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________________ mahAkavi asaga aura unakI kRtiyA~ zrImatI pratibhA jaina, Ayurveda mahAvidyAlaya, rIvA~ pratibhA aura kalpanAke dhanI mahAkavi asaga saMskRta sAhityake jAjvalyAmAna ratna haiN| ve mulataH kannar3a nivAsI tathA kannar3a bhASAke prasiddha kavi rahe haiN| mahAkavine vardhamAnacaritamake antameM apane dvArA racita ATha graMthoMkI sUcanA dI hai| kintu unakI nAmAvalI aprApta hone ke kAraNa usa viSayameM kucha kahA nahIM jA sktaa| Aja unake do grantha, eka mahAkAvya-vardhamAnacaritam tathA dUsarA purANa-zrI zAntinAtha purANa' upalabdha haiN| jayakIti (1000 I0)ne asaga dvArA racita karNATakumArasambhavakA varNana kiyA hai, kintu yaha bhI aprApta hai| zeSa grantha abhI bhI ajJAta haiM jo sambhavataH kannar3a bhASAke hogeM aura dakSiNa bhAratake kinhIM bhaNDAroMmeM par3e hoM yA naSTa ho gaye hoM aura bhASAkI vibhinnatAse unakA uttara bhAratameM pracAra nahIM ho rahA ho| abhI taka asagake granthoMpara saMskRtakI koI TIkA prakAzameM nahIM AI hai / bI0bI0 lokApura ne eka bhojapatra prApta kiyA hai jisameM vardhamAnapurANa para kannar3avyAkhyAnakA ullekha hai| yaha zabdArtha aura anvayase yukta hai jise mUla granthako acchI taraha samajhA jA sakatA hai| isake atirikta, helegIke upAdhyAya parivArameM kannar3avyAkhyAse yukta vardhamAnapurANa upalabdha hai| jIvana paricaya mahAkavine vardhamAnacaritam aura zAntinAthapurANakI prazastimeM apanA kucha viziSTa paricaya diyA hai / isase itanA spaSTa hotA hai ki asagake pitAkA nAma paTumati aura mAtAkA nAma vaireti thaa| unake mAtApitA manibhakta the| bAlyakAlameM unakA vidyAdhyayana maniyoMke sAnidhyameM haa| unhoMne zrI nAganandI AcArya aura bhAvakI ti munirAjake caraNoMmeM zikSA paayii| kavine vardhamAnacaritamkI prazastimeM apane para mamatAbhAva pragaTa karane vAlI samvat zrAvikAkA aura zAntinAthapurANakI prazastimeM apane mitra jinApa brAhmaNakA ullekha kiyA hai / ataH pratIta hotA hai ki donoM graMthoMke racanA kAlameM mahAkavi gRhastha hI the, muni nahIM / isake pazcAt ve muni huye yA nahIM, isakA nirdeza nahIM milatA hai / ___mahAkavine zAntinAthapurANameM racanA kAlakA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai parantu vardhamAnacaritammeM saMvatsare dazanavottaravarSayukte zloka dvArA usakA ullekha kiyA hai| 'aMkAnAM vAmato gatiH' ke si ke anusAra dazanavakA artha 910 hotA hai aura uttarakA artha uttama bhI hotA hai, ataH saMvatsare dazanavottaravarSayuktekA artha 910 saMkhyaka uttamavarSoMke yukta samvat hotA hai| aba vicAraNIya yaha hai ki 910 zaka samvat hai yA vikrama samvat hai / DA0 jyoti prasAda jaina ise vikrama samvat (853 I0) mAnate haiM kyoMki 1-2. zrI jIvarAja jaina granthamAlA, zolApurane vardhamAnacaritam aura zAntinAthapurANa, hindI anuvAdake sAtha DA0 pannAlAla jaina sAhityAcArya ke sampAdanameM, prakAzita kiyA hai / 3. DA0 ena0 ena0 upAdhye, vardhamAnacaritamkI prastAvanA / 4. eca0 DI0 belanakAra :-jinaratnakoSa, pUnA, 1940, pRSTha 336, 3402, 381 / 61 - 481 -
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________________ 950 I0 ke pAsa paMpa, ponna, Adi kannar3a kaviyoMne inakI prazaMsA kI hai| isaliye inheM unakA pUrvavartI honA caahiye| inake AzrayadAtA tamila pradeza nivAsI the / sambhavatayA inhoMne tatkAlIna pallava nareza nandivotarasake colasAmanta zrInAthake AzrayameM unakI viralAnagarImeM AryanandIke vairAgya para vardhamAnaca racanA kI thii| isI prakAra zAntinAthapurANakI racanA jinApa brAhmaNake prabala Agraha para kI gii| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki aneka kannar3a lekhaka mahAkavi asagase acchI taraha paricita haiN| aneka kannar3a lekhakoMne asagakA ullekha apane graMthoMmeM kiyA hai / harivaMzapurANake kartA dhavalAne apane vIrajinendracaritameM asagakA ullekha kiyA hai|' durgAsiMha (1031 I0) ne apane kannar3a-paMcataMtrameM anya kaviyoMke sAtha asagakA ullekha kiyA hai / asaga zabda kaise banA, yaha spaSTa nahIM hai| asaga zabda agasakA purAnA rUpa hai jisakA artha dhobI hotA hai kintu asaga pezese dhobI the, aisA pramANa upalabdha nahIM hotA / DA0 upAdhyeke anusAra asaga asaMga zabdakA parivartita rUpa hai| jaina kAvyoMkI paramparA aura vizeSatA prArambhameM jaina kaviyoMne apanI kAvya pratibhAkA vikAsa prAkRta aura apabhraMza bhASAoMke dvArA kiyA hai| kAlAntarameM prAkRta aura apabhraMzake sAtha hI unhoMne saMskRta bhASAko carita kAvyoMke lie apanAyA aura anekoM carita kAvya tathA mahApuruSoMkI cArucaritrAvali saMskRtameM nibaddha kI gii| aise mahAkaviyoMmeM asaga pahalI pIr3hIke kavi haiM / unakA kAvya korA kAvya nahIM hai, apitu eka mahApurANopaniSad hai|4 jaina paramparAke carita granthoMmeM caritake nAyakake vartamAna jIvanako utanA mahattva nahIM diyA jAtA jitanA usake pUrvajanmako diyA jAtA hai| isakA kAraNa yahI hai ki jIva kisa taraha aneka janmoMmeM utthAna aura patanakA pAtra banatA huA anta meM apane sarvocca padako prApta karatA hai| tIrthaMkara basakara kyA kiyA, isakI apekSA tIrthakara kaise banA, isakA vizeSa varNana hotA hai| tIrthaMkarake kRtitvase to pAThakoMke hRdayameM kevala tIrthakara padakI mahattA yA garimAkA bodha hotA hai / kintu bananekI prakriyA par3hakara pAThakako Atmabodha hotA hai| use svayaM tIrthakara bananekI preraNA milatI hai| kavikI grantha racanAkA uddezya apane pAThakako prabuddha karake AtmakalyANake lie prerita karanA hai / ' mahAkaviko apane uddezyameM paryApta saphalatA milI hai| vardhamAnacaritamkA vivaraNa vardhamAnacaritam saMskRta bhASAkA eka mahattvapUrNa kAvya hai| yaha 18 soMmeM nibaddha hai / isameM tIrthakara mahAvIrakA carita saitIsa pUrvajanmoMko varNanake sAtha citrita kiyA gayA hai| DA0 rAmajI upA 1. asagu mahAkai je sumaNeharu vIrajiNeMdacariu kiu suMdaru / kentiya kahami sukaiguNa Ayara geya kAvva jahiM viraiya suMdara / / 2. pIsatenisi deseyiM navarasameyeyalkola puveta mArgadinilege / ___naiseduvau sukavigalene negaladasagana manasijana candrabhaTTana kRtigala / / 3. saM0 bI0 esa0 kulakarNI, dhAravAr3a, 1950 / 4. ityasagakRte vardhamAnacarite mahApurANopaniSad bhagavannirvANagamanonAma / 5. kRtaM mahAvIracaritrabhetan mayA parasvapratibodhanArtham / - 482 -
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________________ dhyAyane vardhamAnacaritamake prAkkathanameM likhA hai ki azvaghoSa evaM kAlidAsakI paramparAmeM kahAkavi asagane mAnacaritamkI racanA kii| kavike vardhamAnacaritamkI kathAvastuke mUla AdhAra prAkRta bhASAke tiloyapaNNatti granthameM milate haiM / digambara AmnAyake tIrthaMkara aura zlAkApuruSoMke carita tiloyapaNNattike AdhAra para hI vikasita huye haiM / vRtta varNanake rUpameM vardhamAnacaritamke kathAnakakA AdhAra guNabhadrakA uttarapurANa jAna par3atA hai kyoMki uttarapurANake 74 3 parvameM vardhamAna bhagavAnakI jo kathA vistArase dI gaI hai, usakA saMkSipta rUpa isameM upalabdha hotA hai / unake tattvopadezakA mUlAdhAra umAsvAmIkA tattvArthasUtra, pUjyapAdako sarvArthasiddhi tathA akalaMka svAmIkA rAjavArtika jAna par3atA hai| samavasaraNakA vistRta varNana jinasenake mahApurANa para AdhArita hai| mahAkavine paurANika vRttako kAvyake sA~cemeM DhAlakara mahAkAvyakA svarUpa diyA hai| AdipurANameM mahAkAvyake svarUpakA varNana karate haye likhA hai ki itihAsa aura purANa pratipAdita caritakA rasAtmaka citraNa karanA tathA dharma, artha aura kAmake phalako pradarzita karanA mahAkAvya hai / dharmatvakA pratipAdana karanA hI kAvyakA prayojana hai| ataH kAvyake mUlameM dharma tattvakA rahanA parama Avazyaka hai| isa carita kAvyameM mahAkAvyake samasta lakSaNoMkA samAveza kiyA gayA hai / vardhamAna isake nAyaka haiM jo kSatriya kulotpanna dhIrodAtta nAyakake guNoMse yukta hai| isakA aMgI rasa zAnta hai| aMga rasake rUpameM zrRMgAra, bhayAnaka tathA vIra rasakA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| yaha namaskArAtmaka padyoMse prArambha huA hai aura mokSa isakA phala hai / sargokI racanA eka hI chandame huI hai / para santimeM chandovaiSamya hai / navam, dazama, paJcadaza aura aSTadaza sargakI racanA nAnA chandoMmeM huI hai| isa granthameM upajAti, vasantatilakA, viyoginI, zikhariNI, vaMzastha, zArdUlavikrIDita, anuSTupa, mAlinI, mandAkrAntA Adi chandoMkA prayoga huA hai| isameM deza, rAjA, rAjJI, putra-janma, Rtu, vana, samudra, muni, deva, deviyA~, yuddha, vivAha, saMdhyA, candrodaya, sUryodaya, tapazcaraNa aura dharmopadeza Adi sabhI varNanIya viSayoMkA samAveSa hai| zAntinAthapurANakA viravaNa kavikI dUsarI racanA zAMtinAthapurANa hai jisakI racanA kavine vardhamAnacaritake pazcAt kI hai / isakA nirdeza unhoMne granthake antameM kiyA hai / 2 vardhamAnacaritammeM bhASA viSayaka jo praur3hatA hai, vaha zAntinAthameM nahIM hai purANa kyoMki vardhamAnacaritam kAvyakI zailImeM likhA gayA hai aura zAntinAtha purANa shailiimeN| purANa zailImeM likhe jAneke kAraNa isameM adhikAMzataH anuSTup chandakA prayoga huA hai| isakI bhASA sarala hai para bhAva gambhIra haiM / Adi purANameM prAcIna AkhyAnoMko purANa kahA gayA hai, 'purAtanaM purANaM syAt' (Adi 1 21) / purANakA pramukha tatva paurANika vizvAsa hai| paurANika vizvAsa prAcIna paramparAse prApta hotA hai| lekina isameM pratyakSa yA parokSa rUpase kathA avazya rahatI hai| paurANika kathAyeM satya mAnI jAtI hai| inakA uddezya vibhinna prakArakI vastuoM, vizvAsoM rIti-rivAjoMkI utpatti tathA upayogitA samajhAnA hai| purANake do bheda hai-1.purANa aura 2. mahApurANa / jisameM eka zalAkA puruSakA varNana hotA hai, vaha purANa hai aura jisameM vesaTha zalAkA 1. mahApurANa sambandhita mahAgAyakagocaram / trivargaphalasandarbha mahAkAvyaM tadiSyate // Adi0, 1162-63 2. caritaM viracayya sanmatIyaM sadalaMkAravicitravRttabandham / sa purANamidaM vyadhatta zAnterasagaH sAdhajanapramodazAntyai // 41 // -483
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________________ puruNoMkA varNana ho, use mahApurANa kahate haiM / dharma tatvakA nirUpaNa rahaneke kAraNa purANa dharmazAstra bhI kahalAtA hai / jaina purANa sAhitya apanI prAmANikatAke liye prasiddha hai / prAmANikatAkA mukhya kAraNa lekhakakA prAmANika honA hai| tathyapUrNa ghaTanAoM para hI jaina purANoMkA kathAbhAga AdhArita hai| asambhava to kalpanAoMse dUra / adhikAMza purANa grantha guNabhadrake uttarapurANa para AdhArita hai| zAntipurANameM kavine yathArtha ghaTanAoMkA varNana kiyA hai, bIcameM Aye huye sandarbha marmasparzI tathA jaina siddhAntakA sUkSma vizleSaNa karanevAle haiN| zAntipurANameM isa avapiNI yugake solahaveM tIrthaMkara zrI zAntinAtha bhagavAnakA pAvana carita varNita hai| zrI zAntinAtha cakravartI aura kAmadeva padake dhAraka the| tIrthaMkara pada atyanta durlabha pada hai / aneka bhavoMmeM sAdhanA karanevAle jIva hI isa padako prApta kara sakate haiN| mahAkavi zAntinAthake pUrvabhavoMkA varNana atyanta vistArase kiyA hai jisase pratIta hotA hai ki zAntinAthake jIvane pUrvabhavoMmeM kisa prakAra sAdhanA kara apane Apako tIrthakara pada para pratiSThita kiyaa| isa purANameM 16 sarga haiM jinameM prArambhake 12 sa!meM unake pUrva janmoMkA varNana hai aura antima cAra sargoM meM unake tIrthakara kAlakA varNana hai| pratyeka tIrthakarake pA~ca kalyANaka hote haiM-garbhameM Agamana, janma, jina dIkSA, kaivalya aura nirvANa / granthameM inhIM pA~coMkA varNana mukhya rUpase kiyA gayA hai / isake 16 someM 2350 zloka hai jinameM kucha zArdUlavikrIDita, vaMzastha, utpalamAla, hariNI, praharSiNI, indravaMzA, viyoginI, vasantatilakA, mAlinImeM haiM aura zeSa anuSTup haiN| antima sargoMmeM jaina siddhAntakA viSada varNana hai| jaina siddhAntakA varNana tatvArthasUtra aura sarvArthasiddhike AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai| pandrahaveM evaM solahaveM sargameM jaina siddhAntakA varNana vistArase kiyA hai| kavine zAntipurANameM prathamAnuyogakI zailIko apanAyA hai| unhoMne siddhAnta, itihAsa aura lokAnuyogakA acchA samAveza kiyA hai jisase yaha mAtra kathAgrantha na rahakara saiddhAntika grantha bhI bana gayA hai| sAhityika vizeSatAyeM apane granthoM meM mahAkavine komalakAnta padAvalIke sAtha-sAtha subhASitoMkA bhI yathAsthAna prayoga kiyA hai| AdipurANa (2-87) meM subhASitoMko mahAratta kahA gayA hai| eka anya sandarbha meM subhASitako mahAmaMtra bhI kahA gayA hai (Adi 1188) / samudrase bahumUlya ratnoMkI utpattike samAna hI kavike grantha samudrase subhApita ratnoMkI utpatti huI hai / kavine apane granthoMko zRMgAra bahula prakaraNoMse bacAkara subhASitamaya prakaraNoMse suzobhita kiyA hai / arthAntaranyAsa yA aprastuta prazaMsAke rUpameM kavine saMgrahaNIya subhASitoMkA saMkalana kiyA hai| ye subhASita asaga kavi dvArA hI race honese mUla granthake aMga hai| vardhamAnacaritamameM saMsArase virakta, mokSAbhilASI, dIkSA leneko utsUka rAjA nandivardhanake bAra-bAra samajhAne para usakA putra rAjya svIkAra nahIM krtaa| isa prasaMgameM kavine "pitAkA vacana cAhe prazasta ho, cAhe aprazasta ho use hI karanA putrakA kAma hai, dUsarA nahIM'' ke mAdhyamase sundara subhASitakA prayoga kiyA hai / zAntipurANake saptama sargameM AyA subhASita striyoMkI manovRttiko batalAtA hai / 2 alaMkAra usa vidhAkA nAma hai jisake prayogake dvArA racanAkAra pAThakake manameM apanI icchAnukUla bhAvanA ujAgara kara Ananda saMcAra karatA hai| alaMkArake prayogase kavitA kAminIke saundaryakI vRddhi hotI hai / mahAkavine bhAvoMkA utkarSa dikhAne aura vastuoMke rUpa guNa aura kriyAkA adhika tIvra anubhava karAneke 1. piturvaco yadyapi sAdhvasAdhu vA, tadeva kRtyaM tanayasya nAparaM / (1.29) 2. strIjano'pi kulodbhUtaH sahate na parAbhavam (7-87) - 484 -
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________________ liye alaMkAroMkA samAveza kiyA hai| kavine apane granthoMke zabdAlaMkAra aura arthAlaMkArakA yatheSTa prayoga kiyA hai| anuprAsa, yamaka, zleSopamA, rUpaka, utprekSA, zleSa, parisaMkhyA, bhrAntimAn, virodhAbhAsa Adi alaMkAroMse grantha paripUrNa hai / zleSopamA Adi alaMkAroMke prasaMgameM racanA kahIM-kahIM durUha ho gayo hai / rasa kAvyakI AtmA hai| mahAkavike granthoMmeM rasoMkA sundara samAveza pAyA jAtA hai| vardhamAnacaritamakA aMgI rasa zAMta hai| isameM saMyoga zrRMgArakA varNana milatA hai kintu isake prasaMga bahata vipralambhakA varNanamAtra eka zlokameM huA hai jisameM tripRSThakA maraNa honepara zoka vihvala svayaMprabhA maraneke lie udyata batalAI gaI hai| kAvyameM zAnta rasake aneka prasaMga haiM / udAharaNArtha-rAjA nandivardhana AkAzameM vilIna hote huye meghako dekhakara saMsArase virakta hotA huA vairAgya cintana karatA hai (sarga 2 / 10-34) / prajApatikA vairAgya cintana (sarga 14 / 40-53) aura tarthaMkara mahAvIrakA niSkramaNa kalyANaka (sarga 17102-116) bhI isI rasameM hai| svayaMprabhA aura tripRSThake vivAhameM zRGgAra tathA kupita azvagrIva aura vidyAdhara rAjAoMkI garvoktise vIra rasakI udbhuti hotI hai / raNakSetrameM donoM orakI senAoMmeM yuddha honepara vIra rasakA paripAka hotA hai / azvagrIvakI senAkA prayANa tathA vizvanandIko AtA dekha bhayase kA~patA huA vizAkhanandI jaba kapitthake vRkSa para car3hakara prANa saMrakSaNa karanA cAhatA hai, taba bhayAnaka rasakA dRzya upasthita hotA hai (sarga 4177) / yadyapi zAMtinAthapurANa meM bhI aMgIrasake rUpameM mukhyataH zAnta rasakA varNana huA hai para anya rasoMkA varNana bhI aMga rUpameM huA hai| cakravatI dayitAri aura aparAjita tathA anantavIrya ke yuddha prasaMgameM vIra rasakA varNana haA hai| dayitAri aura gAyikAoMke prasaMgameM tathA sahasrAyuddhako jalakIr3AmeM zRgAra rasakA varNana hai / vairAgya prasaMga pracuratAse varNita hai| rAjA smitisAgarane bhagavAna svayaMprabhake samavasaraNameM puruSArthako siddha karanevAle dharmako sunakara jeSTha patrako rAjyalakSmI sauMpakara dIkSA lelI (1169-72) / chaThe sargameM sumati eka devIse pUrvabhava sunakara saMsArase virakta ho gaI ajikA bana gyii| cakravartI zAnti jinendra ke vairAgya prasaMga AdimeM zAnta rasakA varNana huA hai| mahAkavi asagane apane pUrvavartI sAhityasAgarakA acchI taraha avagAhana kiyA, ataH unakI racanAoM para pUrvavartI kaviyoMkA prabhAva parilakSita hotA hai / kunda-kunda, pUjyapAda tathA akalaMka Adike siddhAnta granthoMkA prabhAva unakI racanAoM para pdd'aa| raghuvaMza, kumArasambhava, zizupAlavadha, candraprabhacarita tathA kirAtArjunIyake kitane hI bhAva asaMgane grahaNa kiye haiN| vardhamAnacaritake zlokoMkA sAmya jIvandhara campU aura dharmazarmAmyudayameM milatA hai / yahA~ yaha zodhakA viSaya hai ki kisane kisase bhAva grahaNa kiye haiN| mahAkavi asagane bhI apane paravartI kaviyoM para apanI chApa chor3I hai| kezIrAja (1200 I0)ne zabdamaNidarpaNameM asagakI kavitAoMmeMse aneka uddharaNa liye hai| ponna para asagake zAntiparANakI chApa hai| nAgavarmA kannA Adi kaviyoM para vardhamAnapurANakA prabhAva par3A hai| mahAkavikA saMskRta bhASA para pUrNa adhikAra hai| kahIM bhI bhASA zaithilyake darzana nahIM hote / ramAnukUla bhASAkA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| kahIM alpasamAsavAle, kahIM bRhat samAsavAle padoMkA prayoga huA hai / granthoMmeM zabdasauSThava aura alaMkaraNakI ramaNIyatA sarvatra pAI jAtI hai| bAhya saundarya varNanake sAtha hI 1. svayaMprabhAmanumaraNArthamudyatAM valastadA svayasupasAntvanoditaiH / idaM punarbhavazataheturAtmano nirarthakaM vyavasitamityavArayat // 10-87 / / - 485 -
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________________ mAnava hRdayastha manobhAvoMkA tathA vibhinna dazAoMmeM utpanna honevAlI ceSTAoMkA varNana huA hai / rAga, dveSa, harSa, viSAda tathA prema, karuNA AdikA samAveza bar3I sUkSmatAke sAtha sarvatra huA hai| kavi apane pAtroMke antastalameM praveza kara avasthAvizeSameM honevAlI usakI mAnasika pratikiyAoMkA sUkSma vizleSaNa karatA hai tathA ucita padavinyAsake dvArA abhivyakti detA hai| kavikI racanAyeM aitihAsika, paurANika tathA zAstrIya Adi aneka dRSTiyoMse zreSTha haiN| yadyapi asaga kavikI do kRtiyA~ hI upalabdha haiM, tathApi ye kaviko amaratva pradAna karane tathA kAvyarasakI vijayadhvajAko sadaiva phaharAte rahaneke liye paryApta haiN| ina racanAoM para gahana zodha kArya pragati patha para hai| -486 -