAvalI, utpattigrantha, daphtarabahI, aitihAsika TippaNa Adi vividha kAvya rUpoM meM itihAsa kI mahattvapUrNa sAmagrI ko surakSita rakhA / gurvAvalI meM guru-paramparA kA vistRta aura vizvasta caritra varNita rahatA hai| paTTAvalI meM gacchavizeSa ke paTTadhara prAcAryoM kA janma, dIkSA, sAdhanAkAla, vihAra, mRtyu Adi kA vivaraNa tathA unakI ziSya-saMpadA aura prabhAvanA kA yathAtathya citraNa nihita rahatA hai| utpatti grantha meM kisI sampradAya vizeSa kI udbhavakAlIna paristhitiyoM kA tathA usake pravartana ke kAraNoM Adi kA varNana hotA hai / vaMzAvalI meM jaina zrAvakoM kI vaMza-paramparA kA varNana diyA jAtA hai| daphtarabahI eka prakAra kI DAyarI zailI hai, jisameM rojanAmace kI bhA~ti dainika vyApAroM kA vivaraNa likhA jAtA hai / aitihAsika TippaNa eka prakAra ke sphuTa aitihAsika noTa haiM jinheM vyaktivizeSa ne apanI ruci ne anusAra saMgRhIta kara liyA hai| (kha) kalAtmaka gadya kalAtmaka gadya ke vacanikA, dadAveta, silokA, varNaka grantha; bAta prAdi kAvyarUpa
Page #7
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ rAjasthAnI sAhitya ko jaina saMta kaviyoM kI dena / 213 vikasita hue haiM / isa gadya kI yaha vizeSatA hai ki isameM anuprAsAtmaka aura antyAnuprAsamUlaka zailI kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai| gadya kI tukAtmakatA saMkSepa meM ina kAvyarUpoM kI sAmAnya vizeSatA hai| hindI meM prAdhunika yuga meM calakara jisa gadya kAvya kI sRSTi kI gayI, usake mUla utsa ina kAvyarUpoM meM DhaMDhe jA sakate haiM / yaha alaga bAta hai ki donoM ke dRSTikoNa meM paryApta antara rahA ho| (ga) TIkAtmaka gadya TIkAtmaka gadya ke nirmANa meM jaina vidvAnoM kA yoga sabase adhika rahA hai| yaha gadya pAMca rUpoM meM hamAre sAmane AyA-cUNi, avacUNi, TavvA, bAlAvabodha, aura vacanikA / cUNi meM mUla gAthA kA vivecana aura vizleSaNa bar3I gaharAI aura sUkSmatA ke sAtha kiyA jAtA hai| eka prakAra se vibhinna dRSTibinduoM se unakA manthana kara diyA jAtA hai, isalie isa rUpa ko 'cUNi' kahA gyaa| 'pravacUrNi' cUNi kA saMkSipta rUpa hai| 'TavvA' eka prakAra kI sAmAnya zailI hai jisameM mUla zabda kA artha Upara-nIce yA pArzva meM de diyA jAtA hai| 'bAlAvabodha' eka vizeSa prakAra kI TIkAzailI hai jisameM mUla grantha kI vyAkhyA hI nahIM kI jAtI, varan mUla siddhAnta ko spaSTa karane ke lie vibhinna kathAyeM bhI dI jAtI haiN| isa TIkA ko itane sahaja bhAva se likhA jAtA hai ki ise bAlaka jaisA apar3ha yA manda buddhivAlA vyakti bhI AsAnI se samajha sakatA hai| sambhava hai isIlie use 'bAlAvabodha' saMjJA dI gayI hai| 'vacanikA' mUlagrantha kA bhASAnuvAda hai, jo kalAtmaka gadya kI vacanikA vidhA se nitAnta bhinna hai| kula milAkara kahA jA sakatA hai ki jainakaviyoM ne padya aura gadya donoM kSetroM meM kAvyarUpa sambandhI kaI navIna prayoga kiye / ye prayoga camatkAra-pradarzana ke lie na hokara loka mAnasa ko prabuddha aura saMvedanazIla banAne ke lie hue / ina prayogoM se yaha lAbha huprA ki kAvyarUpoM kI gatAnugatika paramparA, zAstrIyatA ke bandhana se sahajatA kI prora, kaTibaddhatA se laukikatA kI pora, aura bane-banAye sAMcoM se bAhara nikalakara lokajIvana ke vyApaka sAMskRtika pariveza kI ora bar3hI, pravAhita huii| jainakavi kAvya ko kalAbAjI nahIM smjhte| ve use akRtrima rUpa se hRdaya ko prabhAvita karane vAlI prAnandamayI kalA ke rUpa meM dekhate haiN| jahAM unhoMne lokabhASA kA prayoga kiyA vahA~ bhASA ko alaMkRta karane vAle sAre upakaraNa hI loka-jagata se hI cane haiN| jainetara kaviyoM meM (vizeSa kara cAraNI zailI meM likhita kAvya) jahA~ bhASA ko vizeSa prakAra ke zabda cayana dvArA, vizeSa prakAra ke anuprAsa prayoga (vayaNa sagAI Adi) dvArA aura vizeSa prakAra ke chando'nubaddha dvArA eka vizeSa prakAra kA prAbhijAtya gaurava aura rUpa diyA hai, vahA~ jainakAvya bhASA ko apane prakRta rUpa meM hI rakhakara prabhAvazAlI aura preSaNIya banA sake haiM / yahA~ alaMkAroM ke lie Agraha nhiiN| ve apane Apa paramparA se yugAnukUla cale A rahe haiN| zabdoM meM aparicita-sA akelApana nahIM, unameM pArivArika sambandhoM kA sA ullAsa hai| chandoM meM to itanA vaividhya hai ki sabhI dharmoM, paramparAoM aura rIti-rivAjoM se ve sIdhe khice cale pA rahe haiM / DhAloM ke rUpa meM loka deziyAM apanAI gaI haiN| lokoktiyoM aura muhAvaroM kA jo prayoga kiyA gayA hai ve zAstrIya kama aura laukika adhika haiN| para isa vizleSaNa se yaha na samajhA jAye ki unakA kAvyazAstrIya jJAna apUrNa thA yA bilakula hI nahIM thaa| aise kavi bhI dhammo dIvo saMsAra samudra meM dharma hI dIya hai|
Page #8
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ caturthakhaNDa / 214 paryApta haiM jo zAstrIya paramparA meM sarvocca Thaharate haiM, prAlaMkArika cAmatkAritA, zabdakrIr3A aura chandazAstrIya maryAdA - pAlana meM hoDa lete pratIta hote haiN| para yaha pravRtti jaina sAhitya kI sAmAnya vRtti nahIM hai| zailIgata samanvaya bhAvanA ke darzana vahIM spaSTa ho jAte haiM, jahA~ ve apane nAyaka ko mohana aura nAyikA ko gopI kaha dete haiM lagatA hai jisa samaya vaiSNava dharma aura vaiSNava sAhitya kA atyanta vyApaka pracAra thA, usa samaya jana sAdhAraNa ko apane dharma kI ora AkarSita karane ke lie ina sAhityakAroM ne apane sAhitya meM kRSNa, rAdhA, gopI, gopa, gokula, muralI, yazodA, jamunA, Adi zabdoM ko sthAna de diyaa| vibhinna deziyA to lagabhaga vaiSNava prabhAva ko hI sUcita karatI haiN| jainakAvya meM jo nAyaka mAye haiM unake do rUpa haiM mUttaM ghora amUrta mUrta nAyaka mAnava haiM, amRtaM nAyaka manovRtti vizeSa mUrtta nAyaka sAdhAraNa mAnava kama, asAdhAraNa mAnava adhika haiN| yaha asAdhAraNatA prAropita nahIM, ajita hai| apane puruSArtha zakti aura sAdhanA ke bala para hI ye sAdhAraNa mAnava viziSTa zreNI meM pahu~ca gaye haiN| ye viziSTa zreNI ke loga tresaThazalAkA puruSa ke nAma se prasiddha haiM / inameM tIrthakara, cakravartI, baladeva, vAsudeva, aura prativAsudeva sammilita haiN| inake atirikta solaha satiyA~, sthUlibhadra, jambUsvAmI, sudarzana, gajasukumAla, zreNika, zrIpAla, dhannA, bhASAbhUti, Adi prAlekhya yogya haiM | ye pAtra sAmAnyata: rAjaputra yA kulIna vaMzotpanna hote haiM / sAMsArika bhogopabhoga kI sabhI vastue~ inheM sulabha hotI haiM para ye saMskAravaza yA kisI nimitta kAraNa se virakta ho jAte aura pravrajyA aMgIkAra kara lete haiN| dIkSita hone ke bAda ina para musIbatoM ke pahAr3a TUTate haiN| pUrva janma ke karmodaya kabhI upasarga banakara, kabhI parISaha banakara sAmane Ate haiN| kabhI-kabhI devatA rUpa dhAraNakara inakI parIkSA lete haiM, inheM apAra kaSTa diyA jAtA hai para ye apanI sAdhanA se vicalita nahIM hote| parIkSA ke kaThora AghAta inakI AtmA ko aura adhika majabUta, unakI sAdhanA ko aura adhika svarNima tathA unake pariNAmoM ko aura adhika ucca banA dete haiM / antatogatvA sAre upasarga zAnta hote haiM, vezadhArI deva parAsta hokara inake caraNoM meM gira par3ate haiM aura puSpavRSTi kara inake gaurava meM cAra cA~da lagA dete haiM / ye pAtra kevalajJAna ke adhikArI banate haiM, loka-kalyANa ke lie nikala par3ate haiM aura antataH paramapada mokSa kI prApti kara apanI sAdhanA kA navanIta pA lete haiN| pratinAyaka parAsta hote haiM para anta taka duSTa banakara nahIM rahate unake jIvana meM bhI parivartana prAtA hai aura ve nAyaka ke vyaktitva kI kiraNa se saMsparza pA apanI AtmA kA kalyANa karate haiM / amUrta nAyaka meM 'jIva' yA 'cetana' ko ginA jA sakatA hai tathA nAyikA meM 'sumati' ko / amUrta pratinAyakoM meM 'moha' sabase balazAlI hai aura pratinAyikA meM 'kumati' ko rakha sakate haiN| cetana rAjA apane dhAntarika guNoM se zatru senA (moha) ko parAsta kara mukti rUpI gar3ha kA adhipati bana baiThatA hai| jainakAvya kA adhikAMza bhAga prAgamasiddhAnta ko hI pratipAdita karane meM lagA hai| para jainakaviyoM kI dRSTi yahIM taka sImita rahI ho, aisA kahanA ekAnta satya na hogaa| saca to yaha hai ki jaMnadarzana kI samanvaya bhAvanA ne jainakaviyoM kI dRSTi ko bhI udAra banA diyA hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki eka ora to unhoMne viSNu ke avatAra samajhe jAne vAle rAma aura kRSNa
Page #9
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ rAjasthAnI sAhitya ko jaina saMta kaviyoM kI dena / 215 ko bhI sAmAnya mahApuruSa na mAnakara viziSTa zreNI ke mahApuruSoM meM sthAna diyA hai| rAma baladeva zreNI meM haiM to kRSNa vAsudeva zreNI meM yahI nahIM jina pAtroM ko jainetara kaviyoM ne ghRNita aura bIbhatsa dRSTi se dekhA hai, una pAtroM ko bhI yahAM samucita sammAna diyA gayA hai rAvaNa bhI yahA~ prativAsudeva zreNI kA viziSTa puruSa hai| dUsarI ora jainetara prAdarza pAtroM ko apanA varNya viSaya banAkara unake vyaktitva kI mahAnatA kA gAna kiyA hai / dalapativijayakRta 'khumANa rAso' isa prasaMga meM draSTavya hai / svatantra granthanirmANa ke sAtha-sAtha jainetara sAhityakAroM dvArA racita jainetara granthoM para vistRta aura prazaMsAtmaka TIkAe~ bhI likhI gaI haiN| isa ghora bIkAnera ke pRthvIrAja rAThaur3a kRta 'kisana rUkmaNI rI beli' para jaina vidvAnoM dvArA likhita 70 TIkAoMoM kA ullekha kiyA jA sakatA hai| yahI nahIM jaina vidvAnoM ne jainetara prAcIna granthoM kI rakSA karanA bhI apanA rASTrIya karttavya samajhA aura bar3I Adara bhAvanA ke sAtha unakI surakSA kI Aja jitane bhI jaina bhaNDAra haiM, unameM kaI prAcIna / mahattvapUrNa jainetara grantha saMrakSita hai| isase bhI Age bar3hakara jaina yatiyoM ne amUlya jainetara granthoM ko lipibaddha kara unakA uddhAra kiyaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki 'bIsaladeva rAso kI samasta purAnI pratiyA~ lagabhaga jainayatiyoM dvArA likhita upalabdha hotI haiM / jaina kAvya kI ullekhanIya vizeSatA yaha hai ki ina kaviyoM ne apanI abhivyakti ko spaSTa aura prabhAvazAlI banAne ke lie virAT sAMgarUpakoM kI sRSTi kii| ye sAMgarUpaka laukika aura tAsvika upamAnoM ko lekara nirmita hue haiN| inameM cetana rAjA, prAdhyAtmika dIvAlI, mana mAlI, zraddhA zrIdIpa, adhyAtma holI Adi ke rUpaka bar3e saTIka haiN| pUre ke pUre pada meM inakA nirvAha bar3I khUbI ke sAtha kiyA huA milatA hai| hindI kaviyoM meM gosvAmI tulasIdAsa rUpakoM ke bAdazAha mAne gaye haiN| unake jJAnadIpaka aura bhakticintAmaNi ke rUpaka bar3e sundara bana par3e haiM para mujhe to lagatA hai ki yahA~ sAmAnya rUpa se pratyeka jaina kavi ne ina bar3e bar3e bhavya rUpakoM kA sahArA liyA hai / tAttvika siddhAntoM ko laukika vyavahAroM ke sAtha 'phiTa' baiThAkara ye kavi gUr3ha se gUr3ha dArzanika bhAva ko bar3I saralatA ke sAtha samajhA sake haiN| nirguNa santa kaviyoM kI taraha virodha-mUlaka vaicitrya aura ulaTabAMsiyoM ke darzana yahA~ nahIM ke barAbara haiM / phira bhI itanA avazya hai ki kucha kaviyoM ne citrAlaMkAra kAvya likhakara apanI camatkArapriyatA kA paricaya diyA hai| mayUrabandha badgabandha, chatarIbandha, dhanuSabandha, hastIbandha, bhujabandha, svastikavandha Adi kAvya prakAra isa sandarbha meM draSTavya haiN| jaina kAvya meM yoM to sabhI rasa yathAsthAna prabhivyaMjita hue haiM para aMgI rasa zAntarasa hI hai jainadharma kI mUla bhAvanA adhyAtmapradhAna hai / vaha saMsAra se virakti aura mukti se anurakti kI preraNA detI hai / zAntarasa kA sthAyI bhAva nirveda hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki prAyaH pratyeka kathA - kAvya kA anta zAntarasAtmaka hI hai / itanA saba kucha hote hue bhI jainasAhitya meM zrRMgArarasa ke bar3e bhAvapUrNa sthala aura mArmika prasaMga bhI dekhane ko milate haiM / vizeSa kara vipralaMbha zrRMgAra ke . jo citra haiM ve bar3e marmasparzI aura hRdaya ko vidIrNa karane vAle haiN| milana ke rAzi rAzi citra vahA~ dekhane ko milate haiM jahA~ kavi 'saMyamazrI' ke vivAha kI racanA karatA hai| yahA~ jo zrRMgArahai vaha rItikAlIna kaviyoM ke bhAvasaundarya se tulanA meM kisI prakAra kama nahIM hai para yaha smaraNIya hai ki yahA~ zrRMgAra zAntarasa kA sahAyaka banakara hI AtA hai isa zrRMgAra varNana meM mana ko sulAne vAlI mAdakatA nahIM, varan mAtmA ko jAgRta karane vAlI manuhAra hai| " dhammo dIyo pro saMsAra samudra meM karma hI dIpa hai www.jalinelibrary.org
Page #10
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ caturthakhaNDa / 216 zrRMgAra kI yaha pratikriyA AvegamayI banakara nAyaka ko zAntarasa ke samudra kI gaharAI meM bahuta dUra taka paiThA detI hai / niSkarSa uparyukta vivecana ke zrAdhAra para jainakaviyoM kI kAvya-sAdhanA kI mukhya vizeSatAoM ko saMkSepa meM isa prakAra rakhA jA sakatA hai: 1. ye kavi pramukha rUpa se sAdhaka aura zAstrajJa rahe haiM / kavitva inake liye gauNa rahA hai / pratidina janamAnasa ko pratibodhita karanA unake kAryakrama kA mukhya aMga hone se apane upadeza ko bodhagamya aura janasulabha banAne kI dRSTi se ye samaya samaya para stavana, bhajana, kathAkAvya Adi kI racanA karate rahe haiM / 2. ina kaviyoM ke kAvya kA mUla preraNAsrota bhAgama sAhitya aura isase sambaddha kathAsAhitya rahA hai| suvidhA kI dRSTi se inake kAvya ke cAra varga kiye jA sakate haiM--paritakAvya, utsavakAvya nItikAvya aura stutikAvya / caritakAvya meM sAmAnyataH tIrthaMkaroM, gaNadharoM, mahAn prAcAryoM, niSThAvAn zrAvakoM satiyoM prAdi kI kathA kahI gaI hai| rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata ko apane DhaMga se DhAloM meM nibaddha kara unake AdarzoM kA vyApaka pracAra prasAra karane meM ye bar3e saphala rahe haiM / ye kAvya rAsa, caupAI, DhAla, sajjhAya, saMdhi, prabandha, coDhAliyA, paMcaDhAliyA, SaTaDhAliyA, saptaDhAliyA, carita kathA zrAdi rUpoM meM likhe gaye haiM / utsavakAvya vibhinna AdhyAtmika parvoM aura Rtu vizeSa ke badalate hue vAtAvaraNa ko mAdhyama banAkara likhe gaye haiN| inameM sAmAnyataH laukika rIti-nIti ko sAMgarUpaka ke mAdhyama se lokotara rUpa meM DhAlA hai / nIti kAvya jIvanopayogI upadezoM tathA tAttvika siddhAntoM se sambandhita hai / inameM sadAcArapAlana, kaSAya-tyAga, saptavyasana tyAga, brahmacarya, vrata- pratyAkhyAna, bAraha bhAvanA, jJAnadarzana, cAritra, tapa, dayA, dAna, saMyama Adi kA mAhAtmya tathA prabhAva varNita hai| stutikAvya cauvIsa tIrthaMkaroM, bIsa vihamAnoM aura mahAn prAcAyoM tathA muniyoM se sambandhita hai| 3. ina vibhinna kAvyoM kA mahatva do dRSTiyoM se vizeSa hai sAhityika dRSTi se ina kaviyoM ne mahAkAvya aura khaNDakAvyoM ke bIca kAvyarUpoM ke kaI naye stara kAyama kiye aura unameM lokasaMgIta kA vizeSa saundarya bharA varNya viSaya kI dRSTi se adhikAMza carita kAvyoM meM kathA kI koI navInatA yA maulikatA nahIM hai / piSTapeSaNa mAtra sA lagatA hai / eka hI caritra ko vibhinna rUpoM meM bAra-bAra gAyA gayA hai para ina kathAoM ke mAdhyama se kSetrIya lokajIvana aura lokasaMskRti kA jo citra aMkita kiyA gayA hai, vaha sAMskRtika dRSTi se bar3e mahattva kA hai| prAgamika kathAoMoM ke atirikta apanI paramparA se sambaddha jina mahAn AcAyoM, muniyoM aura sAdhviyoM para jo sajjhAya, stavana ghora DhA likhI gaI haiM, unameM aitihAsika zodha kI paryApta sAmagrI hai| 4. ye kavi mUla rUpa se dhArmika krAMti aura sAmAjika jAgaraNa se jur3e hue haiN| isa kAraNa ina kaviyoM meM dharma ke kSetra meM vyApta dhADambara, bAhyAcAra, rUr3hivAditA aura jar3atA ke prati svAbhAvika rUpa se vidroha kI bhAvanA rahI hai| inhoMne sadaiva nirmala saMyama sAdhanA, AMtarika pavitratA aura sAdhvAcAra kI kaThora maryAdA para bala diyA hai|
Page #11
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ rAjasthAnI sAhitya ko jaina saMta kaviyoM kI dena / 217 5. ye kavi janmanA rAjasthAnI hokara bhI apane sAdhanAkAla meM vibhinna kSetroM meM pada-vihAra karate rahe haiN| isa kAraNa inakI bhASA meM svAbhAvika rUpa se anya prAntoM ke dezaja zabdoM kA samAveza ho gayA hai| bhASA ke kSetra meM ina kaviyoM kA dRSTikoNa bar3A udAra aura lacIlA rahA hai| inhoMne sadaiva tatsama prayogoM ke sthAna para tadbhava prayogoM ko vizeSa mahattva diyA hai| bhASA kI rUDhibaddhatA se ye sadaiva dUra rahe haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki inake kAvyoM meM bhale hI rItikAlIna kaviyoM sA camatkAra pradarzana aura kalAtmaka saundarya na mile, para bhASAvijJAna kI dRSTi se inake adhyayana kA vizeSa mahattva hai| alaMkAroM ke prayoga meM ye bar3e sajaga rahe haiN| upamAnoM ke cayana meM inakI dRSTi zAstrIyatA kI apekSA lokajIvana para adhika TikI hai| lambe lambe sAMgarUpaka bAMdhane meM ye vizeSa dakSa pratIta hote haiM / 6. chanda ke kSetra meM inakA vizeSa yogadAna hai| jahA~ eka pora inhoMne pracalita mAtrika aura varNika chandoM kA saphalatApUrvaka nirvAha kiyA hai, vahIM dUsarI ora vibhinna chandoM ko milAkara kaI naye chandoM kI sarjanA kI hai| ye kavi apane kAvya kA sarjana mukhyataH janamAnasa ko pratibodhita karane ke uddezya se kiyA karate the, ataH samaya-samaya para pracalita loka dhunoM aura lokapriya toM ko apanAnA ye kabhI nahIM bhUle / jahA~ vairAgya-pradhAna kavitta aura savaiye likhakara inhoMne mAM bhAratI kA bhaNDAra bharA, vahA~ khyAloM meM pracalita tor3e bhI inakI pahu~ca se nahIM bace / gajala aura philmI dhuna ke prayoga bhI prAdhyAtma ke kSetra meM ye bar3I kuzalatA se kara sake haiN| 7. sAhitya nirmANa ke sAtha-sAtha prati-lekhana aura sAhitya-saMrakSaNa meM bhI ina kaviyoM kI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA rahI hai / kaI muniyoM aura sAdhviyoM ne apane jIvana meM saikar3oM mUlyavAn aura durlabha granthoM kA pratilekhana kara, unheM kAlakavalita hone se bacAyA hai / sAhitya ke saMrakSaNa aura pratilekhana meM inhoMne kabhI bhI sAmpradAyika dRSTi ko mahattva nahIM diyA / jo bhI inheM jJAnavarddhaka, janahitakArI aura sAhityika tathA aitihAsika dRSTi se mUlyavAn lagA, phira cAhe vaha jaina ho yA jainetara, usakA saMgraha-saMrakSaNa avazya kiyaa| rASTrIya ekatA evaM sAMskRtika dena kI dRSTi se inakA yaha yogadAna atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai| -235 e, tilakanagara, jayapura (rAja.) 00 dhammo dIvo saMsAra samudra meM varma hI dIpa hai