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________________ prAcIna bhArata meM deza kI akatA DaoN. vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla, ema. e., pIec. DI., DI. liT bhaugolika ekatA rASTrIya ekatA kA mUla AdhAra hai aura rASTrIya ekatA | usakA: aAvazyaka phala hai / purANoM ke bhuvana koza nAmaka adhyAyoM meM saptadvIpI bhUgola kA varNana milatA hai / meru ko kendra meM mAnakara usake uttara meM uttara kuru, pUrva meM bhadrAzva, dakSiNa meM bhAratavarSa aura pazcima meM ketumAla ina cAra varSoM kI kalpanA kI gaI hai| ina cAroM kA sammilita nAma jambUdvIpa thaa| arvAcIna bhUgola ke anusAra meru pAmIra ke UMce paThAra kI saMjJA hai jo pRthvI rUpI kamala ke kendra meM karNikA ke samAna sthita hai|' uttara kuru sAiberiyA aura bhadrAzva cIna hai| ketumAla pAmIra ke pazcima meM phailA huA vaha pradeza hai jisameM cakSu-vakSu yA vartamAna auksasa nadI bahatI hai / meru ke dakSiNa kI ora sthita himAlaya aura dakSiNI samudra ke bIca kA bhUpradeza purANoM ke anusAra eka bhaugolika ikAI mAnI jAtI thii| usI kI saMjJA bhAratavarSa thii| jaisA pUrva meM kahA jA cukA hai, bhuvanakoza ke lekhaka bhAratavarSa kI uttarI aura dakSiNI sImAoM ke viSaya meM nizcita aura spaSTa ullekha karate haiN| uttara meM jahAM taka gaMgA ke uttarI srota yA zAkhA nadiyAM haiM aura dakSiNa meM samudra taTa para jahAM kanyAkumArI hai vahAM taka bhArata kI sImAeM hai| isake pUrva kI sImA para kirAta jAti ke loga base the jinheM Ajakala kI bhASA meM mauna-khmera kahA jAtA hai| bhArata ke pazcima meM yavana arthAt yUnAnI base hue the / . . yavanoM se yahAM tAtparya bAlhIka (aAdhunika balkha, prAcIna baikTriyA) ke yUnAnI rAjAoM se hai jinhoMne tIsarI zatI I.pU. ke madhya bhAga meM maurya sAmrAjya ke nirbala honepara yavana rAjya kI vahI nIMva DAlI thii| isase yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki bhAratavarSa ke bhaugolika vistAra kI yaha kalpanA zuMga kAla se pUrva hI sthira ho cukI thii| pAlI sAhitya ke dIghanikAya graMtha meM bhArata kI bhaugolika aura rAjanaitika ekatA kA bahuta hI sundara ullekha milatA hai- " to kauna hai jo uttara meM AyatAkAra aura dakSiNa meM zakaTamukha ke samAna saMkIrNa isa mahApRthvI ko sAta barAbara bhAgoM meM bAMTa sakatA hai ? mahAgovinda ko chor3a kara bhalA aura dUsarA kauna aisA karane meM samartha hai ? kaliMga meM dantapura, azmaka meM potana, avanti meM mAhiSmatI, sauvIra meM roruka, videha meM mithilA, aMga meM campA, aura kAzI meM vArANasI inheM mahAgovinda ne bsaayaa|" 1. jambUdvIpa: samastAnAmeteSAM madhya saMsthitaH / tasyApi merumaitreyamadhye kanakaparvataH / bhUpadmAsyAsya zailo'sau karNikAkArasaMsthitaH // viSNupurANa 2/2 / 6,10 / 2. Ayato hyAkumArikyAdAgaMgAprabhAvAcca vai| pUrva kirAtA yasyAnte pazcime yavanAH smRtAH // vAyu 45 / 81-82 / "Ayatastu kumArIto gaMgAyAH prvhaavdhiH|" bhAratavarSa kI yaha bhaugolika paribhASA thii| 3. ko nu kho bho pahoti imaM mahApaThaviM uttarena AyataM dakkhiNena sakaTa mukhaM saptadhAsamaM suvibhattaM vibhajituM ti / tatra sudaM majhe reNusya rao janapado hoti / dantapuraM kaliMgAnAM assakAnaM ca potanaM / mAhissatI avantInaM sovIrAnaM ca rorukaM / mithilA ca videhAnaM campA aMgesu maapitaa| bArANasI ca kAsInaM ete govindamApitA ti / / (dIghanikAya, mahAgovindumutta) 55
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________________ prAcArya vijayavallabhasUri smAraka graMtha isa ullekha meM ye bAteM mahattvapUrNa haiN| yahAM samasta bhAratavarSa ke liye mahApRthivI zabda kA prayoga huA hai| prAcIna bhAratavarSa kI rAjanaitika paribhASA meM kisI rAjA ke apane janapada ke rAjya vistAra ko pRthvI kahate the jisa kAraNa rAjA pArthiva kahalAtA thaa| eka-eka janapada kA svAmI rAjA vahAM kA pArthiva hotA thaa| kintu eka janapada kI sImA se Age bar3ha kara samudraparyanta pRthvI ke liye mahA-pRthivI zabda kA prayoga hone lagA thaa| pANini kI aSTAdhyAyI meM mahApRthivI ke liye hI sarvabhUmi saMjJA kA prayoga huA hai| sarvabhUmi ke rAjA ko sArvabhauma kahate the|' Apastamba zrauta sUtra (3011) ke anusAra sArvabhauma rAjA ko hI azvamedha karane kA adhikAra thaa| jo sArvabhauma hotA thA vahI cakravartI kahalAtA thaa| mahAbhArata ke anusAra dauHSanti bharata azvamedhoM ke karane se sArvabhauma cakravartI hushraa| ___dIghanikAya meM dUsarA mahattvapUrNa ullekha mahApRthivI yA bhAratavarSa kI bhautika zrAkRti ke sambandha meM hai| aba taka isake tIna prakAra mile hai, kUrma saMsthAna, kArmuka saMsthAna aura zakaTamukha sNsthaan| varAha mihira ne bRhatsaMhitA meM bhAratavarSa ke saMsthAna (aM0 kanaphyugarezana) ko kUrma kI AkRti vAlA kahA hai| usa karma saMsthAna ke nau bheda kie haiM, arthAt 1. madhya bhAga 2. pUrva dizA meM phailA huaA mukha 3. dakSiNa-pUrva dizA meM dAhinA paira 4. dAhinI kukSi 5. dakSiNa-pazcima kA pichalA paira 6. puccha yA puTThoM kA bhAga 7. uttara-pazcima kA uparalA paira 8. bAI ora kI uparalI kukSi aura 6. pUrva-uttara dizA kA agalA pair| isa kUrma-saMsthAna ke pratyeka bhAga meM jo janapada yA deza haiM unake nAma bhI alaga alaga ginAe gae haiN| bhAratavarSa ke saMsthAna kI dUsarI kalpanA purANoM ke bhuvanakoza nAmaka adhyAyoM meM milatI hai| jahAM isa bhUmi ko kArmuka yA dhanuSAkRti kahA gayA hai| dakSiNa kA ghumA hazrA bhAga jo samudra ke bhItara ghusA hA hai dhanuSa kA mur3A huaA DaMDA hai| uttara kA himAlaya usa DaMDe ke Upara khiMcI huI DorI hai, jisakI tAna se DaMDe kA pRSTha bhAga mAnoM jhuka gayA hai| " karma saMsthAna aura dhanuSAkRti saMsthAna, ina donoM kalpanAoM se bhI adhika pratyakSa dIrghanikAya kA ullekha hai jisameM bhArata ke uttarI maidAna aura parvatoM ke mile hue bhAga ko zrAyatAkAra kahA gayA hai| isake agrabhAga meM chakar3e ke lambe aura saMkIrNa mukha kI bhAMti dakSiNa bhArata kA bhUbhAga nikalA huA hai| deza ke liye zakaTamukhI saMsthAna kI yaha kalpanA itanI pratyakSa aura sacitra hai jaise kisI arvAcIna mAnacitra meM bhAratavarSa kI prAkRti ko dekhakara koI usakA varNana kara rahA ho| bhArata-bhUmi kI isa pratyakSasiddha bhaugolika ekatA ko Arthika, dhArmika, sAMskRtika kSetroM meM jo samarthana prApta huzrA aura usakI jaisI pUrti huI usakA varNana atIva rocaka viSaya hai| rAjanaitika kSetra meM bhI isa maulika ekatA ne Adarza ke rUpa meM sadA logoM ko prerita aura Andolita kiyaa| yaha eka tathya hai ki hamArI yaha bhUmi prAkRtika sImAoM ke vibhAga se aneka janapadoM meM vibhakta thii| isa prakAra ke lagabhaga do sau janapadoM kI sUcI purANoM ke bhuvanakoza nAmaka adhyAyoM meM prApta hotI hai| janapadoM kA yaha baMTavArA janatA kI svAbhAvika sthAnIya AkAMkSAoM kI pUrti karatA thaa| vaha janatA ke liye sthAnIya ekatA kA sudRr3ha bandhana thaa| rAjyoM ke aitihAsika vighaTana ke samaya bhI janapadIya jIvana kI ikAI Thosa caTTAna kI bhAMti sthira rahatI thii| janapadoM ke rUpa meM bhAratIya jIvana kI mAlA himAdri se kumArI taka gUMthI gaI thii| janapadoM ko hama isa mAlA ke sthAyI manake kaha sakate haiN| pratyeka janapada kI pRthivI sthAnIya jIvana 1. srvbhuumipRthiviibhyaamnnmau| 5 / 1141; tasyezvaraH 5 / 1142; sarvabhUmerIzvaraH sArvabhaumaH pRthivyA IzvaraH paarthivH|
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________________ prAcIna bhArata meM deza kI katA 57 ke Arthika, sAMskRtika, bhASA aura vidyA saMbandhI pahaluoM se harI-bharI banI rahatI thii| jisa prakAra yUnAna deza meM vahAM kI saMskRti kI dhAtriyAM " siTI sTeTsa " yA paura-rAjya the ThIka usI prakAra bhAratavarSa ke janapada bhI sAMskRtika aura rAjanaitika ikAiyoM ke rUpa meM sthAnIya vizvajanatA kI mAtAeM thI / kintu janapadoM kI isa vividha zrRMkhalA ko ekatra milAkara kisI mahAn rAjanaitika saMgaThana kA Adarza bhI vaidika kAla se milane lagatA hai| isa sambandha meM pratyeka rAjA kI aindra mahAbhiSeka (rAjyAsana para AsIna hone ke abhiSeka) ke samaya par3hI jAne vAlI pratijJA ko hama nahIM bhulA skte| isameM kahA hai : " jo brAhmaNa purohita yaha icchA kare ki abhiSikta hone vAlA kSatriya saba vijayoM ko jIte, saba lokoM ko prApta kare, saba rAjAoM meM zreSThatA prApta kare, evaM sAmrAjya, bhaujya, svArAjya, vairAjya, pArameSThaya, rAjya, mahArAjya, Adhipatya ina vibhinna prakAroM se abhiSikta hokara parama sthiti prApta kare, cAroM dizAoM ke anta taka pahuMca kara Ayuparyanta sArvabhauma bane, aura samudraparyanta pRthivI kA ekarAT bane, usa kSatriya ko isa aindra mahAbhiSeka kI zapatha dilAkara rAjya meM usakA abhiSeka karanA caahie|"" isa pratijJA meM hama una aneka zabdoM kI gUMja sunate haiM jinase bhArata kA rAjanaitika itihAsa zrAndolita huA hai| bhAratIya itihAsa meM jitane rAjAoM kA abhiSeka vaidika paddhati se huA sabake liye isI pratijJA kA uccAraNa huA hogA / deza kI bhaugolika katA ko isameM spaSTa rAjanaitika ekatA ke sAtha milAyA gayA hai| samantaparyAyI sArvabhauma aura samudraparyanta pRthivI kA ekarAT ye donoM Adarza dezavyApI rAjanaitika cetanA ke sUcaka haiN| isI se prerita hokara zakuntalA ne kahA thA : 'he duSyaMta ' merA yaha putra zailarAja himavanta kA zirobhUSaNa dhAraNa karane vAlI isa caturaMta pRthivI kA pAlane karane vAlA banegA / ' hama pahale kaha cuke haiM ki bharata kA ajita cakra loka meM gUMjatA huA saba rAjAoM ko apane vaza meM lAkara samasta pRthvI para phaila gyaa| isake kAraNa bharata sArvabhauma cakravartI khlaae|* bharata se Arambha hokara yaha paramparA aura ye Adarza aura bhI kitane hI rAjAoM meM avatIrNa hue| Upara likhI huI kaI rAjyapraNAliyoM meM paraspara bheda the| " sArvabhauma " zabda sarvabhUmi yA mahApRthivI ke rAjya kI ora saMketa karatA hai| sArvabhauma rAjA ko cakravartI bhI kahA jAtA thaa| jisake rathacakra ke liye apane janapada se bAhara koI rukAvaTa na ho use cakravartI kahA gayA jAna par3atA hai| pIche usa bar3he hue rAjanaitika sImAvistAra yA bhUbhAga ke liye cakra zabda kA prayoga hone lgaa| sArvabhauma paddhati meM yaha zrAvazyaka thA ki rAjA dUsare rAjAoM ke sAtha yuddha karake yA to unheM apanA vazavartI banA le aura yA balapUrvaka unakA rAjya apane rAjya meM milA le| yahI bharata ne kiyA thA, aura kAlAntara meM samudragupta ne bhI isI nIti kA avalambana kiyA / zrArambhika avasthA meM prAyaH pratyeka deza meM bhUmi aneka janapadIya rAjAoM meM baMTI huI hotI hai, unameM se pratyeka kI apanI svataMtra sattA rahatI thii| unake bIca meM koI eka zaktizAlI rAjA uTha khar3A hotA, aura bharata ke samAna hI sabake Upara apanA cakra sthApita karake usa rAjanaitika 1. sa ya icchedevaMvitkSatriyamayaM sarvA jitIjaiyetAyaM sarvolokAnvindatAyaM sarveSAM rAjJAM zreSThathamatiSThAM paramatAM gaccheta sAmrAjyaM bhaujyaM svArAjyaM vairAjyaM pArameSThyaM rAjyaM mahArAjyamAdhipatyamayaM samaMtaparyAyI syAtsArvabhaumaH sArvAyuSa A antAdAparArdhAtpRthivyai samudraparyantAyA ekarADiti tametenendreNa mahAbhiSekeNa kSatriyaM zApayitvA zrabhiSiceta / (aitareya brAhmaNa, 8 / 15) 2. tasya tatprathitaM cakraM prAvartata mahAtmanaH, bhAsvaraM divya majitaM lokasannAdanaM mahat / sa vijitya mahIpAlAzvakAraM vazavartinaM, sa rAjA cakravartyAsIt sArvabhaumaH pratApavAn (Adi0 66 / 45-47) /
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________________ AcArya vijayaballabhasUri smAraka graMtha ekatA kA prAdurbhAva karatA, jise sarvabhauma yA cakravartI rAjya kahate haiN| mahAbhArata se jJAta hotA hai ki zrAdhipatya yA adhirAjya zAsana praNAlI yaha bhI jisameM anya rAjAoM se kara grahaNa karake unheM apane kendra meM pUrvavat surakSita rahane diyA jAtA thaa| pANDu ne kuru janapada kI rAjyazakti kA vistAra karate hue magadha, videha, kAzI, suhA, puNDra Adi janapadoM ko apanA karada banA liyA thA (Adi0 105/12 - 21 ) aura svayaM adhirAjya kA bhoktA kahalAyA / Ve ina donoM se adhika kaThora sAmrAjya kA Adarza thA jise hama jarAsandha ke jIvana meM caritArtha dekhate haiN| samrAT apane janapada kI sImA kA vistAra karatA huA aura kisI bhI rAjya ko surakSita na rahane detA thaa| sabhAparva meM samrAT ko sabake har3apane vAlA kahA gayA hai (samrAj zabdo hi kRtsnabhAkU, 14(2) / sAmrAjya kA AdhAra bala thA ( sabhA 14112, balAdeva sAmrAjyaM kurute ) / sAmrAjya se viparIta pArameSTha praNAlI thI jo gaNarAjyoM meM dekhI jAtI thii| yaha zAsana kuloM ke AdhAra para banatA thaa| usameM pratyeka ghara kA jyeSTha vyakti " rAjA " kahalAtA thA (gRhe gRhe hi rAjAnaH, sabhA. 14 / 2) jaise zAkyoM meM aura licchaviyoM meM pratyeka kSatriya rAjA kahalAtA thaa| ve saba milakara apane Apasa meM kisI eka ko zreSTha mAna lete the / vahI usa samaya usa rAjya kA adhipati hotA thA / ' jisa prakAra sAmrAjyazAsana kA AdhAra bala thA usI prakAra pArameSThya yA gaNazAsana kA AdhAra zama arthAt zAnti kI nIti thI / isa deza meM kisI samaya kuloM para zrAzrita isa zAsanapraNAlI kA bahuta pracAra thA aura janatA ise zraddhA kI dRSTi se dekhatI thii| kulazAsanapraNAlI meM dUsare kula yA vyakti ke anubhAva yA vyakti garimA kA sammAna kiyA jAtA thA evam janapada ke bhItara dUra dUra taka janatA kA zreya yA kalyANa dikhAI par3atA thA ( sabhA. 14 | 3 | 4 ) | sAmrAjya meM yaha zreya adhikatara rAjaparivAra yA rAjadhAnI ke logoM taka hI sImita kara raha jAtA thaa| bhAratIya itihAsa kA raMgamaMca ina vibhinna rAjyapraNAliyoM kI lIlAbhUmi rahI hai| deza kI ekatA kA bhAva na kevala dharma se agrasara huA balki rAjAtroM kI rAjanIti ke dvArA bhI samaya samaya para usakI sthApanA hotI rahI / jisa prakAra yUnAna meM spArTA aura ethensa anya paura rAjyoM ke Upara prabala ho gae the vaise hI apane deza meM bahuta kazamakaza ke bAda magadha kA sAmrAjya Upara taira AyA / bRhadrathavaMzI jarAsaMdha se jo pravRtti zurU huI vahI zizunAga aura nandavaMzI rAjAoM ke samaya meM Age bddh'ii| pahale to isa prakAra ke vistAra ke viruddha janatA meM pratikriyA bhI thI kintu pIche loga isake prati abhyasta aura sahiSNu bana ge| zizunAgavaMzI ajAtazatru ne licchavi gaya kI paravAha na karake una para bhI hamalA kara diyaa| aise hI nandavaMza ke nandivardhana aura mahApadma nanda ne aneka janapadIya ikAiyoM kA anta karake magadha sAmrAjya kI pracala sattA sthApita kii| isa pravRtti kA sabase vikasita rUpa candragupta maurya ke sAmrAjya meM dRSTigocara huA / aitihAsika kAla meM sarvaprathama candragupta ke rAjya meM hama kaI prAcIna AdazoM ko caritArtha huA dekhate haiM / usakA rAjya aphagAnistAna se lekara dakSiNA meM maisUra taka phailA huA thA jise sarvabhUmi yA sarvapRthivI kahA jAtA thaa| 1. evamevAbhijAnanti kule jAtA manakhinaH / kazcitkadAcideteSAM bhavecchreSTho janArdanaH / (sabhA. 14/6 ) 2. rAmameva paraM manye na tu modhA bhavecchama (sabhA 1415 ) | gaNoM kI janatA kucha isa prakAra socatI thI- rAjanIti meM rAma kA avalambana hI saccA zama hai| mokSasAdhana se jo zama milatA hai vaha koI zama nahIM /
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________________ prAcIna bhArata meM deza kI akatA usake antargata sacce arthoM meM sAre deza kI ginatI hone lgii| samantaparyAyI yA caturaMta ina prAcIna zabdoM kA jo artha thA use bhI hama maurya sAmrAjya ke cAra khUTa vistAra meM pUrNa huaA pAte haiN| isI prakAra aitareya brAhmaNa meM samudraparyanta pRthivI ke ekarATa kI jo kalpanA milatI hai vaha bhI mauryazAsana kI saccAI bana gii| deza ke saubhAgya se kisI gADhe samaya meM maurya sAmrAjya kA udaya huaa| usakI sthApanA se deza yUnAniyoM ke usa dhakke se baca gayA jisane vAhIka ke saMghoM yA paMjAba aura uttara pazcima ke gaNa rAjyoM ko jhakajhora DAlA thaa| maurya sAmrAjya kA madhura phala do rUpoM meM prakaTa huaaa| eka to isa se samasta deza meM samAna saMsthAnoM kI sthApanA ho gii| zAsana ke karmacArI, vibhAga, Aya ke sAdhana, kara-vyavasthA, yAtAyAta ke mArga, daNDa aura vyavahAra (dIvAnI aura phaujadArI) kI nyAyavyavasthA, nApa-taula aura mudrAeM, ina saba bAtoM meM deza ne ekasUtratA kA anubhava kiyaa| isase janatA meM jIvana ko ekarUpatA pradAna karane vAle bandhana dRr3ha hue| viSNugupta kA arthazAstra sAmrAjya ke maMthana se udbhUta usa ekarUpatA kA paricAyaka mahAn graMtha hai| udAharaNa ke liye, maurya sAmrAjya meM jo sikke cAlU the unake bahuta se nidhAna (jakhIre) takSazilA se lekara rAjasthAna, magadha, kaliMga, madhya bhArata, mahArASTra, Andhra, haidarAbAda, maisUra Adi pradezoM meM pApa gae haiM / cAMdI kI ina aAhata mudrAtroM kI taula saba jagaha 32 rattI thii| una para bane hue rUpa yA cinha bhI saba jagaha eka se pAye gae haiN| jJAta hotA hai zAsana kI kisI kendrIya TakasAla meM ve DhAle gae the| azoka ke zilAstambha bhI isI prakAra pATaliputra kI kendrIya karmazAlA meM taiyAra hokara dUrastha sthAnoM ko bheje gaye the| maurya sAmrAjya kA dUsarA suphala yaha huA ki usase deza meM antarrASTrIya cetanA utpanna huii| bhAratavarSa kI janatA apane cAroM ora ke dezoM se sacce artha meM paricita huii| bhAratavarSa se jAne vAle lambe rAjamArga aura adhika lambe hokara dUsarI rAjadhAniyoM se jur3a gae jinake dvArA yahAM kA vyApArika yAtAyAta videzoM ke sAtha bddh'aa| unhIM mArgoM se videzI dUtamaMDala sAmrAjya kI rAjadhAnI pATaliputra kI ora mur3e aura bhAratavarSa se aneka dharma-pracAraka videzoM meM ge| samrATa azoka bhAratIya praNAlI ke sabase adhika sundara aura madhura phala kahe jA sakate haiN| deharAdUna ke samIpa yamunA ke kinAre kAlasI ke zilAlekha meM ina pAMca videzI rAjAoM ke nAma ginAe gae haiN| 1. sIriyA aura pazcimI eziyA ke rAjA aMtiyoka (261-46 I. pU.) 2. misra ke tulamaya yA TAlemI (285-247 I. pU.), 3. mesIDoniyA ke aMtikina (276-236 I. pU.), 4. sAirInI (uttarI aphrIkA) ke maga (300-250 I. pU.) aura 5. korintha ke alikasuMdara yA alekjeMDara (252-244 I. puu.)| yaha teharavAM zilAlekha lagabhaga 252-250 I. pU. meM utkIrNa karAyA gayA jaba ki ye saba rAjA eka sAtha jIvita rahe hoNge| azoka ke bheje hue dUtamaMDala inake darabAroM meM zAMti aura mAnavatA kA maitrI-saMdeza lekara gae the| usa samaya ke sabhya saMsAra ko apane sAtha lekara Age bar3hane kA satsaMkalpa azoka ke mana meM AyA thA bauddha AkhyAnoM meM jo azokAvadAna ke nAma se prasiddha hai / aura bhI ullekha haiM jinase jJAta hotA hai ki azoka ke prayatnoM se bhArata kA sambandha tibbata, barmA, siMhala, syAma, kamboja Adi dezoM se jur3a gayA aura bhArata se dharma aura saMskRti kI dhArAoM kA yazaHpravAha ina par3osI dezoM meM bhI phaila gyaa| isa prakAra pahalI bAra vaha kalpanA aitihAsika satya ke rUpa meM ubhara kara sAmane A gaI jisane jambU dvIpa ke dezoM kI sunahalI mAlA meM bhArata ko madhyamaNi banA diyaa| isakA vaha jyeSTha, zreSTha aura variSTha rUpa zrAne vAlI zatAbdiyoM meM aura bhI nikharatA gyaa| sacamuca bhArata kI pRthivI aTThAraha dvIpoM kI aSTamaMgalaka
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________________ zrAcArya vijayavallabhasUri smAraka graMtha mAlA pahanane vAlI bana gii|' guptoM ke svarNayuga meM bhArata kA vaha divya bhAsvara teja madhya eziyA se hindeziyA taka (jo usa samaya bhAratIya bhUgola meM dvIpAntara ke nAma se prasiddha thI ' ) aura cIna se IrAna taka sarvatra chA gayA thA / satyameva usa svarNayuga meM isa deza kI vaha sabase mahatI dharma vijaya thii| bAhara isa siddhi ke prApta karAne meM deza ke bhItara kA guptoM kA ekataMtra zAsana aura susamRddha rAjya bhI kucha kama uttaradAyI na rahA hogaa| kAlidAsa ne ekAtapatraM jagataH prabhutvam ke Adarza meM (ghu. 2/47 ) apane yuga meM bhAvoM ko hI vyakta kiyA hai| bhaugolika dRSTi se yaha prabhutva apane deza ke bhItara hI sImita thA kintu sAMskRtika Adarza bhArata ke vizvarAjya ko caritArtha karatA thaa| usa mahAkavi ne apane yuga kI isa sacAI kI ora anya prakAra se bhI saMketa kiyA hai| purANoM ne jahAM eka aura himAlaya ko bhArata ke dhanuSAkRti saMsthAna kI tanI huI pratyaMcA kahA hai vahAM kAlidAsa ne use pUrvI aura pazcimI samudroM ke bIca meM vyApta pRthivI kA mAnadaNDa kahA hai| yadi himAlayarUpI mAnadaNDa ke donoM siroM para uttara-dakSiNa kI ra rekhAoM kA vistAra kiyA jAya to unase jo bhUkhaMDa paricchinna hogA use hI guptakAla meM bhAratIya saMskRti kA yA usa yuga ke zabdoM meM dharmarAjya kA bhU-vistAra samajhanA caahie| guptakAla meM himavAn sacamuca bhArata kI pUrva-pazcima caur3AI kA mApa daNDa thaa| pUrva meM kirAta deza aura pazcima meM aphagAnistAna meM himAlaya ke bhAga hindUkuza bAlhIka taka himavanta kA vistAra thaa| utanA hI usa samaya bhAratavarSa thA / kintu sthUla bhaugolika vistAra para zrAgraha isa deza kI paddhati nahIM rhii| yahAM to yazavistAra yA saMskRtivistAra jo paryAyavAcI haiM, mahattvapUrNa mAne jAte the| usakA saMketa karate hue kAlidAsa ne likhA ki vaha yaza parvatoM ko lAMghakara aura samudroM ko pAra karake unake usa pAra pahuMca gayA, pAtAla aura svarga meM bhI vaha bhara gayA, deza aura kAla meM usa yaza ke vistAra kI koI sImA na rhii| Aja madhya eziyA aura hindaeziyA ke purAtattva gata avazeSa kAlidAsa kathana kI pratyakSa vyAkhyA karate haiN| isa sAMskRtika vistAra kI saccI pratIti usa yuga kI janatA ke mana thii| isakA sabase pakkA pramANa isa bAta se milatA hai ki usa yuga meM bhAratavarSa kA bhaugolika artha hI badala gayA / bhArata ke andara bRhattara bhArata kA bhI parigaNana hone lagA / guptayuga ke purANa lekhakoM ne bhArata kI nijI bhUmi ke liye kumArI dvIpa nAma pracalita kiyA aura usake sAtha pUrvI dvIpasamUha yA dvIpAMtaroM ko milAkara bRhattara bhArata ke artha meM "bhArata" isa zabda kA prayoga zurU kiyaa| apane yuga ke isa Adarza kA bauddha sAhitya meM bhI ullekha huA hai| lalitavistara meM eka kalpanA hai ki koI divya cakra-ratna dharma vijaya karate hue cAroM dizAoM meM ghUmatA hai| 'isa prakAra vaha mUrdhAbhiSikta dharmAtmA rAjA pUrva dizA ko jItatA hai| pUrva dizA ko jIta kara pUrva samudra meM praviSTa hokara use bhI pAra kara jAtA hai| isI prakAra vaha 1. api ca tavASTAdazadvIpASTamaMgalakamAlinI medinI astyeva vikramasya viSayaH, harSacarita meM bANa kI kalpanA, ucchvAsa 6, pR. 195 / 2. prAcIna jAvA kI bhASA meM ise bhUmyantara aura nusAntara kahA gayA hai| jAvA kI bhASA meM nusA = dvIpa | 3. astyuttarasyAM dizi devatAtmA himAlayo nAma nagAdhirAjaH / pUrvAparau toyanidhI vagAhya sthitaH pRthivyA hava mAnadaNDaH // ( kumArasambhava 1 / 1 ) 4. ArUDhamadrInudadhInvitIryaM bhujaMgamAnAM vasatiM praviSTam / UrdhvaM gataM yasya na cAnubandhi yazaH paricchettumiyattayAlam / / (raghuvaMza 6 | 77 ) bApa ne bhI kAlidAsa ke svara meM svara milAte hue dilIpa ke viSaya meM likhA-bhrUlatAdiSTASTAdaza dvIpe dilIpe (harSacarita, ucchvAsa 6, pR. 176 ) /
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________________ prAcIna bhArata meM deza kI aMkatA 61 dakSiNa dizA, pazcima dizA aura uttara dizA ko bhI jItakara una una samudroM kA avagAhana karatA hai|" vastutaH isa yuga ke sAhitya meM bhArata ke bhItarI aura bAharI bhUpradeza kI bhaugolika ekatA aura pArasparika ghaniSTha sanbandha bAra bAra ubhara Ate haiN| indumatI ke svayaMvara meM deza ke saba rAjAoM ko ekatra kara kavi ne mAtRbhUmi kA eka samudita citra upasthita kiyA hai| puSpapura ke magadhezvara, aMgadeza (muMgera, bhAgalapura) ke rAjA, mahAkAla aura ziprA ke svAmI avantinAtha, mAhiSmatI ke anUparAja, mathurA, vRndAvana aura govardhana ke zUrasenAdhipati, mahendra parvata aura mahodadhi ke svAmI kaliMganAtha, uragapura aura malayasthalI ke pAMDyarAja, evaM uttara kosala ke adhIzvara, ina saba ko indumatI ke svayaMvara meM ekatra lAkara kavi magadhezvara ke lie kahatA hai: kAmaM nRpAH santu sahasrazo'nye rAjanvatImAhuranena bhUmim (raghuvaMza 6 / 22); aura sahasroM rAjA bhI cAhe hoM, yaha bhUmi magadha ke samrAToM se hI rAjanvatI kahalAtI hai| deza kI rAjyazaktiyoM meM usa samaya magadha kA jo sarvopari sthAna thA usakA yathArtha ullekha kavi ke zabdoM meM hai| vidarbha janapada kI rAjakumArI ke svayaMvara kA kSitija uttarakosala se dakSiNa ke pAMDya deza taka vistRta thaa| isase spaSTa hai ki sAmAjika vyavahAra aura rAjanaitika sambandhoM kI dRSTi se apanI AMtarika sImAoM ke bhItara bhArata kI bhUmi dRr3ha ikAI bana cukI thii| dUsarI ora jaba hama videzoM ke sAtha bhArata ke sambandhita ho jAne kI bAta socate haiM to bhAratIya sAhitya meM usakI bhI sAkSI upalabdha hotI hai| isakA acchA udAharaNa digvarNana ke rUpa meM pAyA jAtA hai| guptakAla meM jaba IrAna se jAvA taka bhArata kA yAtAyAta phaila gayA thA usa samaya ke sAMyAtrika nAvikoM athavA sthalamArga se yAtrA karane vAle siddhayAtrika sArthavAhoM ke upayoga ke liye ye digvarNana saMkalita kie gae hoNge| inameM cAroM dizAoM meM bhArata ke bhItara aura bAhara ke prasiddha sthAnoM aura dezoM kA eka DharrA sA pAyA jAtA hai| pUrva, dakSiNa, pazcima, uttara isa pradakSiNAkrama se ye digvarNana milate haiN| isa digvarNana ke kaI rUpa sAhitya meM pAe gae haiN| eka rUpa budhasvAmin ke bRhatkathAzlokasaMgraha nAmaka graMtha meM hai| rAmAyaNa ke kiSkiMdhA kAMDa meM sugrIva dvArA cAroM dizAoM meM sItA kI khoja ke liye bandaroM ke bheje jAne ke prasaMga meM bhI digvarNana AyA hai| vahAM pUrva dizA kA varNana karate hue jAvA ke saptarAjyoM kA ullekha hai| ye rAjya tIsarI-cauthI zatI se pahale jAvA meM na the| mahAbhArata ke vanaparva meM gAlavacarita ke antargata garur3a ne gAlava se digvarNana kiyA hai| usameM pazcima dizA meM harimedhas deva kA ullekha hai jisakI dhvajavatI nAmaka kanyA para sUrya mohita ho gae the| taba vaha sUrya ke Adeza se AkAza meM hI sthita huii| ye harimedhas deva IrAna kI pahalavI bhASA meM haramuja kahalAte the| sabhAparva ke digvijaya parva ke antargata bhI eka digvarNana hai jisameM bhAratavarSa kI bhaugolika ikAI ko bar3hAkara videzoM ke sAtha milAyA gayA hai| vahAM uttara dizA kI ora digvijaya karate hue arjuna kI yAtrA pAmIra (kamboja) aura madhya eziyA ke usa pAra ke pradeza (uttarakuru) taka jA pahuMcatI hai jahAM RSika nAma se vikhyAta yU-ci 5. evaM khalu rAjA kSatriyo mUrdhAbhiSikto pUrvI dizaM vijyti| pUrva dizaH vijitAH pUrva samudramavagAya pUrva samudramavatarita dakSiNa dizaM pazcimAmuttaro dizaM ca vijitya uttaraM samudramavagAhate (lalitavistara pR. 15) isI bhAvanA kA samarthana bANa kI isa kalpanA se hotA hai-harSa kA kar3akatA huA dAkSiNa bhujadaMDa prArthanA kara rahA thA ki mujhe aThAraha dvIpoM kI vijaya karane ke adhikAra para niyukta kIjie / (niyujya tatkAlasmaraNA sphuraNena kathitAtmAnamiva cASTAdazadvIpajetavyAdhikAre dakSiNaM bhujastambha, harSacarita, ucchvAsa 7, pR. 203) / bANa ne isa yuga meM janatA ke videzoM meM yAtAyAta ko dekhate hu "sarvadvIpAntarasaMcArI pAdalepa" isa sAhityika abhiprAya kA ullekha kiyA hai arthAt pairoM meM kucha aisA lepa lagAyA jisase saba dvIpAntaroM meM ghUma Ane kI sAmarthya prApta ho, harSacarita, ucchvAsa 6, pR. 194) / vahIM samudrayAtrA se lakSmI saMprApti (abbhramaNena zrIsamAkarSaNaM, pR. 186) kA bhI ullekha hai|
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________________ 62 AcArya vijayavallabhasUri smAraka graMtha jAti kA mUla AvAsa sthAna thA / yahIM gobI aura maMgoliyA ke bIca meM kahIM candradvIpa thA jahAM se nikAsa hone ke kAraNa bhArata ke kaniSka zrAdi zaka tuSAra rAjA candravaMzI kahalAte the / isa prakAra bhArata kI sthiti usa paTa- maMDapa ke samAna thI jisake dIptipaTa cAroM dizAoM meM prakAza aura vAyu kA AvAhana karane ke liye unmukta ho gae the / bhArata ke jala aura sthala mArgoM para isa samaya bhUtapUrva cahalapahala dikhAI detI thI / eka ora rAjadarabAroM meM videzI dUtamaMDaloM ke thAne jAne kA tAMtA lagA rahatA thA, to dUsarI ora bhAratIya samudra taTa ke potapattana nAnAdezIya vyApAriyoM se bhare rahate the| jaba ina dUta-maMDaloM kA AdAna-pradAna ho rahA thA, usa samaya aMtarrASTrIya jagat meM bhArata kI khyAti kisI janapada ke rUpa meM na thI, balki use eka mahAn deza kI pratiSThA prApta ho cukI thI / bhAratIya dUta, bhAratIya vidvAn, ina saba para bhArata ke eka khaMDa kI sImita chApa na thI ve apane sAtha samagra deza kI rASTrIya pratiSThA lekara videzoM meM pahuMcate the / janatA ke manorAjya meM deza kI sattA, eka ora avikala thii| tabhI deza ke pratyeka bhAga se jhuMDa ke jhuMDa brAhmaNa dUsare bhAgoM meM jAkara basa jAte the aura rAjAoM dvArA unake liye bhUmi aura jIvikA kA prabandha kiyA jAtA thaa| samataTa ke brAhmaNa rAjakula meM janme hue zIlabhadra vidvAn nAlandA vizvavidyAlaya meM Akara vahAM ke prAcArya ho ge| kazmIra ke vidvAn bilhaNa (11 vIM zatI) kalyANI ke cAlukya vaMzI samrAT vikramAditya paSTha (1076 - 1127 ) ke rAjakavi ke rUpa meM vidyApati padavI se suzobhita hue bilhaNa ne vikramAMkadevacarita kAvya meM karahATa kI rAjakumArI candralekhA ke svayambara meM deza kA jo citra khIMcA hai vaha kAlidAsa ke indumatI svayambara kA hI parivartita rUpa hai| yahAM maMDapa meM ayodhyA, cedi, kAnyakubja, carmaNvatI, taTadeza, kAlaMjara giri, gopAcala, mAlava, gurjara pANDya, cola dezoM ke rAjA upasthita hue the| vaha svayambara eka deza kI samAna rIti-nIti kI ora saMketa karatA hai madhyakAla kI rAjanIti jisa prakAra deza kI ekatA vyakta karatI hai vaha vikramAditya cAlukya, rAjacola, rAjendracola, siddharAja, bhoja, karNa, gAMgeyadeva, govindacandra, vigrahapAla Adi pacAsoM samrAToM kI digvijayapaddhati, rAjyapraNAlI, guNagrAhakatA, dhArmika jIvana, pArivArika jIvana, Adi sadRzI vizeSatAnoM se prakaTa hotA hai / sarvatra eka samAna Adarza aura eka sI jIvanavidhi pAI jAtI hai, jaise deza-vyApI kisI 1. cIna kI anuzrutiyoM ke anusAra cIna samrAT ho-tI ke samaya (86 - 105 I0) meM bhAratIya rAjadUta cIna gye| milinda panha ke anusAra, cInI samrATa hivaMtI ke darabAra meM mahAcatra rudradAmA ke dUta sindhu prAnta se upahAra lekara gae the| lagabhaga 110 I0 meM alekjaiMDiyA ke zAsaka dvArA bhejA huA paiMTenasa nAmaka rAjadUta bhArata AyA / lagabhaga 236 I0 meM samrATa kaoNsTaiMTAina ke yahAM bhAratIya praNidhivarga phuNcaa| 518 I0 meM uttarI mAIvaMza kI cInasamAdhI dvArA bhejA huA nAmaka dUta pazcimI bhArata aayaa| 530 I0 meM bhAratIya rAjadUta upahAra lekara kustuMtuniyAM ke samrATa jusToniyana ke darabAra meM phuNce| 541 I0 meM bhAratIya rAjadUta cInI samrAT tAitsuGga ke darabAra meM gae / 607 I0 meM siMhala ke hindU zAsaka ke darabAra meM cInI samrAT kA bhejA huA dUta maMDala AyA / cAlukya samrAT pulakezina dvitIya ke darabAra meM IrAnI samrAT khusarUparaveja (515- 625 ) kA bhejA huA praNibhivarga AyA / 641 meM harSa kA mAdhAya rAjadUta cIna gayA aura 645 I0 meM cIna samrAT kA praNidhivarga samrATa irSa ke darabAra meM AyA / bANa ne to harSacarita meM spaSTa likhA hai ki saba dezoM se Aye hue dUta maMDala harSa ke darabAra meM Thahare hue the (sarvadezAntarAgatazca dUtarUpAsyamAnam harSa0 ucchravAsa 2, 1060) yaha silasilA isI prakAra Age bhI jArI rhaa| sumAtrA aura yavadvIpa ke zAsaka zailendra vaMzI rAjA bAlaputradeva ne muMgera ke rAjA devapAladeva ke pAsa dUta bhejakara nAlaMdA vizvavidyAlaya meM cAturdiza bhikSusaMgha ke liye pAMca gAMva dAna meM dene kA tAmrapaTa prApta kiyA jo nAlandA mahAvihAra kI khudAI meM prApta huA hai|
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________________ prAcIna bhArata meM deza kI aMkatA virAT pariSad ne rAjA aura prajA ke caritoM ko ekatA ke sAMce meM DhAla diyA ho| una caritoM ke bAhyarUpa aura mana kI preraNAeM sarvatra samAna haiN| zAsanapraNAlI kI jisa ekarUpatA kI ora deza bar3ha rahA thA usakA eka acchA udAharaNa samasta deza meM bhUmi kA bandobasta aura kara-nizciti ke rUpa meM milatA hai| ise "grAmasaMkhyA" kahA jAtA thaa| isakA artha aMgrejI ke hisAba se laiMDa sarve kiyA jA sakatA hai| zukranIti se yaha sUcita hotA hai ki isa prakAra kI eka grAmasaMkhyA guptakAla ke lagabhaga kI gaI thI, jisameM pratyeka grAma, maNDala, pradeza Adi dvArA deya bhUmikara cAMdI ke kArSApaNa sikkoM meM nizcita kara diyA gayA thaa| ye saMkhyAeM nAmoM ke sAtha zilAlekhoM meM jur3I huI milatI haiM, jaise aiholI ke lekha meM mahArASTra ke tIna bhAgoM kI grAmasaMkhyA arthAt bhUmi kA lagAna 66 sahasra kahA gayA hai| madhyakAla arthAt dazamI zatI ke lagabhaga phira isa prakAra kara bandobasta kiyA gayA jisakA ullekha "aparAjita pRcchA" nAmaka grantha meM pAyA hai| vahAM spaSTa kahA hai ki grAmasaMkhyA, dezapramANa aura rAjAtroM kA mAna tInoM kA AdhAra "rUpa" thA (grAmANAM ca tathA saMkhyA dezAnAM ca prmaanntH| rAjJAM ca yuktimAnaM ca alaMkAraistadrUpataH, aparAjita pRcchA 38 // 3) / yahAM rUpa zabda kA artha rupayA arthAt aAjakala kI paribhASA meM jamAbandI hai / rAjAoM kA yuktimAna arthAt chuTAI-bar3AI ke AdhAra para darabAra Adi meM unakA sammAna isI bAta para Azrita thA ki unake rAjya kI zrAya kyA thii| sAmanta, mANDalika, mahAmANDalika, nRpa, mahArAja, Adi pada Apa ke hisAba se uttarottara zreSTha mAne jAte the| isI hisAba se sAmanta, mANDalika yA rAjA loga mukuTa Adi AbhUSaNa bhI bhinna bhinna prakAra ke pahinate the jisase pratihArI bhI svAgata satkAra ke samaya unheM pahicAna lete the| isakA ullekha "mAnasAra" nAmaka grantha meM AyA hai (adhyAya 46) / aparAjita pRcchA meM deza ke mukhya mukhya bhAgoM kI grAmasaMkhyA yA jamAbandI dI huI hai; jaise kAnyakubja 36 lAkha, gaur3a 18 lAkha, kAmarUpa 6 lAkha, maNDalezvara 18 lAkha, kArtikapura 6 lAkha, cola deza 72 lAkha, dakSa rAjya 7|| lAkha, ujjayinI 18 lAkha 62 hajAra, zAkambhara 1 lAkha 25 hajAra, lATa, gurjara, kaccha, saurASTra saMmilita 2 lAkha, marukoTi aura marumaNDala (mevAr3a, mAravAr3a) 3|| lAkha, sindhusAgara 3 // lAkha, khurasANa yA khurASANa 40 lAkha, trigarta 2 lAkha, ahirAjya 12 lAkha, guNAdvIpa 6 // lAkha, jalandhara 3|| lAkha, kazmIra-maNDala 66180 / isa prakAra ina 21 rAjyoM kI prAya kI grAma-saMkhyA yA bhUmi kara 66633180 hotA hai| skandapurANa ke mAhezvara-khaNDa ke antargata kumArikA khaNDa ke adhyAya 39 meM kumArI dvIpa arthAt bhArata deza kI grAmasaMkhyA kA yoga 96 karor3a kahA gayA hai, kintu pratyeka ke liye jo grAmasaMkhyAeM vahAM dI haiM, unakA yoga 28,80,86,000 hotA hai| kumArikA khaNDa meM to pattana arthAt samudrapattana, jalapattana, yA potapattanoM meM cuMgI se honevAlI aAya bhI 72 lAkha kahI gaI hai (36163) / avazya hI ye saMkhyAeM tabhI sambhava haiM jaba samasta deza meM rAjanaitika aura Arthika ekasUtratA jIvana kI vAstavika sacAI bana cukI hai / madhyakAlIna hindU rAjyoM kI ina saMkhyAtroM kI paramparA meM hI "AIna-akabarI" kI vaha saMkhyA hai, jisameM ilAhAbAda, AgarA, avadha, ajamera, ahamadAbAda, bihAra, baMgAla, dillI, kAbula, lAhora, mulatAna, mAlavA sAmrAjya ke ina bAraha sUboM kI kula Aya 3626755246 dAma arthAt 6,07,43,881 rupaye kahI gaI hai| pIche se birAra, khAnadeza aura ahamadanagara ina tIna sUtroM ke aura yA jAne se rAjya kI Aya meM vRddhi huI hogii| ye aAMkar3e Upara likhe hue isa tathya ko pramANita karate haiM ki deza ke bhinna bhinna rAjyoM meM baMTe hone para bhI 1. bhArata kA videzoM ke sAtha praNidhi-saMbaMdha, nAgarI pracAriNI patrikA, vikramAMka uttarArdha, saMvat 2001, pR. 270-274 /
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________________ 64 AcArya vijayavallabhasUri smAraka graMtha sAmUhika cetanA vidyamAna thI, jisake anusAra khurAsAna, balakha aura pAmIra pradeza se lekara laMkA taka ke bhUbhAga ko eka hI deza arthAt kumArI dvIpa ke antargata mAnA jAtA thaa| kumArikA khaNDa kI sUcI meM cAra khUToM ke batAne vAle kucha mahattvapUrNa nAma die haiM, jaise nepAla, gAjanaka (gAjanA yA gAjanI-) kamboja, bAlhIka (balkha bukhArA), kazmIra, brAhmaNavAhaka-bahamanavA yA brAhmaNAbAda yA sindha (rAja, zekhara kA brAhmaNavaha), sindhu, ati sindhu (arthAt-sindhu ke isa pAra usa pAra ke deza) kaccha, saurASTra, koMkaNa, karnATa, laMkA, siMhaladvIpa, pANDatha, pAMsudeza (uDIsA kA pAMsu rASTra), kAmarUpa, gaur3a, barenduka (bArendrI, pUrvabaMgAla), kirAta vijaya, (zrAsAma-tibbata kI sImA kA pradeza), azvamukha deza (kinnaroM kA deza rAmapura buzahara)-isa prakAra bhArata deza kI parikramA ina nAmoM meM zrA jAtI hai| isa deza kA itihAsa gaMgA kI pravAha himAlaya ke UMce zikharoM se utara kara gaMgAsAgara taka pravAhita hotA rahA hai / kahAM eka ora vaidika kAla aura kahAM dUsare chora para madhyakAlIna jIvana aura saMskRti ? kintu yaha nizcaya hai ki bhAratIya saMskRti ananta bhedoM ke bIca meM bhI maulika ekatA aura samAnatA kI svIkRti aura prAgraha ke usa vrata se kabhI vicalita nahIM huI jise usake manISI vinoM ne Rgveda meM hI usake liye sthira kara diyA thA--- samAna maMtra, samAna samiti, samAna mana-samAna sabakA citta / sabake liye samAna maMtra abhimaMtrita / sabakI samAna havi se, yaha agnihotra pravRtta / / samAna sabakI preraNA, samAna sabake hRdaya, samAna sabake mAnasa, ataH sAtha sabakI sthiti // 1 // samAno maMtraH samitiH samAnI samAnaM manaH saha cittameSAm / samAnaM maMtramAbhimaMtraye vaH samAnena vo haviSA juhomi / / samAnI va AkUtiH samAnA hRdayAni vaH / samAnamastu vo mano yathA vaH susahAsati / / (R. 10 / 12 / 3-4) NOIAEO D NEW
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________________ pArzvanAtha bhagavAna, udayagiri gRphA, bhIlasA Image of Parsvanatha, Udayagiri cave, Bhilsa tasavIra : zrI0 Ara0 bhAradvAja
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________________ BALUALMANDLATASVALUENNAUKARAMETRIOTKER MALAIMANIANAMEPALIMALAIMER GODDEOCE garbhadvAra, vimala-vasa TI, Abu, bAramI sadI Ornamental entrance of cell. Vimal-Vasahi. (Abu), 12th Century nasavIra : zrI. jagana mahetA
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________________ kuMbhAriyAjInA pArzvanAtha bhagavAnanA derAsaramA ajitanAtha bhagavAna kAyotsarga mudrAmAM nIce saM. 1176nI sAleno lekha che.. Image of Ajitnatha in Kayotsarga Mudra in Parsvanatha temple, Kumbharia, N. Guj., bearing inscription of V.S. 1176 tasavIra : zrI0 Ara0 bhAradvAja
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________________ Jain Edueation International bhavya jaina zilpamUrtio, gvAliyara Colossus Jaina sculptures on the rock of Gwalior Fort kaoNpIrAiTa : ArkiolaoNjikala sarva Apha inDiyA]
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________________ zAntinAtha bastInI divAlapara AvelI zilpasamRddhi. jinAnAthapura Sculptures on the north wall of santinatha Basti, Jinanathpur kaoNpIrAiTa : ArkiolaoNjikala DipArTameMTa oNpha iMDiyA]
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________________ lUNavasahI-Abu : staMbho paranA gaNadharo : teramI sadI Pillar bracket dwarfs, Luna-Vasahi, Abu, c. 13th Century tasavIra : zrI. jagana mehatA
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________________ zeTha haThIsiMge bandhAvela jinaprAsAdanI dIvAlaparanI kalAmaya zilpamUrti, amadAbAda, (19mI sadI) Reliefs on the walls of Hathising temple, Ahmedabad. 19th Century tasavIra : zrI0 Ara0 bhAradvAja
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________________ rANakapuranA caturmukha jinaprAsAdanI dIvAloparanI zilpasamRddhi, 15mI sadI Female figures on the walls of the temple at Ranakpur, 15th Century tasavIra : zrI0 Ara0 bhAradvAja