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________________ bhAratIya kSitija para udita mahApuruSoM kI mahAna paramparA meM tIrthakara mahAvIra eka aise mahAmAnava the jinhoMne pracalita paramparAgata mAnyatAoM se haTakara uccatama mAnavIya mUlyoM kI sthApanA kii| unase pUrva kA samAja paramparAgata tathA kRtrima mUlyoM para AdhArita hone se viSamatA, pAkhaNDa, andhavizvAsa, rUr3higrastatA tathA saMkucita bhAvanAoM ke prabhAva ke kAraNa jarjarita hotA jA rahA thA / canda-ucca sattA, pratiSThA evam adhikAra prApta zaktizAlI vyaktiyoM kA sampUrNa mAnava samAja vyavasthA para niyantraNa thaa| ise sthira rakhane ke uddezya se unhoMne samAja meM aisI dUSita vyavasthA ko janma de rakhA thA jisameM mAnavIya mUlyoM ko tilAMjali de dI gaI thii| Sama 30 mArca, I. pU. 599 (caitra zuklA trayodazI) ko vaizAlI ke rAjaparivAra meM janme rAjakumAra barddhamAna ne tatkAlIna paristhitiyoM se preraNA grahaNa kara, zramaNa tIrtha karoM kI paramparA ko Age bar3hAte hae ahiMsA mAnava dharma ke praNetA tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ko samatAmayI bhUmikA meM pratiSThita kara usa yuga kI cintanadhArA ko sarvatra cunautI dI / zAsvata evam sarvAgINa darzana ke mAdhyama se unhoMne tatkAlIna samAja meM vyApta doSapUrNa vyavasthA ke vibhinna pakSoM, IzvaravAda, pAkhaNDavAda, vahudevopAsanA, karmakANDa, lokabhASA kA abhAva, narabali, pazavali tathA nArI jAti ke sAtha durvyavahAra jaisI kuprathAoM evaM vyavasthAoM se grasta sAmAjika vyavasthA para prahAra kara mAnavIya jIvana ke maulika pakSa ko prastuta kara mAnavIya mUlyoM kI sthApanA kii| saradArasiMha coraDiyA varNa vyavasthA kA khaNDana : varddhamAna mahAvIra ko jisa vyavasthA ke viruddha sarvAdhika saMgharSa karanA par3A, vaha thI tatkAlIna samAja meM pracalita varNa vyavasthA, jo janmanA jAti ke siddhAnta para AdhArita hone se viSamatA kI pramukha 57
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________________ ghaTaka thI / brAhmaNa janmanA ucca evaM zUdra janmanA tuccha, krAMti kA satrapAta kiyaa| dalitoM evaM zoSitoM ke prati isa mAnyatA para AdhArita vyavasthA ne mAnava-mAnava meM anyAya se vyathita mahAvIra ne unake uddhAra ko apanA bahuta bar3A bheda paidA kara diyA thaa| mahAvIra ne isa eka pramukha lakSya bnaayaa| ve jahA~ bhI gae, unhoMne aise vyavasthA kA tarkasaMgata khaNDana kara tatkAlIna samAja logoM ko prAthamikatA dii| unhoMne dRr3ha saMkalpa ho, zUdroM ko Andolita kara diyaa| evaM evaM nArI jAti ke logoM ko apane dharma meM dIkSita kiyaa| harikezI cAMDAla, saddAlaputta kumbhakAra aura tIrtha kara mahAvIra ne sabhI varNa aura jAti ke logoM dAsI candavAlA (sI) ke lie unhoMne dharma ke dvAra ko samAna mAnava kahA / vartamAna mahAvIra svayaM janma- khola die / vihAra karate samaya eka bAra polAsapura jAta jaina nahIM the| janma se ve kSatriya varNa ke kula meM gA~va ke bhramaNa meM daurAna sakar3Ala kumhAra kI prArthanA paidA hae the / unhoMne Atmavijaya dvArA dvaSa va moha para ve saharSa usake yahA~ Thahare / isa prakAra dalitoM evaM kA nAza kara AtmA ko jItA, isa kAraNa ve jina zoSitoM ko samAja meM samAna evaM sammAnapUrNa sthAna khlaae| unake samavazaraNa ke dvAra na kevala mAnava dilAne ke lie kaTibaddha varddhamAna mahAvIra ne isa mAtra ko varana prANImAtra ko khule the| usameM sabhI dizA meM navIna krAMti ko janma de. unake lie AdhyAmilajulakara baiThate the| unhoMne bAraha varSa kI kaThora tmika sAdhanA ke dvAra khola die / tapasyA ke pazcAta niraMtara tIsa varSa taka bhramaNa kara jJAniyoM, alpajJoM, ucca evaM dalitoM tathA chata avatAravAda kA khaNDana : evam achatoM ko jaina dharma meM dIkSita kara samAja meM tIrthakara mahAvIra ne pUrva pracalita isa dhAraNA kA, pracalita anyAya, atyAcAra, kuprathA evaM durAcAra ki-"saSTi nirmAtA Izvara hI sabakA bhAgya vidhAtA ke viruddha AvAja uThAyI aura sanmArga dikhAyA / unake saMgha meM bhI sabhI varga va jAti ke loga the, unake - hai" khaNDana kiyA / unase pUrva dharmagurU isa dhAraNA para hI vala dete the, unhoMne, isakI vyAkhyAoM meM ise aura gaNadhara indrabhUti Adi brAhmaNa kulotpanna tathA anekoM jaTila banAte hue "rAjA ko Izvara kA avatAra" tathA zrAvaka-zrAvikAeM vaizya kula kI thiiN| unake ziSyoM meM "saMskRta ko devatAoM kI bhASA" bhI nirUpati kara sakar3Ala kumhAra, arjuna mAlI, kaMsA DAkU, anurakta diyA, aura yaha vizvAsa jAgrata evaM paidA kiyA ki bhadrA nAmaka rAja karmacArI kI beTI tathA pApI aura nIca samajhe jAne vAle loga bhI the| manuSya kA kalyANa isa sRSTi nirmAtA Izvara kI pUjA arcanA se hI sambhava haiN| rAjA, purohita eva paMDita dalitoddhAra : svayaM isa Izvara ke pratIka evaM madhyastha bana gae aura unhoMne Izvara kI pUjA arcanA ko bhI jAti tathA varNa prANImAtra ke madhya samAnatA sthApanA kA vicAra vizeSa kA hI adhikAra ghoSita kara diyA / isa sArI dekara unhoMne mAnava samAja meM vyApta bhaya, kAyaratA, vyavasthA ne samAja ko burI taraha jakar3a rakhA thaa| durAgraha pAkhaNDa evaM andhavizvAsa ko dUra kiyA tathA mahAvIra ne ina bandhanoM ko tor3A aura kahA ki saSTi patitoM evaM donoM ko gale lagAyA aura dhArmika jar3atA kA koI nirmAtA nahIM hai, vaha anAdi aura anaMta hai| tathA andha zraddhA ko tor3akara jAtibheda va sAmAjika yaha duniyA~ kisI eka Izvara ke bharose nahIM cala rahI vaiSamya ke viruddha lokamata jAgrata kiyA tathA sudara hai| unhoMne buddhivAdI karmavAda kI dhAraNA pracalita kSetroM meM apane upadeza de, jana jAgaraNa kara sAmAjika kara hara vyakti ko lokabhASA meM mokSamArga DhUr3hane kA 58
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________________ sandeza diyaa| isa dhAraNA kA ki rAjA Izvara kA avatAra hai, saMskRta devatAoM kI bhASA hai, aura usameM likhe kucha grantha IzvarIya hai, khaNDana kara unhoMne kahA ki koI bhI grantha IzvarIya nahIM hai, ve manuSya kI hI kRti haiM, manuSya pahale AyA aura grantha bAda meM rAjA deva nahIM, na hI vaha Izvara kA avatAra haiM / mahAvIra ne kahA ki "rAjA manuSya hai, use devatA mata kaho, eka sampanna manuSya kaho / " devoM para mAnava kI mahAnatA : isa prakAra tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ne samakAlIna mAnava ko mAnava mAnA, tathA svayaM ko bhI mAnava hI kahA / yahI kAraNa hai ki anya dharmoM kI taraha jaina dharma tIrthakaroM ke sAtha IzvarIya avatAra kI dhAraNA nahIM jur3I hai| ve tapa va saMyama dvArA karmoM ko kSaya karake, AtmA ko sAdhanA se pahacAna kara, AtmasvabhAva ke ramaNa karane kI prakriyA se tIrtha Mkara bne| unhoMne caritra kI AvazyakatA tathA paMca mahAvrata ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya evaM aparigraha ke pAlana para bala diyA / unhoMne spaSTa kahA ki koI IzvarIya avatAra nahIM, sabhI prANI samAna AtmA ko grahaNa karate haiM, deva mAnava se ucca nahIM, varan unake adhIna haiM, jaina bADamaya meM aise aneko udAharaNa bhare par3e haiM jinameM devoM dvArA mahAmAnavoM kI zaraNa va svAgata satkAra meM upasthita hone ke prasaMga haiM, jabaki aisA eka bhI udAharaNa nahIM jisameM mokSa prApti hetu Izvara yA devatAoM yA unake avatAroM kI pUjA arcanA kA mArga apanAyA ho / unane anusAra pratyeka mAnava satkarmo ke dvArA duSkarmoM ko kSaya kara AtmasAdhanA ke dvArA hI mokSa ko prApta kara sakatA hai| tIrthaMkara mahAvIra karuNA aura saMvedanA ke pratIka the / unhoMne kahA ki manuSya kI sattA sarvocca hai| pratyeka AtmA kA apanA svatantra astitva hai, usameM ananta zakti vidyamAna hai / isa prakAra tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ne devoM para mAnava kI mahAnatA siddha kI / manuSya svayaM bhAgyavidhAtA : tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ne bhAgyavAda kA khaNDana kara kahA ki manuSya svayaM hI apane bhAgya kA vidhAtA hai, koI anya zakti na to usake bhAgya ko nirdhArita hI karatI hai, na hI usake karmoM ko saMcAlita / manuSya bhAgya yA karma ke yaMtra kA pua nahIM hai, bhAgya manuSya ko nahIM banAtA, manuSya svayaM hI apane bhAgya kA nirmANa karatA hai, vaha svayaM hI apanA bhAgya vidhAtA hai| vaha svayaM hI apane sukha duHkha kA karttA hai / puruSArtha para bala sukha prApti ke lie tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ne puruSArtha kA sandeza de sahajatA aura svAbhAvikatA para bala diyA unhoMne kahA ki tuma sukha kahA~ DhUr3hate ho, vaha to tumameM hI sthita hai, sukha bAhara nahIM bhItara hai / jisa rAga dveSa, apane parAe meM tuma sukha duHkha kI kalpanA kara rahe ho, parigraha samRddhi meM sukha khoja rahe ho, vaha sukha kahA~ hai ? yahA~ to duHkha kA aparampAra pArAvAra laharA rahA hai| "sukha anta meM sthita hai, jise puruSArtha se hI prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai / " karmavAda : yahI kAraNa hai ki apane jIvana darzana meM tIrtha kara mahAvIra ne karmavAda ke mUlamaMtra kA prayoga kiyA / unhoMne kahA ki "sira mur3Ane mAtra se koI zramaNa nahIM ho jAtA, OM raTane mAtra se koI brAhmaNa nahIM hotA, vanavAsa bhogane se koI muni nahIM vana jAtA, balki samatA se hI vyakti zramaNa hotA hai, brahmacarya se hI brAhmaNa, jJAna se hI muni tathA tapa se hI tapasvI / AdamI kSatriya, brAhmaNa vaizya, zUdra sirpha apane kArya se banatA hai / " manuSya janma se nahIM karma se mahAna hai : tIrthakara mahAvIra ne karmavAda kI dhAraNA de kara yaha kahA ki "manuSya janma se nahIM karma se mahAna hotA 5.6
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________________ hai|" jAti vizeSa ko hI mokSa kI prApti kA adhikAra jJAna evaM karma kA savanvaya : hai isa dhAraNA kA khaNDana kara unhoMne kahA ki dharma ke isake lie mahAvIra ne jJAna aura karma ke samanvaya patha kA anuzaraNa janma dvArA nirdhArita na hokara usake para bala diyaa| mokSa prApti ke lie unhoMne samyaka bhAvanArUpI karma para Azrita hotA hai / jaisA kriyA darzana, samyaka jJAna evaM samyaka caritra rUpI ratnatraya ke kameM hogA, vaisA hI usakA bhoga hogaa| jIvAtmA svayaM pramANabaddha samanvaya para bala diyA / akelA jJAna, karma karatA hai aura svayaM hI phala bhogatA hai aura svayaM akelA darzana athavA akelA caritra hI manuSya ko du:kha hI vizva meM bhramaNa karatA hai / tathA svayaM bandhana se mukti ko aura nahIM le jA sktaa| isake lie jJAna, sadA ke lie mukta bhI ho jAtA hai| jaisA karma hogA, darzana aura AcaraNa kA samanvaya Avazyaka hai| jJAna vaisA milegaa| jaba taka pUrva karmoM kA kSaya nahIM hotA hIna karma aura karmahIna jJAna donoM hI vyartha haiM / jJAna taba taka mokSa prApta nahIM ho sktaa| satya kA AcaraNa aura Acarika satya kA jJAna donoM hI Avazyaka haiN| zuddha AtmA hI paramAtmA : samanvayavAdI darzana : ___mokSa prApti ke lie mahAvIra ne Atmazuddhi para mahAvIra kA darzana atyAdhika vyApaka hai jisameM bala diyaa| "zuddha AtmA hI paramAtmA kI dhAraNA de unhoMne kahA ki Izvaratva prApta karane ke sAdhanoM para so samanvayavAda para bala diyA gayA hai| anekAnta evaM syAkisI varga yA vyakti vizeSa kA adhikAra nahIM hai| dvAda darzana kA siddhAnta jaina darzana kI aisI maulika vaha to svayaM meM svatantra, mukta, nirlepa aura nivikAra upalabdhi hai jisane darzana zAstra ke jagata meM jJAna evaM hai / hara vyakti cAhe vaha kisI jAti, varga, dharma yA vikAsa ke nae dvAra khola die haiM, tathA vizva bhara ke cintakoM ko naI dizA dI hai| liMga kA ho, mana kI zuddhatA aura AcaraNa kI pavitratA ke bala para use prApta kara sakatA hai / isake isa prakAra tIrthakara mahAvIra ne aise mAnavadharma kI lie Avazyaka hai ki vaha apane kaSAyoM, krodha-mAna- sthApanA kI jisane prANImAtra kI mukti kA dvAra khola moha-lobha ko tyAga deM / manuSya ko mokSa prApti ke diyA aura eka aise jIvana darzana kI sthApanA kI lie apanI tRSNA se, vaira se, krodha se, moha se, bilAsa, jisane mAnava jagata ko naI dizA to dI hI, sAtha hI ahaMkAra evaM pramAda se mukti prApta karanA Avazyaka mAnava samAja meM uccatama mAnavIya mUlyoM kI sthApanA hai / inase mukti prApta AtmA hI zuddha AtmA hai aura kI, jo ki tIrthakara mahAvIra ke mAnavadharma kI mahatva vahI paramAtmA hai| pUrNa upalabdhi hai| do