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________________ phebruArI 2011 133 khAravelano hAthIguphA - abhilekha (jaina dharmano ullekha karato prAcInatama abhilekha) DaoN. hasamukha vyAsa itihAsanA mULa sAdhana (srota) tarIke abhilekho, savizeSa mahattva che. Ama to, prAcInakALathI lAkaDaM, (pakva) mATI; tAMbu, patthara va. no abhilekha mATe upayoga thato-thayo che. paraMtu paththara tenA TakAupaNAne kAraNe sauthI vadhu upayogamAM levAyela che. aneka prAcIna rAjavaMzo, teno samayaprazAsanakALa; temaja tatkAlIna rAjakIya-sAmAjika-dhArmika temaja sAMskRtika va. bAbatonI cokkasa jANakArI AnAthI thaI zake-zakI che. prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsanA punarAlekhanamA abhilekho savizeSa madadarUpa banela che. AvA ja oka aitihAsika mahattva dharAvatA zilAlekha viSe lakhavAno prastuta upakrama che- te che hAthIguphAno khAravelano zilAlekha. vartamAna orissA (prAcIna mauryakAlIna kaliMga) rAjyanI rAjadhAnI bhuvanezvarathI pazcimamAM Azare daza kI.mI.nA antare udayagiri ane khaNDagiri suprasiddha guphAo AvelI che. rastAnI banne bAju AvelI A guphAomAM rastAnI jamaNI bAju udayagirinI ane DAbI bAju khaNDagirinI guphAo che. udayagirinI prakhyAta guphAomAM svargapurInI guphA, rANIguphA, gaNezaguphA, jayavijaya guphA, vyAghraguphA ane hAthIguphA che. hAthIguphA lAla rattIA paththaranI oka prAkRtika guphA (57 x 28 x 12') che. AmAM thoDo pheraphAra karI tene sabhAgRhamAM nirmita karAI che. AnA pravezadvAre aeka zilAlekha cha je 'khAravelanA zilAlekha' tarIke vikhyAta che. ___maurya samrATa azoka (zAsanakALa : I.pU. 262-238)nA zAsanakALa pachIno kaliMgano itihAsa anizcita-andhakAramaya che. sambhavataH mauryanI avanatino lAbha uThAvI tenA zaktizAlI senAnAyaka-padAdhikArIoo koI svatantra rAjyanI sthApanA karI hoya. A vaMzane prArambhanA oka abhilekhamAM cedivaMza kahela che. prastuta vaMza sAthe sambandhita khAravela ane tenA jIvana prazAsana sandarbha aMka mAtra abhilekha maLela cha - hAthIguphAno. A abhilekhamAM ja khAravela potAne rAjarSi
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________________ 134 anusandhAna-54 zrIhemacandrAcAryavizeSAMka bhAga-2 vasuno vaMzaja kahe che - je sambhavataH cedirAja vasu che. Isa. pUrve chaThThI sadI daramyAna yamunA kinAre bundelakhaNDamAM cedi rAjya astitva dharAvatuM hatuM. sambhavataH ahIMthI tenI koI zAkhA kaliMga jaIne vasI hoya. A rAjavaMzano itihAsa udayagirimAMthI keTalAka abhilekhothI jANI zakAya che. AmAMno hAthIguphAno khAravelano zilAlekha atyadhika mahattvano che. gujarAtI khAra-khArAzanA mULanI jema 'khAravela'mAM paNa khAra-kSAra zabda rahyo che. DaoN. kAzIprasAda jayasvAlanA matAnusAra khAravela zabda saM. kSAra+vela zabdo maLI banela che. jeno artha thAya che - khArI laherovALo arthAt samudra. DaoN. dinezacandra sarakAra paNa A matane svIkArI teno artha 'samudra kinAre zAsana karanAra (zAsaka)' darzAve che. udayagirinI TekarIomAM bauddha-jainonI ghaNI guphAo AvelI che. AmAMnI keTalIka to I.sa.pUrve trIjI sadI pUrvenI che. bhAratanA pUrvabhAgamAM baMgALanA upasAgaranA kAMThe Avela vartamAna orissA (Orissa) sthAnika bhASAmAM uDiyA oDiyA (saM. oDU) che. tenI rAjadhAnI bhuvanezvarathI pazcima Avela udayagiri navaM nAma hovAno kezavalAla ha. dhruvano mata che. tenuM prAcIna nAma 'kumAraparvata' hovAnuM teo jaNAve che eTaluM ja nahi udayagiri > oDragiri (saM.) > uDDayagiri (prA.) parathI banyAnuM jaNAve che.1 hAthIguphAnA pravezadvAre kaThaNa-baraDa paththara aMkita A lekhano kALanI thApaTo-ghasArAne kAraNe madhyano keTaloka bhAga naSTa thaI gayela che. Ama chatAM je avazeSa che te paNa aitihAsika dRSTie atyadhika mahattva dharAve che. sahu prathama prastuta lekhanI bhALa ane ekAdhika vidvAnoe tenA karelA vAcana ane pAThabhedanI vigata tapAsIe. prastuta zilAlekha (15.1 x 5.6')mAM alaGkAravihIna saraLa ane sahaja bhASAmAM kula 17 paMktio che, eka paMktimA 90 thI 100 akSara aMkita che. pAlI sAthe maLatI prAkRta bhASAmAM te brAhmIlipimAM aMkita che. lekhanI banne bAju be-be cihna aMkita che. sAmAnya rIte prAcIna abhilekhomAM AvA-kamaLa, vartuLa, svastika jevA cihna aMkita karAtA. A lekhanI sarva prathama bhALa phAdhara o. sTaliMge (A. Stirling) 1820mAM meLavI karnala maikanjhI (Mackenzie) nI sahAyathI oka apUrNa vAcanA taiyAra karI 1825mAM anuvAda vinA Asiatic 1. sAhitya ane vivecana. kezavalAla ha. dhruva, amadAvAda : 1995 (bI.A.) pR. 111-14
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________________ phebruarI 2011 manamAnyA pATha Researches : Vol. 15mAM prakAzita karI. A pachI oma. kiTaTo (M. Kittoe) a tenI vadhu sAcI vAcanA taiyAra karI. jene 1837mAM jemsa prinsepe anuvAda sAthe tenA Corpus Inscription Indicarum mAM prakAzita karI. A teno prathama anuvAda. 1885mAM paNDita bhagavAnalAla indrajIo sthazha para ja tenI oka pratilipi taiyAra karI ane 1886mAM chaThThA prAcyavidyAvidonA AntararASTrIya sammelana daramyAna prasiddha smArikA (suveniyara) mAM sAnuvAda pATha prasiddha thayo. A pATha 1990 sudhI pramANika manAto rahato. vacce 1877mAM o. kaniMgahAme paNa tenI oka zilAmudraNIya chApa prakAzita karI. rAjA rAjendralAla mitre 1880 mAM tenA prakhyAta grantha 'Antiquities of Orissa' mAM sAnuvAda pATha prasiddha karyo. paraMtu A badhA prayatna adhikRta na hatA. 1906mAM TI.eca.blokha ( Bloch ) nA nidarzanamAM A zilAlekhanI vadhu ka zAhI- chApa taiyAra karAvI DaoN. kIlahaoNrnane mokalAI. 1910mAM lUDarse paNa Ano sArAMza prakAzita karyo. omaNe A lekhane tithivihIna batAvyo. A ja varSe DaoN. jaoNna phlITe paNa abhilekhanI be saMkSipta noMdha prakAzita karI. omaNe lekhanA pAThamAM keTalAka sudhArA sUcavyA. 1913mAM rAkhAladAsa benarajIo sthaLa-tapAsa-nirIkSaNa karI tithiyukta vivAdAspada pAThanuM parIkSaNa karyu. 1997mAM DaoN. kAlidAsa nAga sAthe omaNe sthaLanI punaH mulAkAta LaI abhilekhanI be zAhI- chApa taiyAra karI. A samaya daramyAna DaoN. kAzIprasAda jayasvAle paNa prastuta abhilekhano oka pATha prakAzita karyo. (jarnala oNpha bihAra - uDisA risarca sosAyaTI, 1917). 1998mAM omaNe sthaLanI punaH mulAkAta laI bIjo oka saMzodhita pATha taiyAra karI prasiddha karyo. (ja. oNpha bi.u. ri.so. : 1918) 1919mAM DaoN. jayasvAla ane rAkhAladAsa benarajIo saMyukta rIte akavAra sthaLa-tapAsa-nirIkSaNa-parIkSaNa karI pratyeka akSaranuM jhINavaTabharyuM parIkSaNa kartuM. o banne vidvAnoo 1924 ane 1927mAM lIla chAponA AdhAre abhilekhanI oka antima vAcanA taiyAra karI je sAnuvAda 1927mAM ja.bi.u.ri.o 1927mAM prakAzita thaI. A pachI paNa aneka vidvAnoo AnI vAcanAanuvAda-vivecana karela che. 135 brAhmI lipi ane pAli sAthe maLatI prAkRtabhASAmAM gadyamAM utkIrNa prastuta abhilekhanuM savizeSa mahattva se che ke te jainadharmano ullekha karanAra
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________________ anusandhAna - 54 zrI hemacandrAcAryavizeSAMka bhAga - 2 prAcInatama zilAlekha che. abhilekhano Arambha ja jainadharmanA oLakha - mantra namo arahaMtAna ( / ) namo savasidhAnaM ( | ) thI thAya che. ane prathama paMktimAM tene arthAt khAravelane 'mahAmeghavAhanena' kahyo che. A oka sarvocca biruda hovAnuM manAya che. mahAmeghavAhana arthAt jenuM vAhana mahAmegha arthAt mahAna rAjakIya hAthI che te. A zabdArthanA AdhAre teno sUcitArtha 'indra' thato hovAnuM tadvidonuM mAnavuM che. kemake hAthI (airAvata) indranuM vAhana che. DaoN. veNImAdhava baruAnA mate prastuta lekhanI 16mI paMktimA 'indrarAja 'no zabdaprayoga thayela hoI khAravelanI tulanA indra sAthe karAI hovAnuM manAya che. paraMtu, DaoN. kAzIprasAda jayasvAla ane DaoN. dinezacandra sarakAra 'indrarAja' zabdanA badale 'bhikSurAja' hovAnuM noMdhe che je upayukta paNa che. 136 abhilekhano samaya : prastuta abhilekha aka zAsaka (khAravela)nA jIvana- prazAsananI aitihAsika ghaTanAo darzAvato bhAratano sarvaprathama abhilekha hovA chatAM tenA ane temAM ullekhita zAsaka - khAravelanI nizcita samaya - tithino prazna adyApi ukalyo nathI. vibhinna purAvido - itivido vibhinna svarUpe pota - potAnA dRSTikoNathI tene spaSTa karavAnA prayatna avazya karyAM che. jene noMdhIo : DaoN. kAzIprasAda jayasvAle abhilekhamAM ullekhita bahasati miti (bRhaspati mitra) te puSpamitra hovAnuM jaNAve che. te antima maurya rAjA bRhadrathano senApati hato, ane prathama zuMga samrATa hato. te lagabhaga Isa. pUrve 184 daramyAna zAsana karato hato. AnA AdhAre DaoN. jayasvAla khAravelano samaya IsU pUrvenI bIjI sadI nirdhAre che. DaoN. jayasvAla abhilekhanI 16mI paMktinuM vAcana A pramANe kare che : 'pAnaMtarIya sathi -vasa-sate - rAja- muriya kAle vocchine'. AnA AdhAre te khAravelano samaya mauryakAlanuM 165 varSa nizcita kare che. 1 vinsenTa smithanuM paNa omaja mAnavuM che ke kaliMgAdhipati khAravele hAthIguphA abhilekhamAM jene 'bRhaspatimita' kahela che te puSyamitrane amaNe parAjita karyo hato. DaoN. sTena kono, aca.sI. rAyacaudharI va. paNa A matanA che. paraMtu ddo. jayasvAla-nidarzita pAThanI vAcanA have A pramANe karAI che : 'pAnatarIya-sata - sahasedi' arthAt pAMca lAkha mudrAo arhato (jaina 1. jarnala oNpha bihAra-oDisA risarca sosAyaTI, aMka-4, bhAga-4, pR. 394
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________________ phebruArI 2011 137 sAdhuo) mATe temaja anya guphA nirmANa temaja stambhAdi sukRtyo mATe vyaya karAI hatI. DaoN. ghoSa, mAnavaM che ke vastutaH vAkya ahIM ja pUruM thaI jAya che. DaoN. jayasvAle 'pAnatarIya-sathi-vasa-sate' pachI 'rAjA muriya kAle vacchine' pada sAthe bheLavI dai aka karI dIdhuM che. vastutaH prathama pada pachIno pATha A pramANe hovo joio : muM(khi)ya-kalA-vochina' AmAM mauryakALano ullekhasaMketa nathI. adhikAMza vidvAnoo A pAThane mAnya (adhikRta) gaNI svIkAryo che. ___abhilekha-vizeSajJonA mate prastuta abhilekha sambhavataH nAnAghATanA lekhonA samIpavartI samayano athavA samakAlIna temaja heliyoDorasanA besanagaranA abhilekha pachIno hoi Ane isu pUrvenI prathama sadImAM mUkI zakAya nahIM. kemake nAnA ghATano lekha Isa. pUrvanI prathama sadInA uttarArdha pUrveno na hovAnuM siddha thayela che. ataH hAthIguphA lekha ukta abhilekhathI thoDo AgaLano athavA samakAlIna hovAnuM manAya che. arthAt te IsunI prathama sadI pUrveno hoI zake nahi, Ama khAravelano samaya IsunI prathama sadI nizcita thAya che. to maMcapurI guphAmAM khAravelanI rANIno oka abhilekha aMkita che je bharahuta zilpo (I.pU. prathama sadIno pUrvArdha) pachIno che. AgaLa noMdhyuM o mujaba A abhilekha khAravelanA jIvana prazAsana darzAvato aka mAtra abhilekha che. sAmAnya rIte abhilekhomAM sambandhitanA pUrvajonI kIrtinuM gAna thatuM hoya che paNa ahIM aq nathI. AmAM mAtra khAravelanA nijI jIvana ane prazAsanakAryo ja varNita che. prArambhanI 2-3 paMktimAM tenA jIvana viSe mAhitI che : 24 varSe rAjyagAdI saMbhALIo pUrve prArambhanA 15 (paMdara) varSa khelakUdALAM, tyAra pachInA yuvarAja tarIkenA 9 (nava) varSa lekha (lakhavU- athavA zAsana jANakAra), rUpa (sikkA arthAt hisAba) gaNanA (gaNita), vyavahAra (AcaraNa zAstra) vidhi (kAyado-kAnUna) va. uparAMta sarva vidyAomAM pAraMgata thayo. A pachI 24 varSe rAjyadhurA saMbhALyA bAdanA 13 (tera) varSanAM prazAsana kAryonuM nirUpaNa che. 244nA varSe rAjyAbhiSeka bAda prathama varSe omaNe tophAnanA kAraNe naSTa-bhraSTa thai gayela nagaranuM pramukha dvAra, aneka imArato temaja killAnI marammata uparAMta rAjadhAnImAM RSikhivIra nAmanuM sarovara uparAMta sundara bagIcAo upavano
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________________ 138 anusandhAna-54 zrIhemacandrAcAryavizeSAMka bhAga-2 banAvarAvyA. lokaraMjana mATe nRtya-gAyana-vAdana, Ayojana karyu. zAsananA prathama varSe janahitanAM kAryone prAdhAnya ApyA bAda pachInAM varSomAM omaNe sainya abhiyAna AdaryAnI vigata nirUpita che. prastuta abhilekhamAM tenA khAsa to zAsananA bIjA-cothA-AThamA ane agiyAramA varSe karela abhiyAno, saMkSipta ullekha-varNana che. AmAM RSika (mUsika) nagara (paMkti 4); rASTriko ane bhojako para (paMkti 6); rAjagRha najIkanA gorakSa giri (gayA jillA sthita barAbara nAmano parvata) (paMkti 7-8) temaja pieMDa nagara (godAvarI-kRSNA nadI vaccenA taTavartI pradeza) para vizALa senA sAthe AkramaNa karyAnuM nirUpaNa che. sambhavataH anAM A abhiyAno rAjyasImAvistaraNa mATe koi pradezane jItI levAnA hetusara nahi paNa saMpatti prApta karavA ane aeka prakAranI sainyazaktinuM pradarzana karavA samAna ja hovAnuM manAya che. abhilekhano Arambha arhatone namaskArathI thato hoi khAravela nizcita rUpe jaina-dharmAnuyAyI hovAnuM kahI zakAya. A uparAMta arhata pUjAno ullekha (9); jina pratimAnA pUjananI vAta (12) ane arhato mATe varSAkALa vyatIta karavA kumArIparvata (udayagiri) para Azraya guphAo taiyAra karAvyAno ullekha spaSTatayA tenA jaina hovAnuM svataH siddha pramANa gaNI zakAya. AthI ja to prastuta abhilekhane jaina dharmano ullekha karato prAcInatama purAvo-abhilekha mAnavAmAM Ave che. A abhilekhanI 15mI paMktithI zAsananA 13mA varSe amaNe koi arbu Ayojana karela ke jemAM dezabharanA jJAnIo, tapasvIo, RSio, arhato ityAdi akatra karAyAnuM jANI zakAya che. alabatta A Ayojana zAnuM-zA hetusara hatuM te spaSTa thai zakatuM nathI. sambhavataH te arhatonI saMgIti hoya. te jaina dharmavalambI hovA chatAM anya dharmo pratye samabhAva rAkhato. (17). teno 24mA varSe thayela rAjyAbhiSeka vaidika prathA sUcave che. A uparAMta brAhmaNone dAna ApyA temaja anya dharmonAM devAlayo paNa baMdhAvI ApyAM hatAM. sAmAnya rIte bauddha dharmanI jema jaina dharma koI rAjyAzrita dharma na hovArnu manAtuM. ne A lekha kaiMka jueM ja pramANa Ape che : khAravela jaina dharmI hato ne teno rAjadharma paNa jaina dharma hato. A abhilekhathI aka khAsa bAbata o jANavA maLe che ke sAmAnya rIte mahAvIra svAmInA nirvANa bAda 600-700 varSe jaina pratimAo banAvavAno - ane o rIte pratimA pUjana thayAno - Arambha
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________________ phebruArI 2011 thayAnuM manAtuM. paraMtu, prastuta abhilekhathI aka navIna ja vigata prakAzamAM Ave che : kaliMgajina arthAt Adi tIrthaMkara RSabhadevanI je pratimA nandarAjA upADI gayela tene khAravele punaH rAjagRhe pAchI lAvI (12) sthApita karI. AnAthI IsUnI trIjI sadI pUrve (nandano samaya) temaja tenI pahelA paNa jaina pratimA pUjana yathArtha rIte pracalita hovA, asandigdhapaNe siddha thAya che... hAthIguphA abhilekhamA ullekhita pUrvokta vivaraNa-vivecanAnA AdhAre nirvivAda svarUpe kahI zakAya ke khAravela vividha vidyAomAM pAraMgata, oka kuzaLa senAnAyaka, parAkramI yodhdho temaja suyogya prajApriya saphaLa zAsaka hato. hAthIguphA abhilekhanI A saMkSipta vivaraNa-vivecanA che. jo tenI pratyeka paMktinA pratyeka zabdanI aitihAsika-sAMskRtika sandarbhe spaSTatA-vivecanA karAya to ja tenuM sarvAGgI mahattva samajI zakAya. astu. AdhAra grantho 1. bhAratIya abhilekha vidyA. zAstrI, hariprasAda ane pravINacandra parIkha, amadAvAda : 1973 2. sAhitya ane vivecana. dI.ba. kezavalAla ha. dhruva. amadAvAda : 1995 (bIjI AvRtti) 3. prAcInajainalekhasaMgraha. prathama bhAga (prAkRta) saM. muni jinavijaya, bhAvanagara : 1917 4. bhArata kA prAcIna itihAsa, ghoSa, narendranAtha, lakhanau, 1902 5. prAcIna bhAratIya stUpa, guhA evam mandira, upAdhyAya, vAsudeva, paTanA : 1972 6. bhAratIya itihAsa koza, bhaTTAcArya saccidAnanda, lakhanaU : 1989 (dvitIya saMskaraNa) 7. aitihAsika bhAratIya abhilekha, vAjapeyI, kRNadatta tathA anya jayapura : 1992 8. prAcIna bhArata ke pramukha abhilekha-1 gupta paramezvarIlAla vArANasI : 1996 (tRtIya saMskaraNa) 9. prAcIna bhArata kA itihAsa 1 (saM.) gupta, zivakumAra jayapura : 1999 10. Indian Epigraphy, Sircar, D.C. Varanasi : 1965 11. The Cave Temples of India, James Fergusson and James Prurgess. Delhi : 1969 (Reprint) 12. Political History of Ancient India, Raychaudhary, H.C.Calcutta : 1972 (Seventh Edition). C/0. zrIkhaMbhalAva maheMdIvADI, jamanAvaDa roDa, dhorAjI