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________________ mahArASTra kI saMskRti para jainiyoM kA prabhAva riSabhadAsa rA~kA prAgautahAsika kAla bhAratIya saMskRti atyanta prAcIna, unnata aura garimAmaya hai| kucha samaya pUrva yaha arvAcIna mAnI jAtI thii| kintu dhIre-dhIre anusaMdhAnoM ke prakAza meM yaha bhrama dUra hotA gyaa| mohana-jo-dar3o, har3appA tathA anya avazeSoM se yaha siddha ho gayA ki AryoM ke Agamana ke pahale bhI bhArata meM eka samunnata saMskRti pravAhamAna thii| DaoN. rAmadhArIsiMha 'dinakara' ne likhA hai "yaha mAnanA yuktiyukta hai ki zramaNa saMsthA AryoM ke Agamana ke pahale vidyamAna thii|" aura use zramaNa-saMskRti kahA jA sakatA hai| isa zramaNa-saMskRti kA saMparka kisa saMskRti ke sAtha thA isa viSaya meM vibhinna mata haiN| sva. DaoN. rAmadhArIsiMha 'dinakara' likhate haiM-"paurANika hinda-dharma Agama aura nigama para AdhArita mAnA jAtA hai| nigama hai vaidika pradhAna aura Agama hai zramaNa pradhAna / Agama zabda baidika kAla se calI A rahI vaidiketara dhArmika paramparA kA vAcaka hai| bauddha dharma kI sthApanA bhagavAna buddha ne kI hai jinakA kAla paccIsa sau varSa pUrva kA nizcita hai| ataH bauddhoM ke pahale bhArata meM zramaNa-saMskRti thI aura usake jaina hone kI saMbhAvanA hI adhika hai| bhagavAna buddha ke DhAI sau varSa pUrva janoM ke 23veM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha hue the / vedoM meM ariSTanemi tathA RSabhadeva kA ullekha milatA hai, jo jaina tIrthaMkara the| isalie adhika saMbhava yahI hai ki prAgaitihAsika kAla kI saMskRti zramaNa-saMskRti se milatI-julatI yA jaina-saMskRti thii| jaina anuzrutiyoM se bhI saMketa milate haiM ki jaina dharma prAcIna kAla se calA A rahA hai| dekhanA yaha hai ki vaidika arthAt brAhmaNa saMskRti kI kyA vizeSatAeM thiiN| yaha saMskRti yajJa pradhAna thI, jisameM vedoM tathA brahma ko zreSTha ghoSita kiyA gayA hai| brahma kI prApti ke lie yajJa-karma ko parama puruSArtha mAnA gyaa| bhautika sukhoM ko prApta kara vartamAna jIvana ko sukhI banAne ke lie, pravRtti mUlaka vicAra aura AcAra prArambhika vaidika sAhitya meM pAye jAte haiM / vartamAna jIvana sukhI banAne ke lie prayatna karate the aura ArAdhya deva kI upAsanA isI dRSTi se kI jAtI thI / kucha prArthanAeM dRSTavya haiM-- hama sau varSa taka jiyeN| hama sau varSa taka apane jJAna ko bar3hAte rheN| hama sau varSa taka puSTi aura dRr3hatA ko prApta kreN| hama sau varSa taka Anandamaya jIvana vyatIta kreN| hama sau varSa taka adIna hokara rheN| jo svayaM udyoga karatA hai, iMdra usakI sahAyatA karate haiN| jo zrama nahIM karatA, devatA usake sAtha mitratA nahIM krte| hama sadA prasannacitta rahate hue udIyamAna sUrya ko dekheN| o mere ArAdhya dev| Apa teja svarUpa haiM, mujhameM teja ko dhAraNa kiijie| Apa vIrya rUpa haiM, mujhe vIryavAna kiijie| Apa bala rUpa haiM, mujhe balavAna kiijie| Apa oja rUpa haiM, mujhe ojasvI bnaaie| Arya parAkramI the| ve apane prayatnoM dvArA tathA devatAoM ko prasanna kara upalabdha jIvana ko sukhI banAnA cAhate the| isake lie karma ko prAdhAnya dete the| ve pravRtti parAyaNa the| prAcIna zramaNa saMskRti ke loga yoga, saMyama, adhyAtma aura punarjanma ko mAnane vAle pratIta hote haiN| sva. DaoN. maMgaladeva zAstrI ne likhA hai ki "ati prAcIna kAla se bhArata kI mAnasikatA do dhArAoM meM vibhakta rahI hai, eka dhArA kahatI hai ki jIvana satya hai aura hamArA kartavya hai ki hama bAdhAoM para vijaya prApta karake jIvana meM jayalAbha kareM evaM mAnava bandhuoM kA upakAra karate hue yajJAdi se devatAoM ko bhI prasanna kareM, jisase hama isa ora una donoM - rAjendra-jyoti Jain Education Intemational
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________________ lokoM meM sukha aura Ananda prApta kara sakeM, kintu dUsarI dhArA kI zikSA yaha hai ki jIvana nAzavAna hai hama jo bhI kareM kintu hameM roga aura zoka se chuTakArA nahIM mila sakatA, na mRtyu se hI hama bhAga sakate haiN| hamAre Ananda kI sthiti vaha thI, jaba hamane janma liyA thaa| janma ke kAraNa hI vAsanA kI jaMjIra meM par3e haiN| ataeva, hamArA zreSTha dharma yaha hai ki hama una sukhoM se pITha phera leM, jo hameM lalacA kara saMsAra meM bAMdhate haiN| isa dhArA ke anusAra manuSya ko ghara bAra chor3a kara saMnyAsa le lenA cAhie aura deha-daMDana pUrvaka vaha mArga pakar3anA cAhie, jisase AvAgamana chUTa jaae| donoM saMskRtiyoM ke vicAra meM apanI-apanI vizeSatA thI aura usameM jo tathya thA use grahaNa kara samanvaya dvArA bhAratIya saMskRti aisI sazakta banI ki jo mAnava jIvana ko sahI dizA darzana meM sakSama ho| aura aneka ApadAoM ke bIca vaha akSuNNa raha ske| sva. viThThalarAmajI ziMde ne bhI bhAgavata dharma ke vikAsa meM likhA hai ki bhArata ke vikAsa ke itihAsa kA prArambha veda se mAnA jAtA hai, kintu veda hindU-saMskRti kA udgama nahIM hai| veda se pahale ke anya likhita pramANa na hone se aisA kahA jAtA hai kintu bhAratIya saMskRti vedoM se bahuta prAcIna hai / bhAratIya AryoM kI saMskRti ke udgama srota veda ho sakate haiN| drAvir3a 'tAmravarNI' mogala pItavarNI', zuddha 'kRSNavarNI', 'mizravarNI' isa prakAra asaMkhya mAnavavaMza bhArata meM anAdi kAla se basate the| unake saMskRti-mahAsAgara meM Arya saMskRti tejasvI kintu choTI hI milI hai| yaha bAta vizeSajJa jAna sakate haiM ki akhila bhAratIya saMskRti kA udgama veda yA Arya saMskRti mAnanA sAhasa hI hogaa| uttarabhArata kI taraha dakSiNa meM bhI AryoM ke Agamana ke pahale jo jAtiyAM basatI thIM unakI saMskRti ke viSaya meM vidvAnoM ne zodhana karake jo tathya prakaTa kie usameM AryoM ke Agamana ke pahale mahArASTra meM bhAgavata dharma yA zramaNa dharma pracalita thA / aura AryoM ke Agamana ke bAda usameM AryoM ne samajhautA kara apanA liyA ho aisA lagatA hai kyoMki Ama janatA unhIM vicAroM-AcAroM se prabhAvita thii| AryoM ne bhAgavata dharma ke devatAoM ko apanI upAsanA meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna diyaa| ___ mahArASTra meM AryoM ke Agamana ke pahale jo bhAgavata dharma pracalita thA usake rUpa ke viSaya meM sva. viThThalarAmajI ziMde kI mAnyatA hai * ki, "kisI bhagavAna yA deva, devI yA pUjya puruSa ko bhagavAna ke rUpa meM bhakti karane vAle ve bhAgavata aura unakA dharma bhAgavata dharma / isa dRSTi se ve ziva, viSNu, jaina aura bauddhoM kI gaNanA bhI bhAgavatoM meM hI karate haiN| isa dRSTi se zaMkara, RSabha, kRSNa unakI dRSTi se prArambha meM vaidikoM ke deva yA pUjya puruSa nahIM the jinheM vaidikoM ne bAda meM apanA liyA / ziva bhAgavata sampradAya unakI dRSTi se jainoM se pUrva kA honA caahie| para kucha vidvAnoM kA yaha bhI mata vicAraNIya hai ki zaMkara aura RSabhadeva eka haiN| kyoMki donoM kA pratIka baila (vRSabha) rahA hai| donoM ko AdinAtha kahA jAtA thA aura donoM kI sAdhanA meM yoga pramukha thaa| ve donoM eka hoM yA bhinna para donoM nivRtti pradhAna the aura sAdhanA meM yoga, cittazuddhi aura saMyama ko pradhAnatA dete the| ve adhyAtma, sAdhanA, sAdagI, saMyama, karma siddhAnta aura punarjanma ko mAnane vAle the aura pazu-yajJa ke virodhI the| isalie prAgaitihAsika kAla meM mahArASTra nivAsiyoM kI jo saMskRti thI usako aura janoM ke vicAroM meM kAphI sAmya thA / jaina anuzrutiyoM ke anusAra dakSiNa kI drAvir3a, nAga, rAkSasa, vAnara tathA vidyAdhara ina jAtiyoM meM jaina dharma kA pracAra thaa| bhale hI aitihAsika pramANa da nA AsAna na ho to bhI unameM kAphI vicAra sAmya thaa| aisA dikhAI detA hai| __suprasiddha itihAsakAra DaoN. jyotiprasAda jaina kI mAnyatA hai ki, "jaina anuzruti ke anusAra mAnava-sabhyatA ke prArambha se isa pradeza meM sabhya vidyAdharoM kI nAga, akSa, yajJa, vAnara Adi jAtiyoM kA nivAsa rahA hai / ye jAtiyAM zramaNa saMskRti kI upAsaka thiiN| brAhmaNa anuzruti ke anusAra Agastya pahale Arya RSi the jo vindhyAcala ko pAra kara dakSiNa bhArata meM pahuMce the, parazurAma bhI vahAM gaye the| vanavAsa meM rAmacandra bhI vahAM gaye the aura vAnaroM kI sahAyatA se laMkA ke rAkSasa rAjA rAvaNa kA aMta karane meM saphala hae the| isase pratIta hotA hai ki rAmAyaNa kAla ke lagabhaga vaidika AryoM ke ekado choTe upaniveza dakSiNa paMtha meM sthApita ho gaye the, kintu isameM IsavI san ke prArambha taka koI vizeSa pragati nahIM ho pAI thI aura dakSiNa paMtha adhikAMzataH avaidika evaM anArya hI banA rahA / dUsarI ora jaina anuzruti ke anusAra rAmAyaNa kAla ke bhI bahuta pUrva se madhya pradeza ke mAnavoM aura dakSiNa patha ke vidyAdharoM meM abAdha saMparka rahA thaa| tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva ne vijayAdha ke dakSiNa sthita, nami, vinami Adi vidyAdhara narezoM ke sAtha vivAha evaM maitrI saMbaMdha bhI kie the| aura uttarI patha ke sAtha-sAtha yahAM bhI jaina dharma kA pracAra kiyA thaa| bharata cakravartI ne apanI digvijaya meM dakSiNa ke samasta dezoM ko vijaya kiyA thaa| unake choTe bhAI bAhubalI ko RSa bhadeva dvArA podanapura kA rAjya diyA thA jo dakSiNa meM sthita thA / bAhubalI kI vizAla mUrtiyoM kA nirmANa tathA upAsanA dakSiNa bhArata meM hI adhika huA hai| rAmAyaNa kAla meM ayodhyA ke sUryavaMzI dazaratha, rAma, lakSmaNa Adi dakSiNa paMtha ke pavanaMjaya, hanumAna, bAlI, sugrIva, nala-nIla Adi vAnara vaMzI vidyAdhara tathA laMkA ke rAkSasavaMzI rAvaNa, meghanAda Adi saba jaina dharma ke upAsaka batAe gae haiM / vidyAdhara vaijJAnika AviSkAroM, laukika vidyA evaM kalAoM, dhana tathA bhautika zakti meM uttarApatha vAloM se bar3he-car3he the| kiMtu AdhyAtmika unnati dharma, darzana aura cintana meM unhoMne mAnavoM ke guru tIrthaMkaroM ke samakSa apanA mastaka jhukAyA thaa| aura unake ziSya tathA upAsaka bane / vidyAdharoM ke vaMzajoM ko Adhunika itihAsakAra drAvir3a kahate haiN| drAvir3a logoM ko anArya aura avaidika hI nahIM bhArata ke prAgArya aura prAgvaidika nivAsI mAnate haiN| isa bAta kI saMbhAvanA ko svIkAra karate haiM ki drAvir3a jAti brAhmaNa paramparA ke zaiva, vaiSNava Adi dharma apanAne ke pahale jaina dharmAnuyAyI thIM / mahAbhAratakAla meM tIrthakara ariSTanemi ne dakSiNa patha meM svadharma kA pracAra kiyA thA aura unake bhakta kuruvaMzI paMca pAMDava rAjya parityAga kara dakSiNa kI ora cale gae the| unhoMne jaina muniyoM ke rUpa meM kaThora tapasyA kI thii| vI. ni. saM. 2503
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________________ usI samaya se dakSiNa meM pAMDya deza, paMca pAMDava, malaya, madurA Adi sthAna prasiddha hue| isI prakAra prAgaaitihAsika kAla ke viSaya meM DaoN. vidyAdhara johArapurakara ne 'mahArASTra meM jainadharma' meM likhA hai ki, "guNabhadra ke uttara purANa meM gyArahaveM aura bArahaveM tIrthakaroM ke madhyavartI samaya meM prathama baladeva kA vihAra garur3hadhvaja parvata para huA thaa| tathA jinasena ke harivaMza purANa ke anusAra bAisaveM tIrthaMkara ke samaya antima baladeva kA dehAvasAna tuMgIgiri para huaa| yaha sthAna nAsika (mahA.) jile meM tIrtha ke rUpa meM prasiddha hai| - itihAsa kAlIna mahArASTra mahArASTra ke saMtoM dvArA sAhitya nirmANa aura karttavya bArahavIM zatAbdi se prArambha hotA hai| usa samaya mahArASTra meM yAdavoM kA zAsana thaa| mahArASTrIyana saMskRti kA udbhava vAstava meM sAtavAhana yuga se mAnA jAtA hai / isalie vahAM se lekara bArahavIM zatAbdi taka kA rAjanaitika, sAmAjika evaM sAMskRtika sthiti kA avalokana kiye binA mahArASTra kI saMta paramparA aura unake kAryoM kA yathocita mUlyAMkana saMbhava nahIM hai| aura mahArASTra saMtoM ke sAhitya para jaina dharma ke prabhAva ko batAne ke lie itihAsakAlIna mahArASTra kI jAnakArI Avazyaka hai| aisA ullekha milatA hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pUrvavartI kAla meM arthAt DhAI hajAra varSa pUrva mahArASTra jana-bhikSuoM kA vihAra kSetra rahA hai| DaoN. ketakara ne apane 'prAcIna mahArASTra' grantha meM likhA hai jaina sampradAya mahAvIra se pUrva kAla meM mahArASTra meM thaa| mahAvIrottara kAla meM usake adhika prasiddha hone kI sthiti rhii| jaina dharma kA pracAra buddha kAla meM mahArASTra meM thA, yaha kahA jA sakatA hai| 'yaha kalpanA thI ki buddha ne zramaNa varga kA nirmANa kiyA thA, kintu aba yaha mAnyatA nahIM rahI, balki zramaNoM kI prAcInatA buddha ke hajAroM varSa pUrva taka jAtI hai|' usmAnAbAda jile ke antargata terakI guphAoM ke viSaya meM barjesa kahatA hai ki ye guphAe~ IsA pUrva 500 se 650 varSa pUrva kI honI cAhie kyoMki karakaMDa ke vahAM Ane kI bAta jaina sAhitya meM milatI hai| jise DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina ne svIkAra kiyA hai| magadha nareza nandIvardhana ne dakSiNa deza ke nAgara khaMDa ko jIta kara magadha sAmrAjya meM milA liyA thA / antima zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu uttara ke bhISaNa akAla ke samaya bAraha hajAra sAdhuoM ke sAtha dakSiNa kI ora vihAra kara gaye the| mahAnanda, candragupta, bindusAra aura azoka ke sAmrAjya meM dakSiNa bhArata kA kucha hissA sammilita thA / ina narezoM ne rAjanaitika yA anya kAraNoM se dakSiNa kI yAtrAeM kI thIM, candragupta ke viSaya meM to yaha anuzruti hai ki usane apane guru ke samAdhi sthAna ke pAsa zravaNabela-golA meM tapasyA kI thI, vaha jaina muni bana gayA thA aura jaina saMghoM kA usane netRtva bhI kiyA thA / azoka ke zilAlekha bhI karnATaka ke maskI aura mahArASTra meM sopArA meM haiN| mahArASTra meM sAtavAhana kula dvArA rAjya sthApanA ke bAda kA samaya aitihAsika dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa rahA hai| DaoN. sAMkaliyA ke matAnusAra:-'aitihAsika dRSTi se mahArASTra meM jaina sAdhuoM kI gatividhiyoM kA vistAra maurya sAmrAjya ke samaya (IsA pUrva tIsarI sadI) AcArya bhadrabAhu aura suhastI ke netRtva meM huA hogaa| yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai / isa pradeza ke jaina sAdhuoM ke vihAra kA sarvaprathama spaSTa pramANa vaha saMkSipta zilAlekha hai, jo pUnA jile ke pAsa pAlA grAma ke nikaTa eka guphA meM prApta huA hai| lipi ke AdhAra para yaha lekha san pUrva dUsarI sadI kA mAnA gayA hai| isameM bhadanta indra rasina dvArA isa guhA ke nirmANa kA ullekha hai| sAtavAhana kAla zAlIvAhana kula ke rAjya kI sthApanA IsA pUrva 240 se 230 / meM kI thii| vaha rAjya I. saM. 218 taka lagabhaga cAra sau varSa taka claa| jisameM kaI parAkramI rAjA hue| sAtavAhana rAjA ke zAsanakAla meM vaidika. bauddha aura jaina tInoM dharmoM ko samucita Azraya milaa| isa kula ke rAjA udAra, saMskArazIla, vidyA aura kalA premI the| isa kula ke rAjA hala ne 'gAthA saptazatI' nAmaka prAkRta graMtha kI racanA kii| jisa para jaina dharma kA prabhAva kahA jAtA hai| bauddhoM kI kaI guphAoM kA nirmANa huA aura jainiyoM dvArA mahArASTrI prAkRta meM mahatvapUrNa sAhitya kI racanA huii| sAtavAhana kAla meM bauddha dharma kA kAphI prabhAva thaa| pazcima mahArASTra kI guphA meM sopArA va tera ke avazeSa isake pramANa haiN| nAsika meM prApta patthara kI paTTiyoM para khude dharma se saMbaddha triratna Adi citra isake pramANa haiN| sAtavAhana kAla meM agni, iMdra, prajApati ina devatAoM ke sAthasAtha zaMkara, umA Adi devoM ko Arya devoM meM sammilita kara lene kI kalpanA isI kAla kI hai| isameM saMbhavata: yaha dRSTi thI ki Arya anArya meM saMgharSa ho / vaidika abhimAniyoM ne, bauddhoM kI lokapriyatA kama karane ke liye dhArmika kalpanA meM parivartana kiyA / yajJa vidhiyoM ko karmakAMDa banA diyaa| yadyapi sAtavAhana ne aneka yajJa kiye the| tathApi 'yAtha saptazatI' meM yajJa saMsthA va agnidevatA kI avahelanA hI dikhAI detI hai| isI kAla meM zaiva, vaiSNava, bhAgavata, kApAlika Adi paMthiyoM kA udaya huaa| sAtavAhana kAla ke pUrva se bhArata meM cAturvarNya uttara kI taraha dakSiNa meM bhI Arya-anArya saMgharSa samApta prAya ho, Arya zabda kevala itihAsa meM hI raha gayA thaa| yajJa saMsthA kA mahatva kama hone laga gayA thaa| isaliye brAhmaNoM kA mahatva bhI kama hone laga gayA thaa| cAturvarNya vyavasthA meM se jAti saMsthA kA udaya huaa| gAthA saptazatI meM aneka vanya jAtiyoM ke ullekha dRSTigocara hote haiM / AmIra, gopa, cAMDAla, dAsa, puliMda Adi sAtavAhana kAla meM mahArASTra ke nAgarika the| ____ DA. johArapurakara likhate haiM ki-'mahArASTra ke prathama aitihAsika rAjavaMza-sAtavAhana vaMza kI rAjadhAnI pratiSThAna (Adhunika 166 rAjendra-jyoti
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________________ paiThaNa, jilA-auraMgAbAda) meM jainAcAryoM ke vihAra ke saMbaMdha meM kaI kathAe~ upalabdha haiN| prabhAvaka caritra prakaraNa 4 tathA vividha tIrtha kalpa prakaraNa 23 ke anusAra AcArya kAlaka ne isa nagara meM rAjA sAtavAhana ke Agraha para paryuSaNa kI tithi bhAdrapada zukla 5 se badalakara caturthI kI thI kyoMki rAjA paMcamI ke dina hone vAle indradhvaja utsava tathA paryuSaNa donoM meM upasthita honA cAhatA thaa| pratiSThAna se saMbaddha dUsare AcArya pAlitiya (saMskRta meM pAdalipta) kI kathA ke prakaraNa 5 tathA prabaMdha koSa prakaraNa 5 adhika sudRr3ha AdhAra upalabdha haiM / udyotana kI kuvalaya mAlA (pR. 3) meM hAla rAjA kI sabhA meM pAlittiya kI pratiSThA kI prazaMsA milatI hai| hAla dvArA saMpAdita gAthA saptazatI meM prApta eka gAthA (kra. 75) svayaMbhU chaMda (pR. 103) meM pAlittiya ke nAma se uddhRta hai| pAlittiya kI taraMgavatI kathA mahArASTrI prAkRta kA prathama prabaMdha kAvya hai| jaina sAhitya meM anya prasiddha tIna kathAe~ sAtavAhana kAla se saMbaddha haiN| hemacaMdra ke pariziSTha parva (prakaraNa 12-23) ke anusAra Arya samiti ne acalapura (jilA-amarAvatI) ke kaI tApasoM ko jaina dharma kI dIkSA dI thii| jo brahma dIpikA zAkhA khlaaii| vaise hI AcArya vajrasena ne sApAra nagara (baMbaI ke nikaTa) meM nAgeMdra, caMdra, nivRtti tathA vidyAdhara ko muni dIkSA dI thii| inhIM ke nAma se cAra zAkhAe~ prasiddha huii| vAkATaka zrI mirAzI ke kathanAnusAra vAkATakoM kA samaya rAjya vistAra ke kAraNa nahIM kintu dharma, vidyA aura kalA ko diye gaye Azraya ke kAraNa saMsmaraNIya hai| sAtavAhanoM ne prAkRta bhASA ko samarthana diyA to vAkATakoM ne prAkRta ke sAtha sAtha saMskRta bhASA ko bhI mahatva diyA / svayaM vAkATaka zAsaka bhI kAvya racanA karate the| pravarasena ne rAma dvArA setubaMdha se rAvaNa vadha taka kathA para 'setubaMdha' nAmaka kAvya likhaa| sarvasena ne 'harivijaya' likhaa| vAkATaka nRpati dvArA racita kucha subhASitoM kA saMgraha 'gAthA saptazatI' meM hai| vAkATaka kAla meM zilpa, citra tathA sthApatya kalA kA paramocca vikAsa huA thaa| guphAoM kI khudAI ke, zAstra kA pragalbha vikAsa huaa| bhitti citroM kI kalA vAkATakoM ke samaya meM ati ucca zikhara para jA pahuMcI thii| ajantA kI utkRSTa samajhI jAne vAlI 16, 17 aura 19 guphAoM kI khudAI vAkATaka kAla meM hI huI thii| guphA kra. 16 meM sabhI dIvAroM para buddha pUrva janmoM ke vividha prasaMgoM ke citra Aja bhI dikhAI dete haiN| aisA nirdezitA aura hAva bhAva pUrNatA ajaMtA ke citroM kA spaSTa vaiziSTya hai| ye citra rekhA pradhAna haiN| vAkATaka aura gupta rAjAoM ke kAla meM cAturvarNya ko le jAtiyAM banane lagI thiiN| cAMDAloM ko aspRzya mAnA jAne lagA thA / aspRzyatA kA zApa isa kAla khaMDa meM lagA, jo gupta-vAkATaka kAla meM eka kAlA dhabbA thaa| dakSiNa meM vAkATaka aura uttara meM guptoM kA rAjya thaa| isa kAla meM bhakti mArga ko protsAhana milaa| vAkATaka ke samaya meM zaiva, vaiSNava aura zAkta paMthoM kA prasAra hone lgaa| AryoM ke mUladeva pUrNa rUpa se kucha purAne aura kucha naye rUpa meM Age Aye / zakti devI kA mAhAtmya bar3hA huA dikhAI detA hai| liMga pUjA kA phira se pracAra hone lagA / apane-apane devatAoM kA mahatva bar3hAne ke liye usa devatA ke bhaktoM ne purANoM kI punarracanA kii| kucha purANoM kI naye se racanA huii| ziva, viSNu, gaNapati, sUrya aura zakti ina pAMca devatAoM ko gupta-vAkATaka kAla meM pramukhatA prApta huii| jo AryaanAryoM ke samanvaya kI pratIka thI / isa samaya Arya-anArya kI samasyA zeSa nahIM raha gayI thii| vaidika, bauddha aura jaina ina tIna dhArAoM meM prajA ba~Ta gaI thii| isa kAla meM bauddha aura jainiyoM meM zrI bhakti kA prabhAva bar3hA aura mUrti pUjA ko adhika protsAhana milaa| vaidikoM ne jainiyoM ko RSabhadeva aura bauddhoM ke buddha ko apane ArAdhya devatAoM meM sammilita karane kA prayatna kiyaa| isase samanvaya ko protsAhana milaa| vAkATakoM ke bAda mahArASTra meM rASTrakUToM kI sattA prabala huii| kintu mahArASTra kA kucha hissA bAdAmI ke cAlukyoM ke AdhIna thA aura cAlukyoM ne kucha samaya taka mahArASTra para rAjya kiyaa| cAlukya vaMza cAlukyoM kA rAjya chaThI zatAbdI meM vAtApI (bAdAmI) meM sthApita huA thA / cAlukyoM meM satyAzrama, pulakezI, bar3A parAkramI thaa| usane mahArASTra meM maurya kI samudra kinAre kI jala senA ko parAbhUta kara maurya sAmrAjya kI mahArASTra kI bacI khucI sattA ko samApta kiyaa| cAlukyoM ke rAjya kAla meM cInI yAtrI huvena sAMga AyA thaa| jisane mahArASTra kI yAtrA kii| ajantA aura elorA kI guphAe~ dekhii| usane mahArASTra ke viSaya meM likhA-'isa pradeza kI jamIna upajAU hai aura isameM khetI hotI hai| yahAM kI havA uSNa hai| loga sAhasI, susvabhAvI, prAmANika haiN| unakA rahana sahana sAdagIpUrNa hai| vidyA ke cAhane vAle, upakAra kartAoM ke prati kRtajJa, koI sahAyatA yA sahayoga cAhe to Age bar3hakara dene vAle kintu unakA koI apamAna kare to prANoM kI bAjI lagAkara badalA lene vAle haiN| niHzastra vyakti para AkramaNa nahIM krte| jisa para AkramaNa karanA hogA, pUrva sUcanA dekara zastra dhAraNa karane ko avakAza dete haiN| bhAgane vAle zatru kA pIchA kareMge, kintu zaraNAgata ko udAratApUrvaka abhaya deNge|' pulakezI kA putra kIrtivarmana rAjA huA jisane I. 565 se 597 taka rAjya kiyaa| usane vanavAsI kadamboM, kokaNa ke mauryoM naloM, gaMgoM aura AluoM ko parAjita kara unake pradezoM ko jiitaa| yadyapi pulakezI ke rAjya kAla meM jaina dharma kAphI phalA-phalA kintu vaha svayaM vaidika dharmAnuyAyI thaa| usane I. 567 se jaina maMdira meM abhiSeka tathA akSata puSpa, dhUpa, dIpa Adi ke dvArA pUjana ke lie vipUla dAna diyA thaa| usI ke rAjya meM I.505 meM AcArya ravikIrtI ne ehola ke nikaTa pegutti meM jina maMdira banavAyA thaa| vizAla jaina vidyApITha kI sthApanA kI thii| kIrtivarmana kI mRtyu ke bAda usake cAcA maMgalIza ne siMhAsana hastagata kara san 597 se 608 vI.ni.saM. 2503 167 Jain Education Intemational
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________________ taka rAjya kiyaa| bAdAmI kI guruoM kA nirmANa kArya isI ke samaya se prArambha huaa| saMbhavatayA isI ke zAsana kAla meM alatapha nagara (altema) meM cAlukyoM ke ladhuhabba nAmaka uparAjA kI patnI se suprasiddha jainAcArya akalaMka deva kA janma huaa| maMgalIza ko usake bhatIje kIrtivarmana ke jeSThaputra pulakezina dvitIya satyAzraya ne gaddI se utAra diyaa| jisakA rAjya san 608 se 642 taka rahA, usane vanavAsI ke appayika aura kadaMba nareza govinda ko parAjita kiyaa| vaise hI kokaNa meM mauryo, lATha ke gurjara aura mAlavA ke rAjA kA damana kiyaa| pulakezina kI sabase bar3I vijaya thI harSavardhana ke AkramaNa ko niSphala krnaa| harSavardhana bauddha dharma kA samarthaka thaa| pulakezina ne jaina dharma kA, kintu sabhI dharmoM ke prati udAra, aura sahiSNu thaa| pulakezina ne vijaya ke bAda apane guru ravikIrti ko I. 634 meM ehola ke jaina maMdira ko udAra dAna diyaa| ehola ke maMdira meM pulakezina kI saMskRta prazasti milatI hai| I. 638 se 640 ke bIca cInI yAtrI huvenasAMga ne pulakezina ke rAjya meM yAtrA kii| usake vivaraNoM se patA calatA hai ki cAlukya ke rAjya meM jaina maMdiroM, nirgrantha sAdhuoM tathA jaina gRhastha anuyAyiyoM kI saMkhyA adhika thii| yaha parAkramI rAjA 643 meM pallava nareza narasiMha varmana ke sAtha yuddha karate hue vIragati ko prApta huaa| pulakezina dvitIya jaina dharmAnuyAyI thaa| bAdAmI ke cAlukyoM ke rAjya samaya meM iMperiyala gajaTa ke anusAra (khaMDa 19 pRSTha 27) dhArAziva kI guphAoM kA nirmANa huA pratIta hotA hai| yahAM kI mukhya pArzvanAtha kI pratibhA aggaladeva nAma se prasiddha thii| pulakezI ke putra vikramAditya sAhasAMka ne 642 se 680 taka rAjya kiyA vaha vIra, sAhasI aura buddhimAna thaa| pitA ke sAmrAjya aura pratiSThA kI sthApanA karane meM prabala, puruSArtha kiyA / suprasiddha vidvAna aura jaina AcArya akaMlaka ko apanA guru mAnatA thaa| yaha bhI jaina dharma kA upAsaka thaa| I. 680 se 696 taka vikramAditya dvitIya ne rAjya kiyaa| isane bhI jinAlayoM ko bahuta dAna diyA thaa| isakI bahana kuMkuma mahAdevI ne sundara jinAlaya kA nirmANa kraayaa| usake bAda usake putra dvitIya vikramAditya ne san 733 se 744 taka rAjya kiyaa| isakA putra kIrtivarmana dvitIya cAlukya vaMza kA aMtima nRpati thaa| isake bAda mahArASTra meM rASTrakUToM kI sattA sthApita huii| yadyapi cAlukya jaina dharmAnuyAyI the to bhI vaidika va bauddhoM ke prati bhI ve udAra the aura unake rAjya kAla meM bhAratIya saMskRti va dharmoM kI unnati huii| hai| rASTrakUToM kA kuladharma zaiva hote hue bhI ve jaina dharma ke samarthaka tathA saMrakSaka the itanA hI nahIM para Age calakara unake uttarAdhikArI jaina ho ge| daMtidurga kA rAjya san 757 taka rahA / usake bAda akAlavarSa siMhAsana para baiThA usane 757 se 773 taka rAjya kiyaa| elorA kI guphAoM kA nirmANa isI ke samaya meM 769 se 770 meM prAraMbha huaa| suprasiddha kailAza maMdira pahAr3a kATakara banAyA (jainiyoM kI iMdra sabhA aura jagannAtha sabhA Adi jaina ) guphAeM bhI isI samaya ke lagabhaga bananA zurU huii| usake bAda usakA putra govinda dvitIya prabhUta varSa vikramAvalokane san 773 se 779 taka rAjya kiyaa| jo ayogya thaa| usakA cAcA dhruva jo parAkramI aura vIra yoddhA thA, rAjA huA aura usane 779 se 793 I. san taka rAjya kiyaa| isane rASTrakUToM kI sattA ko prabala banAyA / isI kI rAnI cAlukya kumArI zIlabhaTTArikA jaina dharma kI bhakta aura zreSTha kaviyatrI thii| dhruva ne kannoja se apabhraMza bhASA ke mahAkavi svayaMbhU ko bulAkara apane sAtha saparivAra rakhA / svayaMbhU ne rAmAyaNa, harivaMza, nAgakumAra carita svayaMbha chaMda Adi graMthoM kI racanA isI nareza ke Azraya meM kii| DA, pAnaza yAdavakAlIna mahArASTra meM likhA karate haiM yAdavoM ke pUrva rASTrakUToM kA samaya jaina dharma kI unnati kA kAla thaa| dhruva ke uttarAdhikArI putra tRtIya govinda ne 793 se 814 taka rAjya kiyaa| usane rASTrakUToM kI naI rAjadhAnI mAnyakheTa ke bAhara prAcIra kA nirmANa kraayaa| aura mAnyakheTa ko sundara aura sudRr3ha nagarI bnaaii| govinda ke kAla meM rASTrakUToM kI sabhI dRSTi se unnati huii| rAjya vistAra bar3hane ke sAtha-sAtha kAphI sAMskRtika kArya hue / isa kAla meM jaina dharma kAphI phalA phuulaa| govinda kI mRtyu ke samaya usake putra amogha varSa kI Ayu mAtra 9 sAla kI thii| usakA kAkA karmarAja, usakA abhibhAvaka evaM saMrakSaka banA / amoghavarSa ko bAlaka dekha gaMga, pallava, pAMDya, pUrvI cAlukya Adi adhInastha rAjAoM ne virodha kiyaa| kintu karkarAja kI svAmIbhakti, vIratA, buddhimattA tathA tatparatA ke kAraNa vidroha kA damana huaa| naI rAjadhAnI mAnyakheTa meM I. san 821 meM amoghavarSa kA rAjyAbhiSeka huaa| usakI zakti, vaibhava aura pratApa uttarottara bar3hatA gyaa| I. 851 meM araba saudAgara sulemAna bhArata AyA thaa| usane likhA hai bhArata kA vallabharAya (amoghavarSa) cIna kA samrATa bagadAda kA khalipanA aura roma (kustunatuniyA) kA bAdazAha ye saMsAra ke mahAna samrATa haiM yadyapi use prAraMbha meM upadrava, vidroha, aura yuddha kA sAmanA karanA par3A kintu karkarAja tathA senApati baMkeya ke parAkrama se zatruoM kA tatparatA se damana hotA rahA / amoghavarSa eka zAMtipriya evaM dharmAtmA nareza thaa| saudAgara sulemAna kI taraha alaiMdrisI, masUrI, unnahIkala Adi araba saudAgaroM ne bhI amoghavarSa ke pratApa aura vaibhava evaM sAmrAjya kI zakti aura samRddhi kI bharapUra prazaMsA kI hai| usakA zAsana suvyavasthita thaa| vaha vidvAna aura guNIjanoM kA premI thaa| svayaM bhI vidvAna aura kavi thaa| usane saMskRta prAkRta, kannar3a aura tamila bhASA meM vividha viSayoM para sAhitya sRjana meM protsAhana diyaa| AcArya jinasena rASTrakUTa vaMza kIrtivarmana ko parAjita kara daMtidurga rASTrakUTa vaMza kA prathama pratApI nareza huaa| vaha apanI rAjadhAnI ailicapura (acalapura) se elorA le gyaa| jo zaiva, vaiSNava, bauddha aura jainiyoM kA samanvaya sthala thaa| yahAM kI guphAeM jo sabhI dharmoM kI haiM samanvaya kA pratIka 168 rAjendra-jyoti Jain Education Intemational
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________________ DA. pAnase yAdavakAlIna mahArASTra meM likhate haiM ki 'rASTrakUToM kA rAjyakAla jaina dharma kI vizeSa unnati kA samaya thaa|' rASTrakUTa vaMza ke rAjA to jaina the hI para usake adhIna rAjA, sAmaMta senApati tathA adhikArI bhI jaina dharma ke upAsaka the| kaI rAjya puruSoM ne saMnyAsa lekara saMllekhanA ke dvArA samAdhi maraNa svIkRta kiyaa| rAjAoM kI taraha vidvAna AcAryoM ne bhI jaina tatvoM kA prabhAvazAlI pracAra kiyA, vividha bhASAoM meM, lokabhASA meM dhArmika sAhitya nirmANa kiyA jisakA jana mAnasa para prabhAva pdd'aa| unake guru the| jo diggaja vidvAna the| AcArya jinasena ne apane guru dvArA adhure chor3e gae jaya dhavala mahAgraMtha kI pUrti kii| amoghavarSa ne AcArya ugmaditya jo vaidyaka vidyA ke niSNAta the| unheM tathA anya vaidyoM va vidvAnoM meM 'madyabhAsa' ke vaijJAnika vivecana kI carcA krvaaii| isa aitihAsika carcA ko kalyANakAraka nAmaka graMtha meM pariziSTha ke rUpa meM sammilita kiyA gyaa| yoM vaha apane uttara kAla meM bIca-bIca meM avakAza grahaNa kara akiMcana hokara dharmopAsanA karatA rahatA thaa| apane jIvana ke aMtima varSoM meM rAjya kA bhAra usane apane putra yuvarAjakRSNa dvitIya ko sauMpakara virakta tyAgI zrAvaka kA jIvana vyatIta kiyaa| usakA putra kRSNadvitIya zubhatuMga akAlavarSa usake jIvanakAla meM hI I. 878 meM rAjya-gaddI para AsIna huaa| vaise vaha 875 se hI rAjakAja dekhatA thA, para rAjyAbhiSeka 878 meM huaa| usane 914 taka rAjya kiyA, jo jaina dharmAnuyAyI thA aura usake rAjya kAla meM bhI maMdiroM, maThoM, vidyAkendroM ko vipula dAna diyA gyaa| jaina sAhitya kI racanA huI thii| usake pazcAt usakA potA iMdra tRtIya 914 se 922 taka zAsaka rhaa| isane bhI aneka rAjAoM ko apane senApati narasiMha aura zrI vijaya kI sahAyatA se parAjita kiyA thaa| vaha svayaM to jaina thA hI para usake zUra senApati jaina hI the| usake bAda 922 se 939 taka jo rAjA hue haiM ve koI mahatvapUrNa kArya na kara sake para 939 meM tRtIya kRSNarAja amoghavarSa siMhAsana para baiThA jo rASTrakUTa vaMza ke aMtima narezoM meM parAkramI thA aura suyogya thA / vaha vIra yoddhA, dakSa, senAnI, mitroM ke prati udAra aura dharmAtmA nareza thaa| apane pUrvajoM kI bhAMti jaina dharma kA poSaka aura vidvAnoM kA AzrayadAtA thaa| usake guru jainAcArya vAdimaMgala bhaTTI the| jo usake zatruoM ko parAjita karate va yuddha kI preraNA dete the| usane aneka yuddhoM meM vijaya prApta kii| isane kannar3a ke mahAkavi pona kA sammAna kiyA thA / somadeva ne tharAsilaMka va bhIti vAkyAmRta kI racanA kRSNa ke cAlukya sAmaMta Azraya meM gaMgAdhara nagara meM kI thii| kRSNa ke pradhAnamaMtrI bharata the| ve jaina dharma ke anuyAyI aura apabhraMza ke mahAkavi puSpadaMta ke AzrayadAtA the / kRSNa ke bAda usakA bhAI khoTigga nityavarSa rAjA huaa| jisane 937 se 972 taka rAjya kiyaa| mAlave ke siyakaharSa ne 972 meM mAnyakheTa para AkramaNa kiyA, jisameM khoTigga mArA gayA aura rAjadhAnI ko lUTa kara bhasma kiyaa| jisakA kavi puSpadana ne vinAza kA karuNa citraNa kiyaa| isake bAda khoTigga kA putra karka dvitIya rAjA huaa| jisane sirpha 1 varSa rAjya kiyaa| rASTrakUTa kA aMtima rAjA iMdra caturtha thA / vaha vIra tathA yoddhA thaa| usane aura senApati mArasiMha ne aneka yuddha kara rAjya ko saMbhAlane kI koziza kI para ve sthAyI rUpa se saphala na ho ske| 974 meM mArasiMha ne sallekhanA pUrvaka samAdhi maraNa prApta kiyaa| 982 meM indra bhI jaina muni ho gyaa| indra caturtha ne bhI kaI varSa sallekhanA dvArA mRtyu kA varaNa kiyA usakI mRtyu ke bAda rASTrakUTa vaMza aura sAmrAjya kA aMta huaa| rASTrakUTa kula kA zAsana karIba 250 sAla taka mahArASTra meM rhaa| prAraMbha meM rASTrakUTa rAjA hindUdharma ke rahe to bhI unhoMne jaina dharma ko Azraya tathA saMrakSaNa diyA thaa| Age calakara to rAjA jaina hI ho gaye aura jaina dharma eka taraha se rAjadharma hI bana gayA thaa| bauddha nisteja ho gaye the| rASTrakUToM ke rAjyakAla meM yajJa saMsthA samApta-sI ho gaI thI kintu dainika jIvana meM snAna, saMdhyA, pUjA, acI Adi AcAroM kA sakhtI se pAlana kiyA jAne lagA thA / mUrtipUjA kA mahatva bar3hA / vratoM kI atyadhika vRddhi hone lgii| purANoM ko protsAhana milane se devI-devatAoM kI saMkhyA meM vRddhi huii| tIrthayAtrA aura dAna dharma ko atyadhika protsAhana milaa| hUNa, zaka Adi videziyoM ko bhAratIya banAyA gyaa| DA. allekara kahate haiM--'yadyapi zaMkarAcArya kA udaya isa kAla meM huA thA kintu unake jagadgurutva yA maThAdhipatitva ko isa kAla meM mAnyatA prApta nahIM huI thii|' vaise hI yAdavakAlIna mahArASTra meM DA. pAnase ne likhA hai ki 'zaMkarAcArya ke bAda pUre bhArata meM jo hindU dharma ke punarujjIvana kI bAr3ha AI usakA dikhAI de aisA pariNAma jaina dharma para nahIM huaa| taMtra mArga kA aura nAtha muniyoM kA prabhAva mahArASTra meM bddh'aa| isa kAla meM hindU samAja meM eka bahuta bar3A parivartana AyA / muslimoM ke sAtha saMparka meM Ane se jAti baMdhanoM meM adhika sakhtAI aura tIvratA aaii| vaizya aura zUdroM para kaSTaprada jAti baMdhana nirmANa hone lge| bahujana samAja meM dasavIM aura gyArahavI zatAbdI meM sAmAjika, dhArmika aura rAjanaitika dRSTi se viSamatA atyadhika bddh'ii| pAvitrya ke viSaya meM aisI kalpanA rUr3ha huI ki bhinna-bhinna jAtiyoM meM roTI-beTI vyavahAra niSiddha mAnA jAne lgaa| chuAchUta aura pAvitrya ko AvazyakatA se adhika mahatva diyA jAne lgaa| brAhmaNoM meM bhI UMca-nIca ke bheda zurU hue| dhobI, mocI, bunakara, kumhAra, kolI Adi jAtiyAM zUdra mAnI jAne lgiiN| dharma bhraSTa ko phira se parivartana karane meM jo devala smRti meM suvidhA yA usameM tathAkathita sanAtanI bAdhA nirmANa karane lge| isI kAla meM maMdiroM meM devadAsI prathA zurU huii| vidhavA ke keza vapana tathA satIprathA ko bar3hAvA milA / sanAtaniyoM meM asahiSNutA, behada devatAoM kI vRddhi aura saMpradAya va paMthoM kI bAr3ha aura matabhedoM ke kAraNa musalamAnoM ko apane dharma kA prasAra karane evaM sattA bar3hAne kI suvidhA huii| vI. ni.saM. 2503 Jain Education Intemational
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________________ rASTrakUToM ke samaya meM kalA, sthApatya, sAhitya ke vikAsa ke sAtha sAtha zikSA ke kSetra meM vikAsa huaa| jaina guruoM ne zikSA ke kSetra meM mahatvapUrNa kArya kiyaa| pAThazAlAeM tathA vidyAlayoM meM zikSA dene kA kAma jaina guruoM ke dvArA kAphI mAtrA meM hotA thA / mahArASTra meM zikSA kA prArambha OM namaH siddhebhyaH se hotA thA / kalyANI ke cAlukya rASTrakUTa kI sattA samApta kara kalyANI ke rAjA ne mahArASTra para sattA kAyama karane kA prayatna kiyA kintu ve mahArASTra ke kucha bhAga para hI Adhipatya pA ske| inake rAjya meM bhI sAhitya racanA huii| isI kAla meM mahArASTra kI striyAM pisAI ke samaya ovyA ( gAne) gAne lagI thii| saMbhava hai ve marAThI kI hI hoM / yAdavoM ne cAlukyoM ko parAjita kara diyaa| rASTrakUToM ke bAda cAlukyoM kI taraha zilAdAra tathA kadaMboM ke hAtha meM mahArASTra kA kucha hissA rahA / koMkaNa ke zilAdAra yaha vidyAdharavaMzIya kSatriya the jo apane ko jImUtavAhana ke vaMzaja mAnate the| prAraMbha meM unakI rAjadhAnI karada ( kanhADa ) thI aura bAda meM kSullakapura (kolhApura) rhii| san 1007 se 1009 meM zilAdAroM meM rAja prasiddha rAjA thaa| kiMtu isa vaMza meM gaMDarAditya prasiddha rAjA ho gayA vaha dAnazUra evaM samadarzI thA / usane apane dAna se brAhmaNoM ko to lAbhAnvita kiyA hI AjarenA ( AjareM ) meM sundara jinAlaya bhI bnvaayaa| usane eka aisA maMdira banavAyA jisameM buddha, ziva aura jina kI mUrtiyAM thiiN| isakA uttarAdhikArI vijayAditya amAtya nimbadeva bar3e dharmAtmA dharma zAstroM kA jJAtA thA / usane kolhApura meM vizAla jina maMdira banavAyA thaa| vijayAditya kA kAla 1140 se 1165 taka rahA / usake senApati boppaNa ke viSaya meM prazasti meM bar3I prazaMsA pAI jAtI hai / usane rAjA ke lie maMdira banAnA zurU kiyA thA / usakA eka maMtrI lakSmIdhara thaa| vijayAditya ke rAjya ke bAda usake putra dvitIya bhoja kA rAjya I. 1965 se 1205 taka rahA / vaha bhI jaina dharma kA parama bhakta thaa| isake bAda yAdavoM ne zilAdAroM ko apane AdhIna kara liyA yAdava / isameM nAsika, navIM zatAbdi meM yAdavoM ke rAjA dRDhaprahAra kI rAjadhAnI nAsika jile ke cAMdavaDa meM thI jo caMdrAdityapura nAma se prasiddha thaa| dRr3haprahAra ke putra seunaNacaMdra ne seunaNapura nAmaka gAMva basAkara use apanI rAjadhAnI bnaayaa| usake AdhIna pradeza seunaNa deza ke nAma se pahacAnA jAtA thA ahamadanagara aura auraMgAbAda jile kA kSetra thA ye yAdava rASTrakUToM ke adhInastha the / AdhIna rahate hue bhI rASTrakUToM ke sAtha samAnatA kA vyavahAra thA / rASTrakUTa parivAra kI rAjakanyA ke sAtha dvitIya millama kA vivAha huA thA / rASTrakUTa rAjAo ke durbala hone para cAlukyoM kI sattA mahArASTra para sthApita huI to / 170 milama dvitIya ne cAlukyoM kI adhInatA svIkAra kii| cAlukya rAja dUsare tailapa ke sAtha rAjA vAvapatI muMja kA yuddha huA usameM millama ne cAlukyoM kI ora se parAkrama kara muMja ko harAyA jisase cAlukyoM para usakA prabhAva bddh'aa| millama ke samaya meM bhI cAlukyoM kA yAdava parivAra ke sAtha vaivAhika saMbaMdha thA seunaNacaMdra aura usake putra ne chaTe vikramAditya kI sahAyatA kI thI aura paramadeva ke putra siMghaNa ne use vividha AkramaNoM meM sahAyatA kI thii| I. sa. 1151 meM tRtIya tailapa ko usake pradhAna vijjala ne niSprabha kara 1962 meM apanI sattA prasthApita kI aura samrATa bana gyaa| isa sattAMtaraNa meM yAdava rAjA pallugI ne kalacuriyoM ko parAjita kara kAphI pradeza apane rAjya meM milA liyA thA / bijjala ke bAda kalacurivaMza ke rAjA durbala ho gae, taba 1183 meM yAdavoM ne unakI sattA naSTa kara paMcama millama ne yAdavoM kA sAmrAjya sthApita kara devagirI ko apanI rAjadhAnI banAyA / paMcama millama ne I. sa. 1183 se 1191 taka rAjya kiyaa| usake bAda usake putra jenapAla I. sa. 1991 se 1210 taka rAjya kiyA / itihAsakAra kahate haiM ki vaha jaina thA bAda meM mahAnubhAva ho gayA / usake bAda siMghaNa rAjA bnaa| siMghaNa ne hoyasAloM se dakSiNa kA pradeza jItA aura 1218 meM kolhApura ke zilAdAroM kA rAjya jItakara vaha pradeza apane rAjya meM milA liyaa| usake bIcaka aura kholezvara pramukha senApati the, jo bar3e parAkramI the| usane apane rAjya kA vistAra mahArASTra ke bAhara dakSiNa va uttara meM bhI kiyaa| usakI senA ke nepAla taka jAne kA ullekha milatA hai / siMghaNa ke bAda usakA pautra kRSNarAja gaddI para baiThA / usakA rAjya 1247 se 1260 taka rahA / kRSNa kA muslimoM ke sAtha mAlave meM pahalI bAra saMgharSa huA usane mAlave se lauTate samaya amIroM kA parAbhava kiyA / kRSNa ke bAda usake bhAI mahAdeva ne 1260-1271 taka rAjya kiyaa| usane koMkaNa ke zilAdAroM kA rAjya apane sAmrAjya meM milA liyaa| usane mAlavA aura telaMgAnA prAMta para AkramaNa karake rAjya vistAra kA prayatna kiyA / mahAdeva ke kAla meM dehAtoM meM turkoM kA upadrava bar3hane kA jika mahAnubhAvoM ke sAhitya meM AtA hai| mahAdeva ne apane putra AmaNa ko yuvarAja banAyA jaba ki usake bhatIje rAmadeva rAva kA haka thA / isa ghaTanA se rAmadevarAva ko krodha aayaa| usane cunindA sainikoM kA nRtya pRthaka taiyAra kara kile meM praveza kiyA aura gar3ha ke logoM kI asAvadhAnI kA lAbha uThAkara kile para adhikAra prApta kara AmaNa ko kaida kara liyA aura usakI AMkheM nikAla dI / rAmadeva ne san 1271 se 1309 taka rAjya kiyA / usane apanA rAjya vistAra vidarbha taka kiyaa| vahAM se madhyapradeza hote hue vArANasI taka gyaa| vahAM usane muslimoM ko nikAla bAhara kiyA aura zAraMgapANi kA suvarNa maMdira bnaayaa| rAmadeva ke samaya meM yAdavoM kA rAjya vistAra bar3hakara yAdavoM kA dakSiNa kA prabala sAmrAjya nirmita kiyA / kintu apanI asAvadhAnI ke kAraNa allAuddIna ke devagirI ke hamale kA vaha mukAbalA nahIM kara rAjendra- jyoti
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________________ skaa| devagirI ke kile meM anAja ke badale namaka ke bore rakhe gaye, jisase allAuddIna se lar3ate samaya unheM bhukhamarI kA sAmanA karanA pdd'aa| rAmadeva kA putra zaMkaradeva hoyasaloM ke sAtha yuddha pUrA kara vApasa lauTA to usane allAuddIna kI senA para AkramaNa kiyA, para usameM usakI hAra ho gii| anta meM rAmadeva ko allAuddIna ke sAtha sulaha karanI pdd'ii| allAuddIna bahuta bar3I saMpatti lekara lauTA / rAmadevarAva ko allAuddIna ne 1307 meM malika kAphUra ko bhejakara kaida karavAkara lAyA aura chaha mahIne bAda use mukta kiyaa| malika kAphUra ne varaMgala para AkramaNa kiyA taba hoyasAla kI rAjadhAnI kA rAstA batAne meM rAmadevarAva ne sahAyatA kI thii| rAmadevarAva ke bAda usakA putra zaMkararAva rAjya gaddI para 1309 meM baitthaa| usane dillI darabAra ko nizcita kara na bhejane se vasUlI ke lie malikavara ko bhejaa| usane 1312 meM zaMkaradeva ko mAra ddaalaa| zaMkara ke pazcAt 1312 meM harapAladeva devagirI kA rAjA huaa| usane muslimoM ko apane rAjya se nikAla kara bAhara kiyaa| isa para mubAraka zAha khilajI ne devagirI para bhayAnaka AkramaNa kara harapAla deva ko kaida kara usakI khAla khicavA lii| isa prakAra devagirI ke yAdavoM ke rAjya kA aMta huaa| yAdava hindU dharma ke anuyAyI the kintu jaina dharma ke prati bhI sahiSNu the| sAsitya aura kalA ke bhI rasika the| marAThI bhASA aura sAhitya para jainiyoM kA prabhAva mahArASTra ke saMtoM evaM unake kAryoM ke viSaya meM jAnane ke pUrva aitihAsika kAla kI sAmAjika aura rAjanaitika sthiti jAnane kI taraha yaha dekhanA bhI upayukta hogA ki mahArASTrI, prAkRta, mahArASTrI apabhraMza bhASA ke sAhitya kA jo sarjana haA use prathama samajhane kA prayatna kareM kyoMki isake binA mahArASTra ke saMtoM ke kArya aura vicAroM kI pArzvabhUmi kA jJAna nahIM ho sktaa| ___bhASA aura sAhitya ke mUla pravAha ke AdhAra para hI vibhinna kSetrIya athavA vaicArika saMskRtiyoM kI dhArA pravAhamAna hotI hai| prAyaH sabhI saMskRtiyoM ke mUla bIja, prAcIna janapada boliyoM tathA saMtoM kI vANI meM surakSita rahatA hai| mahArASTra meM jaina dharma tathA saMskRti kA vipula yogadAna rahA hai| jainAgama kI prAkRta bhASA kI mahArASTrI prAkRta kahalAtI hai| aura Aja bhI marAThI bhASA ke vibhinna kSetrIya rUpoM meM sahasrAbdiyoM se pUrva ke zabda tatsama evaM tadbhava rUpa meM upalabdha hote haiN| jaina dharma evaM saMskRti ke yogadAna kA sahI Akalana tabhI saMbhava hai, jaba hama jaina AgamoM meM prayukta prAkRta apabhraMza Adi bhASA evaM usake pravAha ke udgama kI gaveSaNA kara leN| isa dRSTi se marAThI bhASA ke udgama aura vikAsa ke lekhaka kRSNAjI pAMDuraMga kulakarNI ne bhASAyI vikAsa kA jo baMza vRkSa diyA hai, vaha marAThI bhASA ke udgama samajhane meM bar3A upayogI hai| Arya bhASA IsA pUrva 5000 varSa prAkRta bolI vaidika IsA pUrva 6000 se 30 vaidika IsA pUrva 5000 se 3000 varSa pUrva udIcya pratIcyA madhyadezIya prAcya khetAna paizAcI apabhraMza | ai kri n aailii aavaas c dakSiNAtya grAMthika brAhmaNa, sautra IsA pUrva 3000 varSa mahArASTrI apabhraMza pANinIya saMskRta apabhraMza azoka zilAlekhI saurasenI ardhamAgadhI mAgadhI kaikaya Takka nAgara avahaTTa prAcaDa upanAgara lATI, saurASTrI lhADI siMdhI nAgara apabhraMza pazcima hiMdI jaina ardhamA. baMgAlI, bihArI mizra prAkRta rAjasthAnI gujarAtI pUrva AsAmI pUrva AsAmI marAThI marAThI mahArASTra kI bhUmi ko aneka jainAcAryoM ne apane bihAra se lAbhAnvita kiyA hai| prAta ke prasiddha kathAkAra pAdaliptasUri mahArASTra meM hI rAjA sAtavAhana ke darabAra meM the| pAlalipta / ne taraMgavatI nAmaka kathA mahArASTrIya prA 'ta-mahArASTra kI janabhASA meM likhI hai| yaha graMtha loka jIvana ke varNanoM se otaprota hai| mahArASTrI prAkRta kA dUsarA mahatvapUrNa graMtha setubaMdha hai| isake racayitA pravarasena mahArASTra ke rAjA aura kavi the| unhoMne setubaMdha meM rAma kathA ke prasaMga ko bahuta sundara DhaMga se prastuta kiyA hai| isI taraha Age calakara gaDDavaho, lIlAvaokahA Adi aneka graMtha. bhI mahArASTrI prAta meM likhe gaye haiN| isa prAkRta sAhitya ne mahArASTra ke loka sAhitya ko bahuta prabhAvita kiyA hai| mahArASTra kI bhUmi ko pavitra karane vAle vI. ni. saM. 2503 ..171 Jain Education Intemational
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________________ ataH usane Age Ane vAlI apabhraMza aura Adhunika marAThI ko adhika prabhAvita kiyA hai| prAkRta aura mahArASTrI bhASA kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana kaI vidvAnoM ne prastuta kiyA hai| yadyapi mahArASTrI prAta hI marAThI bhASA nahIM hai| usameM kaI bhASAoM kI pravRttiyoM kA sammizraNa hai| phira bhI prAkRta ke tatva marAThI meM adhika haiN| jo zabda 5-6 ThI zatAbdI ke prAkRta graMthoM meM prayukta hote the ve bhI Aja kI marAThI meM sammilita haiN| yaha isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki prAkRta aura marAThI kA saMbaMdha bahuta purAnA hai| bhASA kI dRSTi se marAThI ke ve kucha zabda yahAM prastuta haiM jo prAkRta sAhitya meM bhI prayukta hue tathA jinake donoM ke samAna artha haiN| kucha zabda nIce de rahe haiM prAkRta marAThI artha (hindI meM) agrabhAga gale kA snAna cUhA kaTivastu karavA jaina AcAryoM meM kAlakAcArya bhI haiN| nizIthacUrNI se patA calatA hai ki AcArya kAlaka ujjainI se mahArASTra ke pratiSThAna nagara meM padhAre the| vahAM rAjA sAtavAhana ne unakA bhavya svAgata kiyaa| thaa| AcArya kAlaka ne mahArASTra meM hI jainadharma ke prasiddha paryuSaNa parva ko paMcamI ke sthAna para caturthI ko manAnA prAraMbha kiyA thaa| mahArASTra meM yaha parva zramaNa pUjA (samaNapUtha) ke nAma se prasiddha huA mahArASTra meM cAMdA jile meM eka bairAgar3ha sthAna hai| yaha purAnA 'veNNayaDa' hai, jahAM se prasiddha jaina AcArya puSpadanta evaM bhUtabali giranAra kI ora gaye the| ataH dUsarI zatAbdI meM bhI mahArASTra meM jaina AcArya vihAra honA thaa| prabhAvaka' caritra ke anusAra AcArya siddhasena kA dehAvasAna pratiSThAna nagara meM huA thaa| tathA prabaMdhakoSa ke anusAra AcArya bhadrabAha pratiSThAna ke hI rahane vAle the| ataH mahArASTra se kaI jainAcAryoM kA saMparka rahA hai| AcArya samantabhadra satArA jile ke karahATaka (kirADa) meM eka vAdavivAda meM sammilita hue the| prAcIna samaya meM nahIM apitu madhyakAla meM bhI aneka jaina AcArya mahArASTra meM hue haiN| kolhApura meM bArahavIM zatAbdI meM mAghanandI nAma ke prasiddha AcArya the| kolhApura ke hI samIpa arjurikA (Ajare) nagara meM AcArya somadeva ne san 1205 meM zabdArNavacaMdrikA nAmaka vyAkaraNa-graMtha kI racanA kI thii| apabhraMza ke prasiddha kavi, svayaMbhU evaM puSpadaMta bhI mahArASTra (barAra) ke zorohiNakher3a ke nivAsI the| jaina AcArya mahArASTra meM kevala bhramaNa hI nahIM karate the apitu mahArASTra ko saMskRti aura jana-jIvana ke saMbaMdha meM bhI bahuta-sI jAnakArI apane graMthoM meM prastuta karate the| AThavIM zatAbdI ke prasiddha AcArya udyotanasUri ne apanI kuvalayamAlA meM mahArASTra ke saMbaMdha meM vizeSa jAnakArI dI hai| unhoMne kahA ki mahArASTra ke kAma evaM vyApArI dakSiNa bhArata meM vijayapurI taka zikSA prApta karane athavA vyApAra karane jAte the| unheM taba bhI marahaTTa (marAThe) kahA jAtA thaa| udyotanasUri ne mahArASTra kI striyoM ko haldI ke samAna raMgavAlI gauravapUrNa, kahA hai| eka anya varNana ke prasaMga meM udyotana ne mahArASTra ke vyApArI ke rUpa, raMga, svabhAva va bhASA Adi ke saMbaMdha meM kahA hai ki marAThe vyApArI majabUta, ThiMgane, zyAmAMga, sahiSNu, svAbhimAnI tathA kalApriya the| ve diNNatthe, gahiyalle jaise zabdoM ko bola rahe the| ye zabda marAThI bhASA meM dilele evaM ghetalele ke rUpa meM pracalita haiN| jinakA artha hai-diyA aura liyaa| bhASAoM ke viSaya meM mahAkavi zrI rAjazekhara ne kahAgIrvANavANI sunane yogya, prAkRta svabhAva se madhura, apabhraMza aivya aura paizAmI rasapUrNa hai| mahArASTra meM mahArASTrI apabhraMza meM jainiyoM kI pracura racanAe~ bhI milatI haiN| dakSiNa bhArata meM mahArASTra meM prAcIna samaya se hI saMskRta aura prAkRta kA prabhAva rahA hai| mahArASTrI prAkRta cUMki lokabhASA thI aNiyA AMdhola andaura kAsoTA karavata kolhA gAra guTI toTaNa cikhala gIdar3a aNiya aMgohali andara kacchoTTa karavalI kolluga gAra chaMgur3iyA cikkhalla vailI chepya jalla DhikuNa patthara ghoDA kIcar3a bakarI selI zepuTI jAla pUMcha DhaMkaNa tuMDa toMDa nema takka tulI Nirutta daddara doddhia neaNa zarIra kA mela khaTamala muMha maThA sUtI cAdara nizcaya sIr3hI lokI le jAkara peTa bhoMkanA mausI melA sAlA raMgolI gur3iyA bahu tUlI niste dAdara dUdhI neUna poTa bhuMkaNe mAusI melA mevaNA rAMgolI bAhulI poTTa bhukka mAucchiya melA mehuNa raMgAvalI bAulla suNha sUna isa dRSTi se marAThI bhASA aura mahArASTra kI saMskRti para jainiyoM kA prabhAva spaSTa dikhAI detA hai| 172 rAjendra-jyoti Jain Education Intemational