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________________ prAcIna jainAgamoM meM cArvAka darzana kA prastutIkaraNa evaM samIkSA 217 42. tattvArthasUtra, 1/4 51. vahI, 1/8/3 43. isibhAsiyAI (RSibhASita), 9/2 52. AcArAMgasUtra, 1/4/2/1 44. samayasAra (kundakunda), 145-146 53. sAgaramala jaina-jena karmasiddhAnta kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, pR. 45. pravacanasAra TIkA (amRtacandra), 1/72 kI TIkA 52-55 46. samayasAra vacanikA, jayacanda chAbar3A, gAthA 145-146 kI 54. vahI, pR. 61-67 vacanikA pR.207 55. vahI, pR. 57 47. bhagavadgItA, 4/16 56. (a) vahI, pR. 67-79 48. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/8/22-24 (ba) prastuta vivaraNa tattvArthasUtra adhyAya 6 evaM 8, karmagrantha 49. bhagavadgItA 4/16 prathama, (karmavipAka) pR. 54-62, samavAyAMga 30/1 tathA 50. sUtrakRtAMgasUtra, 1/8/1-2 sthAnAMga 1/4/4/373 para AdhArita hai| prAcIna jainAgamoM meM cArvAka darzana kA prastutIkaraNa evaM samIkSA cArvAka yA lokAyata darzana kA bhAratIya dArzanika cintana siddhasenagaNi, malayagiri aura municandrasUri ne rAjA prasenajita ko meM bhautikavAdI darzana ke rUpa meM viziSTa sthAna hai| bhAratIya cintana hI mAnA hai, jo aitihAsika dRSTi se adhika prAmANika lagatA hai| meM bhautikavAdI jIvanadRSTi kI upasthiti ke pramANa ati prAcIna prasenajita ko zvetAmbikA (seyaviyA) nagarI kA rAjA batAyA gayA hai kAla se hI upalabdha hone lagate haiN| bhArata kI pratyeka dhArmika evaM jo itihAsa-siddha hai| unakA sArathi citta kezIkumAra ko zrAvastI se dArzanika cintana dhArA meM usakI samAlocanA kI gaI hai| jaina-dharma yahA~ kevala isIliye lekara AyA thA ki rAjA kI bhautikavAdI jIvana evaM darzana ke granthoM meM bhI isa bhautikavAdI jIvanadRSTi kA pratipAdana dRSTi ko parivartita kiyA jA ske| kathAvastu kI prAcInatA, prAmANikatA evaM samIkSA ati prAcIna kAla se hI milane lagatI hai| jaina dhArmika tathA tArkikatA kI dRSTi se hI hamane ise bhI prastuta vivecana meM evaM dArzanika sAhitya meM mahAvIra ke yuga se lekara Aja taka samAhita kiyA hai| lagabhaga 2500 varSa kI sudIrgha kAlAvadhi meM isa vicAradhAroM kI prastuta vivecanA meM mukhyarUpa se cArvAka darzana ke samAlocanA hotI rahI hai| isa samagra vistRta carcA ko prastuta nibandha tajjIvataccharIravAda evaM paraloka tathA puNya-pApa kI avadhAraNAoM ke meM sameTa pAnA sambhava nahIM hai, ataH hama prAkRta Agama sAhitya taka usake dvArA kiye gaye khaNDanoM ke prastutIkaraNa ke sAtha-sAtha unakI hI apanI isa carcA ko sImita rkheNge| ina AgamoM meM upalabdha samIkSAeM bhI prastuta kI gaI haiN| isameM bhI prAcInatama prAkRta Agama sAhitya meM mukhyatayA AcArAMga, RSibhASita (I.pU. cauthI zatI) meM bhautikavAdI jIvana dRSTi kA jo sUtrakRtAMga, uttarAdhyayana aura RSibhASita ko samAhita kiyA jA sakatA prastutIkaraNa hai, vaha uparyukta vivaraNa se kucha viziSTa prakAra kA hai| hai| ye sabhI grantha I.pU. pA~cavIM zatI se lekara I0pU0 tIsarI zatI ke usameM jo daNDokkala, rajjUkkala, stenokkala, desokkala, savvokkala bIca nirmita hue haiM, aisA mAnA jAtA hai| isake atirikta upAMga ke nAma se bhautivAdiyoM ke pA~ca prakAroM kA ullekha hai, vaha anyatra sAhitya ke eka grantha rAjapraznIya ko bhI hamane isa carcA meM samAhita kisI bhI bhAratIya sAhitya meM upalabdha nahIM hai| isI prakAra sUtrakRtAMga kiyA hai| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki rAjapraznIya kA vaha bhAga jo cArvAka ke dvitIya zrutaskandha evaM rAjapraznIya meM cArvAka darzana kI sthApanA darzana kA prastutIkaraNa aura samIkSA karatA hai eka to cArvAka darzana kI aura khaNDana donoM ke lie jo tarka prastuta kiye gaye haiM ve bhI sthApanA evaM samIkSA-donoM hI dRSTi se ati samRddha hai, dUsare atiprAcIna mahattvapUrNa kahe jA sakate haiN| isake atirikta prAkRta AgamikabhI mAnA jAtA hai, kyoMki ThIka yahI carcA hameM bauddha tripiTaka sAhitya vyAkhyA sAhitya meM mukhyata vizeSAvazyakabhASya (chaThI zatI) ke meM buddha aura rAjA 'payAsIya' ke bIca hone kA ullekha milatA hai|2 jaina gaNadharavAda5 meM lagabhaga pA~ca sau gAthAoM meM bhautikavAdI cArvAka paramparA meM isa carcA ko pApitya paramparA ke mahAvIra ke samakAlIna darzana kI vibhinna avadhAraNAoM kI samIkSA mahAvIra aura gautama Adi AcArya kezIkumAra zramaNa aura rAjA 'payAsI', bauddha tripiTaka meM buddha 11 gaNadharoM ke madhya hue vAda-vivAda ke rUpa meM prastuta kI gaI hai, aura payAsI ke bIca sampanna huA batAyA gayA hai| yadyapi kucha jaina vaha bhI dArzanika dRSTi se atimahattvapUrNa kahI jA sakatI hai| anya AcAryoM ne payesI kA saMskRta rUpa pradezI mAna liyA hai kintu devavAcaka, Agamika saMskRta TIkAoM (10vIM-11vIM zatI) meM bhI cArvAka darzana
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________________ jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 kI jaina dArzanikoM dvArA kI gaI samIkSAoM kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa sAmagrI upalabdha hai| ina AgamoM kI prAkRta evaM saMskRta Agamika vyAkhyAoM, yathA-niryukti, bhASya, cUrNi, vRtti, TIkA Adi ke atirikta jaina dArzanika granthoM meM bhI bhautikavAdI jIvana dRSTi kI samIkSAeM upalabdha haiM / kintu ina sabako to kisI eka svatantra grantha meM hI sameTA jA sakatA hai| ataH isa nibandha kI sImA maryAdAoM kA dhyAna rakhate hue hama apanI vivecanA ko pUrva nirdezita prAcIna stara ke prAkRta AgamoM taka hI sImita rkheNge| AcArAMga meM lokasaMjJA ke rUpa meM lokAyata darzana kA nirdeza jaina AgamoM meM AcArAMga kA prathama zrutaskandha atiprAcIna mAnA jAtA hai| vidvAnoM meM aisI mAnyatA hai ki isa grantha meM svayaM mahAvIra ke vacanoM kA saMkalana huA hai| isakA racanAkAla cauthI-pA~cavIM zatAbdI I.pU. mAnA jAtA hai| AcArAMga meM spaSTa rUpa se lokAyata darzana kA ullekha to nahIM hai kintu isa grantha meM isakI samIkSA kI gaI hai| sUtra ke prArambha meM kahA gayA hai ki kucha logoM ko yaha jJAta nahIM hotA ki merI AtmA aupapAtika (punarjanma karane vAlI) hai| maiM kahA~ se AyA hU~ aura yahA~ se apanA jIvana samApta karake kahA~ janma grahaNa karU~gA? sUtrakAra kahatA hai ki vyakti ko yaha jAnanA cAhie ki merI AtmA aupapAtika (punarjanma grahaNa karane vAlI ) hai jo ina dizAoM aura vidizAoM meM saMcaraNa karatI hai aura vahI maiM huuN| vastutaH jo yaha jAnatA hai vahI AtmavAdI, lokavAdI, karmavAdI aura kriyAvAdI hai / 6 isa prakAra isa grantha ke prArambha meM cArvAka darzana kI mAnyatAoM ke viruddha cAra bAtoM kI sthApanA kI gaI hai.... AtmavAda, lokavAda, karmavAda aura kriyAvAda / AtmA kI svatantra aura nitya sattA ko svIkAra karanA AtmavAda hai| saMsAra ko yathArtha aura AtmA ko loka meM janma-maraNa karane vAlA samajhanA lokavAda hai| AtmA ko zubhAzubha karmoM kI kartA bhoktA evaM pariNAmI (vikArI) mAnanA kriyAvAda hai| isI prakAra AcArAMga meM lokasaMjJA kA parityAga karake ina siddhAntoM meM vizvAsa karane kA bhI nirdeza diyA gayA hai| jJAtavya hai ki AcArAMga meM lokAyata yA cArvAka darzana kA nirdeza loka-saMjJA ke rUpa meM huA hai| yadyapi isameM ina mAnyatAoM kI samAlocanA to kI gaI hai kintu usakI koI tArkika bhUmikA prastuta nahIM kI gaI hai| 218 10 vinAza hone para dehI kA bhI vinAza ho jAtA hai|' sAtha hI yaha bhI batAyA gayA hai ki vyakti cAhe mUrkha ho yA paNDita pratyeka kI apanI AtmA hotI hai jo mRtyu ke bAda nahIM rahatI / prANI aupapAtika arthAt purnajanma grahaNa karane vAle nahIM hai| zarIra kA nAza hone para dehI arthAt AtmA kA bhI nAza ho jAtA hai| isa loka se pare na to koI loka hai aura na puNya aura pApa hI hai| isa prakAra sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha meM bhI cArvAka darzana kI mAnyatAeM parilakSita hotI hai| yadyapi sUtrakRtAMga ke dvitIya zrutaskandha meM cArvAka darzana kI samIkSA prastuta kI gaI hai, kintu vidvAnoM ne use kiMcit paravartI mAnA hai| ataH usake pUrva hama uttarAdhyayana kA vivaraNa prastuta kreNge| isameM cArvAka darzana ko jana-zraddhA (jana-saddhi) kahA gayA hai| sambhavataH lokasaMjJA aura janazraddhA, ye lokAyata darzana ke hI pUrva nAma haiN| uttarAdhyayana meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki ye sAMsArika viSaya hI hamAre pratyakSa ke viSaya haiN| paraloka ko to hamane dekhA hI nhiiN| vartamAna ke kAma-bhoga hastagata haiN| jabaki bhaviSya meM milane vAle svarga-sukha anAgata arthAt saMdigdha haiN| kauna jAnatA hai ki paraloka hai bhI yA nahIM? isalie maiM to jana - zraddhA ke sAtha hokara rahU~gA / 11 isa prakAra uttarAdhyayana ke paMcama adhyAya meM cArvAkoM kI purnajanma ke niSedha kI avadhAraNA kA ullekha evaM khaNDana kiyA gayA hai| isI prakAra uttarAdhyayana ke caudahaveM adhyAya meM bhI cArvAkoM ke asat se sat kI utpatti ke siddhAnta kA prastutIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| kyoMki cArvAkoM kA paMcamahAbhUta se cetanA kI utpatti kA siddhAnta vastutaH asat se sat kI utpatti kA siddhAnta hai yadyapi uttarAdhyayana meM asatkAryavAda kA jo udAharaNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai, vaha asatkAryavAda ke pakSa meM na jAkara satkAryavAda ke pakSa meM hI jAtA hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki jaise- araNi meM agni, dUdha meM ghRta aura tila meM tela asat hokara bhI utpanna hotA hai, usI prakAra zarIra meM jIva bhI asat hokara hI utpanna hotA hai aura usa zarIra kA nAza ho jAne para vaha bhI naSTa ho jAtA hai| 12 sambhavataH uttarAdhyayana meM cArvAkoM ke asatkAryavAda kI sthApanA ke pakSa meM ye satkAryavAda kI siddhi karane vAle udAharaNa isIliye diye gaye hoMge tAki inakI samAlocanA saralatA pUrvaka kI jA ske| uttarAdhyayana meM AtmA ko amUrta hone ke kAraNa indriya grAhya nahIM mAnA gayA hai, amUrta hone se nitya kahA gayA hai| 13 uparokta vivaraNa se cArvAkoM ke sandarbha meM nimna jAnakArI milatI hai sUtrakRtAMga meM lokAyata darzana AcArAMga ke pazcAt sUtrakRtAMga kA krama AtA hai| isake nAma se abhihita kiyA jAtA thaa| prathama zrutaskandha ko bhI vidvAnoM ne atiprAcIna (lagabhaga I.pU. cauthI zatI) mAnA hai sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke prathama adhyAya meM hameM vaha cArvAka darzana ke paMcamahAbhUtavAda aura tajjIvataccharIravAda ke ullekha prApta hote haiN| isameM paMcamahAbhUtavAda ko prastuta karate hue kahA gayA hai ki pRthvI, ap, tejasa, vAyu aura AkAza aise pA~ca mahAbhUta mAne gaye haiM una pAMca mahAbhUtoM se hI prANI kI utpatti hotI hai aura deha kA 1. cArvAka darzana ko "loka-saMjJA" aura "jana-zraddhA" ke 2. cArvAka darzana AtmA ko svatantra tattva nahIM mAnatA thA / paMcamahAbhUtoM se cetanA kI utpatti batAtA thaa| 3. isI kAraNa vaha asatkAryavAda arthAt asat se sat kI utpatti ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra karatA thaa| 4. zarIra ke nAza ke sAtha AtmA ke vinAza ko svIkAra karatA thA, tathA punarjanma ke siddhAnta ko asvIkAra karatA thA / punarjanma .
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________________ prAcIna jainAgamoM meM cArvAka darzana kA prastutIkaraNa evaM samIkSA mukti pA letA hai| kI asvIkRti ke sAtha-sAtha vaha paraloka arthAt svarga-naraka kI sattA ko bhI asvIkAra karatA thaa| 5. vaha puNya pApa arthAt zubhAzubha karmoM ke zubhAzubha phaloM ko bhI asvIkAra karatA thA, ataH karma siddhAnta kA virodhI thA / 6. usa yuga meM dArzanikoM kA eka varga akriyAvAda kA samarthaka thaa| jainoM ke anusAra akriyAvAdI ve dArzanika the, jo AtmA ko akartA aura kUTasthAnitya mAnate the| AtmavAdI hokara bhI zubhAzubha karmoM ke zubhAzubha phala (karma siddhAnta) ke niSedhaka hone se ye pracchanna cArvAkI hI the| isa prakAra AcArAMga sUtrakRtAMga aura uttarAdhyayana meM cArvAka darzana ke jo ullekha hameM upalabdha hote haiN| ve mAtra usakI avadhAraNAoM ko saMkSepa meM prastuta karate haiM unameM isa darzana kI mAnyatAoM se sAdhaka ko vimukha karane ke lie itanA to avazya kahA gayA hai ki yaha vicAradhArA samIcIna nahIM hai kintu ina granthoM meM cArvAka darzana kI mAnyatAoM kA prastutIkaraNa aura nirasana donoM hI na to tArkika hai aura na vistRta | RSibhASita meM prastuta cArvAka darzana RSibhASita kA bIsavA~ "ukkala" nAmaka sampUrNa adhyayana hI cArvAka darzana kI mAnyatAoM ke tArkika prastutIkaraNa se yukta hai| cArvAka darzana ke tajjIvataccharIravAda kA prastutIkaraNa isa grantha meM nimnavat huA hai... "pAdatala se Upara aura mastaka ke kezAya se nIce tathA sampUrNa zarIra kI tvacAparyanta jIva AtmaparyAya ko prApta ho jIvana jItA hai aura itanA hI mAtra jIvana hai jisa prakAra bIja ke bhuna jAne para usase punaH aMkura kI utpatti nahIM hotI hai, usI prakAra zarIra dagdha ho jAne para usase punaH jIva kI utpatti nahIM hotI hai| isIlie jIvana itanA hI hai arthAt zarIra kI utpatti se vinAza taka kI kAlAvadhi paryanta hI jIvana hai na to paraloka hai na sukRta aura duSkRta karmoM kA phala vipAka hai| jIva kA punarjanma bhI nahIM hotA hai| puNya aura pApa jIva kA saMsparza nahIM karate haiM aura isa taraha kalyANa aura pApa niSphala hai| RSibhASita meM cArvAkoM kI isa mAnyatA kI samIkSA karate hue punaH kahA gayA hai ki "pAdatala se Upara tathA mastaka ke kezAya se nIce aura zarIra kI sampUrNa tvacA paryanta AtmaparyAya ko prApta yaha jIva hai, yaha maraNazIla hai, kintu jIvana itanA hI nahIM hai| jisa prakAra bIja ke jala jAne para usase punaH utpatti nahIM hotI usI prakAra zarIra ke dagdha ho jAne para bhI usase punaH utpatti nahIM hotI hai| isalie jIvana meM puNya pApa kA agrahaNa hone se sukha-dukha kI sambhAvanA kA abhAva ho jAtA hai aura pApa karma ke abhAva meM zarIra ke dagdha hone para punaH zarIra kI utpatti nahIM hotI arthAt punarjanma nahIM hotA hai| isa prakAra vyakti mukti prApta kara letA hai| yahA~ hama dekhate hai ki granthakAra cArvAkoM ke unake hI tarka kA upayoga karake yaha siddha kara detA hai ki puNya pApa se Upara uThakara vyakti punarjanma se cakra se 219 isa grantha meM cArvAka darzana ke sandarbha meM sabase mahattvapUrNa bAta yaha hai ki isameM karma siddhAnta kA utthApana karane vAloM cArvAkoM ke pA~ca prakAroM kA ullekha huA hai aura ye prakAra anya dArzanika granthoM meM milane vAle dehAtmavAda, indriyAtmavAda, manaH AtmavAda Adi prakAroM se bhinna haiM aura sambhavataH anyatra kahIM upalabdha nahIM hote haiN| isameM nimna pA~ca prakAra ke ukkaloM kI ullekha hai-- daNDokkala, rajjUkkala, stenokkala, dezokkala aura savvukkala / 15 isa prasaMga meM sabase pahale to yahI vicAraNIya hai ki ukkala zabda kA vAstavika artha kyA hai? prAkRta ke ukkala zabda ko saMskRta meM nimna cAra zabdoM ke samIpa mAnA jA sakatA hai-- utkaTa, utkala, utkula aura utkUla saMskRta kozoM meM utkaTa zabda kA artha unmatta diyA gayA hai| cU~ki cArvAka darzana AdhyAtmavAdiyoM kI dRSTi meM unmatta pralApavat hI thA, ataH use utkaTa kahA gayA ho| kintu ukkala kA saMskRta rUpa utkaTa mAnanA ucita nahIM hai| usake sthAna para utkala, utkUla yA utkula mAnanA adhika samIcIna hai| 'utkala' kA artha hai jo nikAlA gayA ho, isI prakAra 'utkula' zabda kA tAtparya hai jo kula se nikAlA gayA hai yA jola se bahiSkRta hai / 16 cArvAka AdhyAtmika paramparAoM se bahiSkRta mAne jAte the, isI dRSTi se unheM utkala yA utkula kahA gayA hogaa| yadi hama ise utkUla se niSpantra mAneM to isakA artha hogA kinAre se alaga haTA huaa| 'kUla' zabda kinAre artha meM prayukta hotA hai, arthAt jo kinAre se alaga hokara arthAt maryAdAoM ko tor3akara apanA pratipAdana karatA hai vaha utkala hai| cUMki cArvAka naitika maryAdAoM ko asvIkAra karate the ataH unheM utkUla kahA gayA hogaa| aba hama ina ukkaloM ke pA~ca prakAroM kI carcA kareMge daNDokkala ye vicAraka daNDa ke dRSTAMta dvArA yaha pratipAdita karate the ki jisa prakAra daNDa ke Adi, madhya aura antima bhAga pRthaka-pRthaka hokara daNDa saMjJA ko prApta nahIM hotA hai usI prakAra zarIra se bhinna hokara jIva, jIva nahIM hotA hai ataH zarIra ke nAza ho jAne para bhava arthAt janma paramparA kA bhI nAza ho jAtA hai| unake anusAra sampUrNa zarIra meM vyApta hokara jIva jIvana ko prApta hotA hai| 17 vastutaH zarIra aura jIvana kI apRthaktA yA sAmudAyikatA hI ina vicArakoM kI mUlabhUta dArzanika mAnyatA thii| daNDokkala dehAtmavAdI the| rajjukkala rajjUkkalavAdI yaha mAnate haiM ki jisa prakAra rajjU tantuoM kA samudAya mAtra hai usI prakAra jIva bhI paMcamahAbhUtoM kA skandha mAtra hai| una skandhoM ke vicchinna hone para bhava-santati kA bhI viccheda ho jAtA hai| 18 vastutaH ye vicAraka paMcamahAbhUtoM ke samUha ko hI jagat kA mUla tattva mAnate the aura jIva ko svatantra tatva ke rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM karate .
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________________ jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 the| rajjukkala skandhavAdI the| stenokkala RSibhASita ke anusAra stenokkala bhautikavAdI anya zAstroM ke dRSTAntoM ko lekara unakI svapakSa meM udbhAvanA karake yaha kahate the ki yaha hamArA kathana hai| 19 isa prakAra ye dUsaroM ke siddhAntoM kA uccheda karate haiN| parapakSa ke dRSTAntoM kA svapakSa meM prayoga kA tAtparya sambhavataH vAda-vivAda meM 'chala' kA prayoga ho| sambhavataH stenokkala yA to naiyAyikoM kA koI pUrva rUpa rahe hoMge yA saMjayavelaTThIputra ke siddhAnta kA yaha prAcIna koI vidhAyaka rUpa thA, jo sambhavataH Age calakara jainoM ke anekAntavAda kA AdhAra banA ho| jJAtavya hai ki RSibhASita svayaM meM dehAtmavAdiyoM ke tarkoM se hI mukti kI prApti kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| dezokkala RSibhASita meM jo AtmA ke astitva ko siddha karake bhI jIva ko akartA mAnate the unheM dezokkala kahA gayA hai| 20 AtmA ko akartA mAnane para puNya-pApa bandhana mokSa kI vyavasthA nahIM bana pAtI hai| isalie isa prakAra ke vicArakoM ko bhI AMzika rUpa se ucchedavAdI hI kahA gayA hai| sambhavataH RSibhASita hI eka aisA grantha hai jo Atma akartAvAdiyoM ko ucchedavAdI kahatA hai| vastutaH ye sAMkhya aura aupaniSadika vedAnta ke hI pUrva rUpa the| jaina unheM utkUla yA ucchedavAdI isalie mAnate the ki ina mAnyatAoM se lokavAda (loka kI yathArthatA) karmavAda (karma siddhAnta) aura AtmakartAvAda (kriyAvAda) kA khaNDana hotA thaa| savbukkala sarvotkUla abhAva se hI sabakI utpatti batAte the| aisA koI bhI tattva nahIM hai jo sarvathA sarva prakAra se sarvakAla meM rahatA ho, isa prakAra ye sarvocchedavAda kI saMsthApanA karate the / 21 dUsare zabdoM meM jo loga samasta sRSTi ke pIche kisI nitya tattva ko svIkAra nahIM karate the aura zUnya yA abhAva se hI sRSTi kI utpatti mAnate the ve sarvotkUla the| ve kahate the ki koI bhI tattva aisA nahIM hai jo sarvathA aura sarvakAloM meM astitva rakhatA ho| saMsAra ke mUla meM kisI bhI sattA ko asvIkAra karane ke kAraNa ye sarvocchedavAdI kahalAte the| sambhavataH yaha bauddha granthoM meM sUcita ucchedavAdI dRSTi kA koI prAcInatama rUpa thA, jo tArkikatA se yukta hokara bauddhoM ke zUnyavAda ke rUpa meM vikasita huA hogaa| isa prakAra RSibhASita meM AtmA, punarjanma, dharma-vyavasthA evaM karma-siddhAnta ke apalApaka vicArakoM kA jo citraNa upalabdha hotA hai use saMkSepa meM isa prakAra rakhA jA sakatA hai- 220 1. granthakAra uparokta vicArakoM ko "ukkala" nAma se abhihita karatA hai jisake saMskRta zabda rUpa utkala, utkula athavA utkUla hote haiM jinake artha hote haiM bahiSkRta yA maryAdA kA ullaMghana karane vAlA, ina vicArakoM ke sambandha meM isa nAma kA anyatra kahIM prayoga huA ho aisA hameM jJAta nahIM hotA / 2. isameM ina vicArakoM ke pA~ca varga batAye gaye haiM-- daNDotkala, rajjUtkala, stenotkala, dezotkala aura sarvotkala vizeSatA yaha hai ki isameM skandhavAdI (bauddha skandhavAda kA pUrva rUpa) sarvocchedavAdI (bauddha zUnyavAda kA pUrva rUpa) aura Atma akartAvAdI (akriyAvAdI sAMpa aura vedAnta kA pUrva rUpa) ko bhI isI varga meM sammilita kiyA gayA hai| kyoMki ye sabhI karma siddhAnta evaM dharma vyavasthA ke apalApaka mAne gye| yadyapi Atma-akartAvAdiyoM ko dezotkala arthAt AMzika rUpa se apalApa karane vAle kahA gayA hai| 3. isameM zarIra paryanta Atma-paryAya mAnane kA jo siddhAnta prastuta kiyA gayA hai vahI jainoM dvArA AtmA ko deha parimANa mAnane ke siddhAnta kA pUrva rUpa pratIta hotA hai| kyoMki isa grantha meM zarIrAtmavAda ke nirAkaraNa ke samaya isa kathana ko svapakSa meM bhI prastuta kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra isameM jaina, bauddha aura sAMkhya tathA aupaniSadika vedAnta kI dArzanika mAnyatAoM ke pUrva rUpa yA bIja parilakSita hote haiN| kahIM aisA to nahIM hai ki ina mAnyatAoM ko susaMgata banAne ke prayAsa meM hI ina darzanoM kA udaya huA ho| 4. isameM jo dehAtmavAda kA nirAkaraNa kiyA gayA hai vaha Thosa tArkika AdhAroM para sthita nahIM hai| mAtra yaha kaha diyA gayA hai ki jIva kA jIvana zarIra kI utpatti aura vinAza kI kAla sImA taka sImita nahIM hai| sUtrakRtAMga (dvitIya zrutaskandha) meM cArvAka darzana kA prastutIkaraNa evaM samIkSA cArvAkoM athavA tajjIvataccharIravAdiyoM ke pakSa kA tArkika dRSTi se prastutIkaraNa aura usakI tArkika samIkSA kA prayatna jaina Agama sAhitya meM sarva prathama sUtrakRtAMga ke dvitIya puNDarIka nAmaka adhyayana meM aura usake pazcAt rAjapraznIya sUtra meM upalabdha hotA hai| aba hama sUtrakRtAMga dvitIya zrutaskandha ke AdhAra para tajjIvataccharIravAdiyoM ke pakSa kA prastutIkaraNa kareMge aura usakI samIkSA prastuta kreNge| tajjIvataccharIravAdI yaha pratipAdita karate haiM ki pAdatala se Upara, mastaka ke kezoM ke agrabhAga se nIce tathA samasta tvakparyanta jo zarIra hai vahI jIva hai| isa zarIra ke jIvita rahane taka hI yaha jIva jIvita rahatA hai aura zarIra ke naSTa ho jAne para naSTa ho jAtA hai| isalie zarIra ke astitva paryanta hI jIva kA astittva hai| isa siddhAnta ko yuktiyukta samajhanA caahie| kyoMki jo loga yuktipUrvaka yaha pratipAdita karate haiM ki zarIra anya hai aura jIva anya hai, ve bhI jIva aura zarIra ko pRthaka-pRthaka karake nahIM .
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________________ prAcIna jainAgamoM meM cArvAka darzana kA prastutIkaraNa evaM samIkSA 221 dikhA skte| ve yaha bhI nahIM batA sakate ki AtmA dIrgha hai yA hrasva prastuta grantha meM paMcamahAbhUtavAdiyoM ke uparokta vicAroM ke hai| vaha parimaNDalAkAra athavA gola hai| vaha kisa varNa aura kisa sAtha-sAtha paMcamahAbhUta aura chaThA AtmA aise chaH tatvoM ko mAnane vAle gandha se yukta hai athavA vaha bhArI hai, halkA hai, snigdha hai yA rukSa hai, vicArakoM kA bhI ullekha huA hai| inakI mAnyatA ko prastuta karate hue ata: jo loga jIva aura zarIra ko bhinna nahIM mAnate unakA hI mata kahA gayA hai ki sat kA vinAza nahIM hotA aura asat kI utpatti nahIM yukti saMgata hai| kyoMki jIva aura zarIra ko nimnokta padArthoM kI hotii| itanA hI jIvakAya hai, itanA hI astikAya hai aura itanA hI taraha pRthak-pRthak karake nahIM dikhAyA jA sakatA, yathA- samagra loka hai| paMcamahAbhUta hI loka kA kAraNa hai| saMsAra meM tRNa1. talavAra aura myAna kI taraha 2. muMja aura iSikA (sarakaNDA) kampana se lekara jo kucha hotA hai vaha saba ina pA~ca mahAbhUtoM se hotA kI taraha 3. mAMsa aura haDDI kI taraha 4. hathelI aura A~vale kI hai| AtmA ke asat athavA akartA hone se hiMsA Adi kAryoM meM puruSa taraha 5. dahI aura makkhana kI taraha 6. tila kI khalI aura tela kI doSa kA bhAgI nahIM hotA kyoMki sabhI kArya bhUtoM ke haiN| sambhavataH yaha taraha 7. Ikha ke rasa aura usake chilake kI taraha 8. araNi kI vicAradhArA sAMkhya darzana kA pUrvavartI rUpa hai| isameM paMcamahAbhUtavAdiyoM lakar3I aura Aga kI trh| isa prakAra jainAgamoM meM prastuta grantha meM kI dRSTi se AtmA ko asat aura paMcamahAbhUta aura SaSTha AtmavAdiyoM hI sarvaprathama dehAtmavAdiyoM ke dRSTikoNa ko tArkika rUpa se prastata kI dRSTi se AtmA ko akartA kahA gayA hai| sUtrakRtAMga inake atirikta karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| pana: unakI dehAtmavAdI mAnyatA ke Izvara kAraNavAdI aura niyativAdI jIvana dRSTiyoM ko bhI karma-siddhAnta AdhAra para unakI nIti sambandhI avadhAraNAoM ko nimna zabdoM meM kA virodhI hone ke kAraNa mithyAtva kA pratipAdaka hI mAnatA hai| isa prastuta kiyA gayA hai.... prakAra RSibhASita ke dezotkala aura sUtrakRtAMga ke paMcamahAbhUta evaM yadi zarIra mAtra hI jIva hai to paraloka nahIM hai| isI prakAra SaSTha AtmavAdiyoM ke uparokta vivaraNa meM paryApta rUpa se nikaTatA kriyA, akriyA, sukRta, duSkRta, kalyANa, pApa, bhalA-burA, siddhi dekhI jA sakatI hai| jainoM kI mAnyatA yaha thI ki ve sabhI vicAraka asiddhi, svarga-naraka Adi bhI nahIM hai| ata: prANiyoM ke vadha karane. mithyAdRSTi haiM, jinakI dArzanika mAnyatAoM meM dharmAdharma vyavasthA yA bhUmi ko khodane, vanaspatiyoM ko kATane, agni ko jalAne, bhojana karma siddhAnta kI avadhAraNA nahIM hotI hai| hama yaha dekhate haiM ki yadyapi pakAne Adi kriyAoM meM bhI koI pApa nahIM hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM zarIra AtmavAda kI sthApanA karate hue deha aura AtmA prastuta grantha meM dehAtmavAda kI yakti-yakta samIkSA na karake bhinna-bhinna haiM, isa mAnyatA kA tArkika rUpa se nirasana kiyA gayA hai mAtra yaha kahA gayA hai ki aise loga hamArA hI dharma satya hai aisA kintu yaha mAnyatA kyoM samucita nahIM hai? isa sambandha meM spaSTa rUpa pratipAdana karate haiM aura zramaNa hokara bhI sAMsArika bhoga vilAsoM meM se koI bhI tarka nahIM diye gaye haiN| sUtrakRtAMga bhI dehAtmavAda ke phaMsa jAte haiN| dRSTikoNa ke samarthana meM to tarka detA hai, kintu usake nirasana meM koI isI adhyAya meM puna: paMcamahAbhUtavAdiyoM tathA paMcamahAbhUta taka na tarka nahIM detA hai| aura chaThA~ AtmA mAnane vAle sAMkhyoM kA bhI ullekha huA hai| prastuta grantha kI sUcanA ke anusAra paMcamahAbhUtavAdI spaSTa rUpa se yaha mAnate the rAjapraznIyasUtra meM cArvAka mata kA prastutIkaraNa evaM samIkSA23 ki isa jagat meM paMcamahAbhUta hI saba kucha hai| jinase hamArI kriyA, cArvAka darzana ke dehAtmavAdI dRSTikoNa ke samarthana meM aura akriyA, sukRta-duSkRta, kalyANa-pApa, acchA-burA, siddhi-asiddhi, usake khaNDana ke lie tarka prastuta karane vAlA prathama grantha rAjapraznIya naraka gati yA naraka ke atirikta anyagati, adhika kahA~ taka kaheM sUtra hai| yahI eka mAtra aisA prAkRta Agama grantha hai jo cArvAka darzana ke tinake ke hilane jaisI kriyA bhI (inhIM paMcamahAbhatoM se) hotI hai| ucchedavAda aura tajjIvataccharIravAda ke pakSa aura pratipakSa donoM ke usa bhata samavAya (samahako pazaka-paka nAma se jAnanA sandarbha meM apane tarka prastuta karatA hai| rAjapraznIya meM cArvAkoM kI ina cAhie jaise ki pRthvI eka mahAbhUta hai, jala dasarA mahAbhata hai. teja mAnyatAoM ke pUrva pakSa ko aura unakA khaNDana karane vAle uttara pakSa tIsarA mahAbhUta hai, vAyu cauthA mahAbhUta hai aura AkAza pA~cavA mahAbhata ko nimna rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai ye pA~ca mahAbhUta kisI kartA ke dvArA nirmita nahIM hai na hI ye kisI 1. rAjA prasenajita yA paesI kahatA hai, he! kezIkumAra kartA dvArA banavAye hae haiM, ye kiye haye nahIM hai.na hI ye katrima haiM aura zramaNa! mere dAdA atyanta adhArmika the| Apake kathanAnusAra ve avazya na ye apanI utpatti ke lie kisI kI apekSA rakhate haiN| ye pA~coM hI naraka meM utpanna hue hoNge| maiM apane pitAmaha ko atyanta priya thA. mahAbhata Adi evaM anta rahita haiM tathA avandhya-Avazyaka kArya karane ataH pitAmaha ko Akara mujhase yaha kahanA cAhie ki he pautra! maiM vAle haiN| inheM kArya meM pravRtta karane vAlA koI dUsarA padArtha nahIM hai, ye tumhArA pitAmaha thA aura isI seyaMviyA (zvetAmbikA) nagarI meM adhArmika svatantra evaM zAzvata nitya hai| yaha jJAtavya hai ki jainAgamoM meM aisA koI yAvat prajAjanoM se rAjakara lekara bhI yathocita rUpa meM unakA pAlanabhI sandarbha upalabdha nahIM hotA hai, jisameM mAtra cAra mahAbhUta (AkAza rakSaNa nahA karatA thaa| isa kAraNa bahuta eva atAva kaluSa rakSaNa nahIM karatA thaa| isa kAraNa bahuta evaM atIva kaluSita pApakarmoM ko chor3akara) mAnane vAle cArvAkoMDallekha huA ho| kA saMcaya karake maiM naraka meM utpanna huA huuN| kintu he pautra! tuma
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________________ jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 222 adhArmika nahIM honA, prajAjanoM se kara lekara unake pAlana rakSaNa meM barAbara hotA hai| ata: eka dina kA bhI vilamba hone para yahA~ manuSya pramAda mata karanA aura na bahuta se malina pApa karmoM kA upArjana-saMcaya kAladharma ko prApta ho jAtA hai| punaH manuSya loka itanA durgandhita aura hI krnaa| dehAtmavAdiyoM ke isa tarka ke pratyuttara meM kezIkumAra zramaNa aniSTakara hai ki usakI durgandha ke kAraNa manuSya loka meM deva AnA ne nimna samAdhAna prastuta kiyA-- he rAjana! jisa prakAra apane aparAdhI nahIM cAhate haiN| ata: tumhArI dAdI ke svarga se nahIM Ane para yaha zraddhA ko isalie nahIM chor3a dete ho ki vaha jAkara apane putra-mitra aura jJAti rakhanA ucita nahIM hai ki jIva aura zarIra bhinna-bhinna nahIM haiN| janoM ko yaha batAye ki maiM apane pApa ke kAraNa daNDa bhoga rahA hU~, tuma kezIkumAra zramaNa ke isa pratyuttara ko sunakara rAjA ne eka aisA mata krnaa| isI prakAra naraka meM utpanna tumhAre pitAmaha tumheM anya tarka prastuta kiyaa| rAjA ne kahA ki maiMne eka cora ko jIvita pratibodha dene ke lie AnA cAhakara bhI yahA~ Ane meM samartha nahIM haiN| hI eka lohe kI kumbhI meM banda karavA kara acchI taraha se lohe se nArakIya jIva nimna cAra kAraNoM se manuSya loka meM nahIM A skte| usakA mukha Dhaka diyA phira usa para garama lohe aura rAMge se lepa karA sarvaprathama to unameM naraka se nikala kara manuSya loka meM Ane kI diyA tathA usakI dekha-rekha ke lie apane vizvAsa pAtra puruSoM ko rakha sAmarthya hI nahIM hotii| dUsare narakapAla unheM naraka se bAhara nakalane kI diyaa| kucha dina pazcAt maiMne usa kumbhI ko khulavAyA to dekhA ki vaha anumati bhI nahIM dete| tIsare naraka sambandhI asAtAvedanIya karma ke kSaya manuSya mara cukA thA kintu usa kumbhI meM koI bhI chidra, vivara yA darAra nahIM hone se ve vahA~ se nahIM nikala paate| cauthe unakA naraka sambandhI nahIM thI, jisase usameM banda puruSa kA jIva bAhara nikalA ho, ata: AyuSya karma jaba taka kSINa nahIM hotA taba taka ve vahA~ se nahIM A jIva aura zarIra bhinna-bhinna nahIM hai| skte| ataH tumhAre pitAmaha ke dvArA tumheM Akara pratibodha na de pAne isake pratyuttara meM kezIkumAra zramaNa ne nimna tarka prastuta ke kAraNa yaha mAnyatA mata rakho ki jIva aura zarIra anya hai, apitu kiyA-jisa prakAra eka aisI kUTAgArazAlA jo acchI taraha se AcchAdita yaha mAnyatA rakho ki jIva anya hai aura zarIra eka hI hai| smaraNa rahe ho usakA dvAra gupta ho yahA~ taka ki usameM kucha bhI praveza nahIM kara ki dIghanikAya meM bhI naraka se manuSya loka meM na A pAne ke inhIM cAra ske| yadi usa kUTAgArazAlA meM koI vyakti jora se bherI bajAye to kAraNoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| kezikumAra zramaNa ke isa pratyuttara tuma batAo ki vaha AvAja bAhara sunAyI degI ki nahIM? nizcaya hI ko sunakara rAjA ne dUsarA tarka prastuta kiyA vaha AvAja sunAyI degii| ata: jisa prakAra zabda apratihata gati vAlA he zramaNa! merI dAdI atyanta dhArmika thIM, Apa logoM ke mata hai usI prakAra AtmA bhI apratihata gati vAlA hai ata: tuma yaha zraddhA ke anusAra vaha nizcita hI svarga meM utpanna huI hogii| maiM apanI dAdI karo ki jIva aura zarIra bhinna-bhinna haiN| jJAtavya hai ki aba yaha tarka kA atyanta priya thA, ata: use mujhe Akara yaha batAnA cAhie ki he vijJAna sammata nahIM raha gayA hai, yadyapi AtmA kI amUrtatA ke AdhAra pautra! apane puNya karmoM ke kAraNa maiM svarga meM utpanna huI huuN| tuma bhI mere para rAjA ke uparokta tarka kA prati uttara diyA jA sakatA hai| samAna dhArmika jIvana bitAo jisase tuma bhI vipula puNya kA upArjana kezIkumAra zramaNa ke isa pratyuttara ko sunakara rAjA ne eka anya tarka kara svarga meM utpanna hoo| kyoMki merI dAdI ne svarga se Akara mujhe prastuta kiyAaisA pratibodha nahIM diyA, ata: maiM yahI mAnatA hU~ ki jIva aura zarIra maiMne eka puruSa ko prANa rahita karake eka lauha kumbhI meM DalavA bhinna-bhinna nahIM haiN| rAjA ke isa tarka ke pratyuttara meM kezIkumAra zramaNa diyA tathA Dhakkana se use banda karake usa para zIze kA lepa karavA diyA ne nimna tarka prastuta kiyA-he rAjan! yadi tuma snAna, balikarma aura kucha samaya pazcAt jaba usa kumbhI ko kholA gayA to use kRmikula se kautukamaMgala karake devakula meM praviSTa ho rahe ho usa samaya koI puruSa vyApta dekhA, kintu usameM koI darAra yA chidra nahIM thA jisase Akara usameM zaucAlaya meM khaDA hokara yaha kahe ki he svAmin! yahA~ Ao! kucha jIva utpanna hue hoN| ata: jIva aura zarIra bhinna-bhinna nahIM hai| rAjA ke samaya ke lie yahA~ baiTho, khar3e hoo, to kyA tuma usa puruSa kI bAta isa tarka ke pratyuttara meM kezikumAra zramaNa ne agni se tapAye lohe ke gole ko svIkAra kroge| nizcaya hI tuma usa apavitra sthAna para jAnA nahIM kA udAharaNa diyaa| jisa prakAra lohe ke gole meM cheda nahIM hone para bhI caahoge| isI prakAra he rAjana! deva loka meM utpanna deva vahA~ ke divya agni usameM praveza kara jAtI hai usI prakAra jIva bhI apratihata gati vAlA kAma bhAgoM meM itane mUrchita, gRddha aura tallIna ho jAte haiM ki ve manuSya hone se kahIM bhI praveza kara jAtA hai| loka meM Ane kI icchA hI nahIM krte| dUsare devaloka sambandhI divya kezikumAra zramaNa kA yaha pratyuttara sunakara rAjA ne puna: eka bhogoM meM tallIna ho jAne ke kAraNa unakA manuSya sambandhI prema nayA tarka prastuta kiyaa| usane kahA ki, maiMne eka vyakti ko jIvita vyucchinna ho jAtA hai, ata: ve manuSya loka meM nahIM A paate| tIsare rahate hue aura marane ke bAda donoM hI dazAoM meM taulA; kintu donoM devaloka meM utpanna ve deva vahA~ ke divya kAmabhAgoM meM mUrchita yA tallIna ke taula meM koI antara nahIM thaa| yadi mRtyu ke bAda AtmA usameM se hone ke kAraNa abhI jAtA hU~-- abhI jAtA hU~ aisA socate rahate haiM, nikalA hotA to usakA vajana kucha kama avazya honA cAhie thaa| kintu utane samaya meM alpAyuSya vAle manuSya kAladharma ko prApta ho isake pratyuttara meM kezIkumAra zramaNa ne vAyu se bharI huI aura vAyu se jAte haiN| kyoMki devoM kA eka dina-rAta manuSya loka ke sau varSa ke rahita mazaka kA udAharaNa diyA aura yaha batAyA ki jisa prakAra vAyu
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________________ prAcIna jainAgamoM meM cArvAka darzana kA prastutIkaraNa evaM samIkSA 223 agurulaghu hai usI prakAra jIva bhI agurulaghu hai| ata: tumhArA yaha tarka jaina sAhitya meM dArzanika dRSTi se jahA~ taka cArvAka darzana ke hai ki jIva aura zarIra bhinna-bhinna nahIM hai| aba yaha tarkaparassara prastutIkaraNa evaM samIkSA kA prazna hai, use Agamika vyAkhyA tarka bhI vaijJAnika dRSTi se yukti saMgata nahIM raha gayA hai| kyoMki sAhitya ke mahattvapUrNa grantha vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| vaijJAnika yaha mAnate haiM ki vAyu meM vajana hotA hai| dUsare yaha bhI prayoga jinabhadragaNi kSamA-zramaNa dvArA IsvI san kI chaThI zatI meM prAkRta bhASA karake dekhA gayA hai ki jIvita aura mRta zarIra ke vajana meM antara pAyA meM nibaddha isa grantha kI lagabhaga 500 gAthAyeM to AtmA, karma, puNyajAtA hai| usa yuga meM sUkSma tulA ke abhAva ke kAraNa yaha antara jJAta pApa, svarga-naraka, bandhana-mukti Adi avadhAraNAoM kI tArkika samIkSA nahIM hotA rahA hogaa| se sambandhita hai| isa grantha kA yaha aMza gaNadharavAda ke nAma se jAnA rAjA ne phira eka anya tarka prastuta kiyA aura kahA ki maiMne jAtA hai aura aba svatantra rUpa se prakAzita bhI ho cukA hai| prastuta eka cora ke zarIra ke vibhinna aMgoM ko kATa kara cIra kara dekhA lekina nibandha meM isa samagra carcA ko sameTa pAnA sambhava nahIM thA, ata: isa mujhe kahIM bhI jIva nahIM dikhAI diyaa| ataH zarIra se pRthak jIva kI nibandha ko yahIM virAma de rahe haiN| sattA siddha nahIM hotii| isake pratyuttara meM kezikumAra zramaNa ne nimna sandarbha udAharaNa dekara samajhAyA 1. jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa, bhAga 1, bhUmikA, pR. 39 he rAjana! tU bar3A mUr3ha mAlUma hotA hai, maiM tujhe eka 2. dIghanikAya, navanAlandA vihAra, nAlandA, payAsIsutta udAharaNa dekara samajhAtA huuN| eka bAra kucha vana-jIvI sAtha meM agni 3. rAjapraznIyasUtra (saMpA0 madhukaramuni), bhUmikA, pR. 18 lekara eka baDe. jaMgala meM phuNce| unhoMne apane eka sAthI se kahA, he 4. RSibhASita (isibhAsiyAI), prAkRta bhAratI jayapura, adhyAya20 devAnupriya! hama jaMgala meM lakaDI lene jAte haiM, tU isa araNI se Aga 5. vizeSAvazyakabhASya, gAthA 1549-2024 jalAkara hamAre lie bhojana banAkara taiyAra rkhnaa| yadi agni bujha 6. evamegesiM No NAtaM bhavati-asthi me AyA uvavAie...... se jAya to lakar3iyoM ko ghisa kara agni jalA lenaa| saMyoga vaza usake AyAvAdI logAvAdI kammAvAdI kiriyaavaadii| sAthiyoM ke cale jAne para thoDI hI dera bAda Aga bujha gii| apane - AcArAMga (saM0 madhukaramuni), 1/1/1/1-3 sAthiyoM ke AdezAnusAra vaha lakar3iyoM ko cAroM ora se ulaTa-pulaTa chaNaM pariNNAya logasaNNaM savvaso kara dekhane lagA, lekina Aga kahIM najara nahIM aaii| usane apanI - AcArAMga, 1/2/6/104kulhAr3I se lakar3iyoM ko cIrA, unake choche-choTe Tukar3e kiye, 8. sUtrakRtAMga (saMpA0 madhukaramuni), 1/1/1/7-8 kintu phira bhI Aga dikhAI nahIM dii| vaha nirAza hokara baiTha gayA 9. vahI, 11-12 skaa| itane meM jaMgala meM se usake sAthI lauTakara A gaye, usane una 11. vahI, 5/5-7 logoM se sArI bAteM khiiN| isa para unameM se eka sAthI ne zara banAyA 12. jahA ya aggI araNI u' santo khIre ghayaM tella mhaatilesu| aura zara ko araNi ke sAtha ghisa kara agni jalAkara dikhAyI aura emeva jAyA ! sarIraMsi sattA saMmucchaI nAsai naavcitthe| phira sabane bhojana banA kara khaayaa| he paesI! jaise lakaDI ko cIra - uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 14/18. kara Aga pAne kI icchA rakhane vAlA ukta manuSya mUrkha thA, vaise hI 13. no indiyaggejjha amuttabhAvA amuttabhAvA vi ya hoi nicco| zarIra ko cIra kara jIva dekhane kI icchA vAle tuma bhI kucha kama mUrkha - vahI, 14/19 nahIM ho| jisa prakAra araNi ke mAdhyama se agni abhivyakta hotI hai 14. RSibhASita (isibhAsiyAI), adhyAya 20 kintu tumhArI prakriyA usI prakAra mUrkhatA pUrNa hai jaise araNi ko 15. vahI, adhyAya 20 cIra-phAr3a karake agni ko dekhane kI prakriyA, ataH he rAjA! yaha 16. utkala, utkula aura utkUla zabdoM ke artha ke lie dekhiezraddhA karo ki AtmA anya hai aura zarIra anya hai| saMskRta-iMgaliza DikzanarI (moniyara viliyamsa), pR. 176 , yahA~ yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki ye sabhI tarka vaijJAnika yuga 17. RSibhASita (isibhAsiyAI), adhyAya 20 meM itane sabala nahIM raha gaye haiM, kintu prAcIna kAla meM sAmAnyatayA 18. vahI, * cArvAkoM ke pakSa ke samarthana meM aura unakA khaNDana karane ke liye ye 19. vahI, hI tarka prastuta kiye jAte the| 20. vahI, ata: cArvAka darzana ke aitihAsika vikAsa krama kI dRSTi se 21. vahI, inakA apanA mahattva hai| jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM inameM se adhikAMza 22. sUtrakRtAMga (saM0 madhukaramuni) dvitIya zrutaskandha, adhyAya 1, tarka samAna hone se inakI aitihAsika prAmANikatA aura prAcInatA bhI sUtra 648-658 svata: siddha hai| 23. rAjapraznIya (madhukaramuni), pR. 242-260