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________________ jijAgamoM kI bhASA : nAga aura svarUpa DaoN. ke. Ara. candra jinAgamoM kI mUlabhASA arddhabhAgadhI hai| addhamAgadhI meM hI tIrthakara mahAvIra ne pravacana kie the| magadharoM evaM sthaviroM ne bhI arddhamAgadhI meM hI ina Agama ko grathita kiyA thaa| kintu arddhamAgadhI prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI anabhijJatA, kSetra vizeSa ke prabhAva, mahArASTrI prAkana ke upalabha tyAkaraNa ke abhyAsa Adi vibhinna kAraNoM se arddhamAgadhI AgamoM kA sampAdana karate pratilipi karate samaya mahArASTrI Adi prAkRtoM kA prabhAva A gayA . prAkRta bhASA evaM vyAkaraNa ke samprati vizvaprasiddha vidvAna DaoN. ke Ara.candra ne jinAgamoM meM hue parivartana viSayaka yaha apanA Alekha pAThakoM ko upalabdha karAyA hai| lekhaka ne agamoM ke vibhinna saMskaraNoM kI tulanA karate hue arddhamAgadhI ke prAcIna rUpa ko siddha kara use svIkAra karane kI preraNA bhI kI hai| -sampAdaka jinAgamoM meM usa jaina Agama-sAhitya (I. san pUrva pA~cavIM zatAbdI se I. san 5vIM zatAbdI taka) kA samAveza hotA hai jo zvetAmbara jainoM dvArA racA gayA hai aura jo digambara sampradAya ko mAnya nahIM hai| ise ho jaina AgamasAhitya kI saMjJA dI gaI hai| digambara jaina sampradAya ke prAcInatama sAhitya (I. san prathama zatAbdI se lagAkara Age kI zatAbdiyoM taka) ko digambara sampradAya ke prAcIna zAstra' ko saMjJA dI gayI hai| isakI bhASA zaurasenI prAkRta hai jabaki zvetAmbara mAnya jinAgamoM kI bhASA ko ardhamAgadhI ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| isa nAma meM jo mAgadhI zabda hai usakA vizeSa mahattva hai| use ardhazaurasenI yA ardhamahArASTrI kyoM nahIM kahA gayA? ardhamAgadhI zabda meM mAgadhI pramukha zabda hai aura ardha usakA vizeSaNa hai arthAt pUrNata: mAgadhI nahIM, paraMtu AdhI mAgadhI aura AdhI anya bhASA yA boliyA~ jo magadha deza ke Asa-pAsa ke kSetroM meM usa samaya bolI jAtI thii| kacha vidvAna aisA bhI mAnate haiM ki yaha ardhamAgadha deza kI bhASA thii| yaha kauna sA pradeza ho sakatA haikyA gaMgA nadI ke dakSiNa bihAra kA Ajakala kA pradeza? isI magadha deza ke Asa-pAsa ke par3osI rAjyoM (pradezoM) kI boliyoM kA ardhamAgadhI meM samAveza mAnA jAya (jo ucita bhI lagatA hai jaisAki bhagavAn mahAvIra ke vihAra ke sthaloM se mAlUma hotA hai) to isameM gaMgAnadI ke uttara meM pUrva kI dizA meM to isameM licchaviyoM kA videha (darabhaMgA), aMga rAjya, bhAgalapura, maura, pazcima meM kosala (ayodhyA jisakI rAjadhAnI thI, purAnA nAma sAketa bhI thA) aura Adhunika baMgAla (baMga deza kA lAr3ha pradeza) aura ur3IsA kaliMga kA kucha bhAga sammilita kiyA jA sakatA hai| ina sabhI pradezoM kI boliyoM kA kisI na kisI aMza meM mUla mAgadhI para prabhAva hone ke kAraNa use ardhamAgadhI kahA gayA ho, aisA bhASAzAstra ke niyamoM se pratIta hotA hai| mAgadhI bhASA ke mUla lakSaNa pulliMga akArAnna prathama ekavacana kI vibhakti 'e' ke sAtha-sAtha
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________________ 52 jinavANI- jainAgama - sAhitya vizeSAGka anya pradezoM kI - o vibhakti; ra-la ke sAtha-sAtha ra kAra hI milanA; saptamI vibhakti e. va. kI aMzi ke sAtha sAtha 'e' vibhakti, mAgadhI meM tInoM USma vyaMjanoM ke sthAna para 'za' kA Adeza hai, paraMtu ardhamAgadhI meM sarvatra 'za, Sa'= 'sa' hI milatA hai (azoka ke pUrvI bhArata ke zilAlekhoM kI bhASA kI bhI yahI sthiti hai, unameM 'za' kAra nahIM mila rahA hai| ho sakatA hai ki bolane meM 'za' kAra bolA jAtA ho, paraMtu likhane meM 'sa' kAra hI likhA jAtA ho ) Aja bhI pUrvI uttarapradeza, bihAra aura baMgAla meM 'sa' ke sthAna para 'za' kA uccAraNa adhika mAtrA meM kiyA jAtA hai| bha. buddha kI pAli bhASA kA pradeza bhI lagabhaga vahI thA jo bha mahAvIra kA thA, paraMtu unake tripiTaka kI pAli bhASA meM bhI 'za' kAra nahIM milatA hai / yahI avasthA donoM bhASAoM meM 'Sa' kAra kI bhI hai| usake badale meM sarvatra 'sa' kAra hI milatA hai jaisAki azoka ke pUrvI bhArata ke zilAlekhoM meM pAyA jAtA hai| khAravela ke hAthIguphA ke kaliMga (ur3IsA) aura mathurA ke lekhoM meM bhI sarvatra 'sakAra' hI pAyA jAtA hai| ye hI vizeSatAe~ haiM jinake kAraNa bha. mahAvIra ke upadezoM kI bhASA ko 'ardhamAgadhI' kahA gayA hai| sabhI ardhamAgadhI Agama graMtha eka hI kAla kI racanAe~ nahIM mAnI gayI haiM, paraMtu kucha racanAe~ aura katipaya racanAoM meM jo-jo prAcIna aMza milate haiM, unakI bhASA kA svarUpa pAli bhASA ke samAna hI honA cAhie thA, paraMtu sarvatra aisA nahIM pAyA jAtA hai| udAharaNa ke lie 'AcArAMga' kA prathama zruta skaMdha sabhI Agama graMthoM meM prAcInatama racanA hai jisakI bhASA, zailI aura viSayavastu se yaha spaSTa pramANita hotA hai, paraMtu isakI bhASA bhI alpAMza meM anya Agama graMthoM kI taraha mahArASTrI prAkRta se prabhAvita huI hai| maukhika paraMparA aura jaina dharma ke prasAra ke daramyAna jainoM ke badalate hue kendra sthaloM (pUrva meM rAjagRha, pATaliputra, vaizAlI se mathurA kI tarapha aura vahAM se phira valabhI (gujarAta) ke kAraNa una-una pradezoM kI bhASAoM kA mizraNa usameM hotA gayA aura AgamoM kA eka bhI saMskaraNa mAtra zuddha (yA prAcIna) ardhamAgadhI meM upalabdha nahIM hai| AgamoM kI antima (tIsarI) vAcanA valabhIpura meM chaThI zatAbdI ke prAraMbha meM huI aura usa samaya AgamoM ko lipibaddha kiyA gayA thA, paraMtu adyAvadhi sabhI hastapratoM meM bhI bhASA kA svarUpa eka samAna nahIM mila rahA hai, cAhe ve tAr3apatra kI yA kAgaja kI prateM hoM athavA prAcIna yA pazcakAlIna prateM hI kyoM na hoM ? isakA mukhya kAraNa yaha rahA hai ki prAraMbha se hI upadezoM kI viSayavastu para atyadhika bhAra thA na ki bhASA para, jaisA ki vaidika paramparA meM pAyA jAtA hai| pAli bhASA ko laMkA meM I. san ke pUrva lagabhaga prathama zatAbdI meM hI lipibaddha kara diyA gayA thA aura usakA saraMkSaNa bhI vahAM para hI hone ke kAraNa usameM kisI prakAra kA
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________________ . . | jinAgamoM kI bhAbhA nAma aura svarUpa kA 53 parivartana nahIM A skaa| AgamoM kI ardhamAgadhI to mahArASTrI prAkRta se itanI prabhAvita huI hai ki isakA mUla svarUpa bhI nizcita karanA bahuta duAkara ho gayA hai| Agama prabhAkara muni zrI puNyavijaya jI ko to aisA kahane ko bAdhya honA par3A ki AgamoM kI mUla bhASA meM bar3A hI parivartana A gayA hai| mUla bhASA khicar3I hI bana gayI hai| aba hameM yaha darzAnA hai ki maulika ardhamAgadhI meM madhyavartI vyaMjanoM kI dhvani-parivartana saMbaMdhI kyA avasthA thii| sarvaprathama to yaha kahane ko bAdhya honA par3atA hai ki kisI bhI prAkRta vyAkaraNakAra ne ardhamAgadhI prAkRta ko koI vizeSa sthAna (apane-apane prAkRta vyAkaraNa meM) nahIM diyA hai| sabhI ne mahArASTrI, zaurasenI, paizAcI, cUlikA aura hemacandrAcArya ne apabhraMza ke bhI niyama diye haiN| hemacandrAcArya svayaM jaina the, unheM jinAgamoM kA vizeSa jJAna bhI thA, paraMtu unhoMne bhI madhyavartI vyaMjanoM ke dhvani-parivartana saMbaMdhI vizeSa taura para kucha bhI nahIM likhA hai, yaha eka bar3e hI Azcarya kI bAta hai| unhoMne ise 'ArSa' bhASA avazya kahA hai aura isameM sabhI vidhiyAM lAgU hotI haiM-aisA kahakara ke isa ArSa bhASA ko unhoMne bar3I hI svatantratA de dii| kahAM pAli bhASA, azoka ke zilAlekhoM, hAthI guMphA aura mathurA ke lekhoM ko bhASA aura kahA~ yaha aniyamita ArSa-ardhamAgadhI bhASA? unhoMne ArSa bhASA ke do mukhya lakSaNa avazya diye haiM- 1. puM. akArAnta kI prathamA eka vacana kI vibhakti-e aura ra kAra kA lakAra ho jaanaa| isake sivAya jagaha-jagaha para mUlasUtroM kI vRtti meM ArSa kI kucha vizeSatAeM darzAyI gayI hai, paraMtu zabdoM ke madhyavartI vyaMjanoM ke lie to mahArASTrI prAkRta ke niyama hI lAgU hote hoM aisA unake prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM se spaSTa hI pratIta hotA hai| prAcIna ardhamAgadhI graMthoM meM bhUtakAla (sAmAnya bhUta, anadyatana bhUta aura parokSa bhUta) ke pratyayoM vAle prayoga kahIM-kahIM para alpAMza meM milate hetvarthaka kRdanta ke lie vaidika paraMparA se prApta-ttae-ittae,etae (saMskRta -tave, tavai, --tvAyai) pratyaya vAle prayoga bAra-bAra milate haiM jo anya prAkRtoM meM milate hI nahIM haiN| pAli meM bhI yaha pratyaya nahIM milatA hai| isa dRSTi se pAli kI apekSA ardhamAgadhI meM bhASA kI prAcInatA surakSita rahI hai| aba jo mukhya muddA ardhamAgadhI ke lie dhyAna dene yogya hai vaha hai zabdoM meM madhyavartI vyaMjanoM kI aneka prayogoM meM yathAvat sthiti jo usake lie zaurasenI aura mahArASTrI prAkRta se sarvathA eka bhinna bhASA hone kA mahattvapUrNa pramANa hai|
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________________ 154... jinavANI- jainAgama-sAhitya vizeSAGka sarvaprathama to yaha jJAtavya honA cAhie ki hamAre madhyakAlIna prAkRta vyAkaraNakAroM ne ardhamAgadhI ke lie koI viziSTa vyAkaraNa hI nahIM likhe jisake kAraNa mahArASTrI prAkRta ke madhyavartI vyaMjanoM ke parivartana ke jo niyama the ve hI niyama ardhamAgadhI prAkRta para bhI lAgU kara diye gye| AgamoM kI hastapratoM (prAcIna aura arvAccIna) meM jahAM-jahAM para bhI pAli ke samAna prayoga (madhyavartI vyaMjanoM meM dhvaniparivartana nahIM hone ke pATha ) milate the, unheM kSatiyukta mAnakara unake badale meM mahArASTrI kI zabdAvalI ko hI apanAyA jAne lgaa| udAharaNa ke lie dekhie pro. harmana yAkobI ke aura zubiMga ke AgamoM meM prAcInatama mAne jAne vAle AcArAMga ke prathama zruta skaMdha ke saMskaraNa ke katipaya pATha - adhyAya kA yAkobI ke pATha zubriga ke pATha perA naM. laMDana 1882 e.DI. lipjiga 1910 1.2.3.2 1.4.4.1 1.1.5.7 1.5.5.1 1.2.3.5 1.2.1.3 akutobhayaM paritAvaM ete savvato avaharati vedeti akuobhayaM pariyAvaM ee savvao avaharai vedei (- -) omoyariyaM dhammaviu pavAya veei vaissAmi viDattA samAyAya 1.9.4.1 1.4.3.1 omodariya dhammavidu pavAda vedeti 1.2 1.3 1.9.1.1 1.1.6.2 1163 vadissAmi viditA samAdAya 1.7.1.3 asAdhU asAhU 1.1.5.2 adhaM ahaM 1.9.2.15 adhoviyaDe aheviyaDe aba hama nIce pizala ke 'prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa' aura mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya, baMbaI ke saMskaraNa ke pATha bhI de rahe haiM. pizala zubiMga pizala ma.jai. vidyAlaya (ta) Atura pabhiti natiya Aure pabhir3a taiya Aura pabhii naiya Atura pabhiti natiya
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________________ jinAgamoM kI bhASA nAma aura svarUpa. matima maima medhAvI bhagavatA tato paritA veni bhavati suNeti nAtaM paveditaM rudati vani vadissAmi mahAvI mahAvI (nAma, sarvanAma, kAla evaM kRdanta rUpa) bhagavayA tao pariyAvaiti bhavai suNei ( dh ) maima (--7---7--) nAya paveiyaM ruyaMti vayati bhagavayA tao pariyAtreti bhavai sui nAtha paveiyaM svai vayaMti matimaM medhAvI bhagavatA tato parinAveMti bhavati suNeti NAnaM paveditaM rudati vadati vaissAbhi vaissAmi vadissAmi ina prayogoM se patA calatA hai ki pro. yAkobI mahodaya ne hastapratoM meM prApta pAThoM ko badalA nahIM haiM aura jo-jo pATha pAli bhASA se sAmya rakhate the unheM bhI usI rUpa meM apanAyA hai na ki unheM mahArASTrI prAkRta bhASA ke anurUpa banAne kA prayatna kiyA hai| isIlie unhoMne jaina prAkRta (arthAt ardhamAgadhI) ke mUla pAThoM ko jahAM para bhI upalabdha ho rahe haiM unheM bhASika dRSTi se yathAvat rakhA hai, paraMtu zubriMga mahodaya ne unake sAmane yAkobI kA AcArAMga kA saMskaraNa (1882 e.DI.) vidyamAna hote hue bhI apane (1910 e.DI.) ke saMskaraNa meM pAli ke samAna ardhamAgadhI ke pAThoM ko mahArASTrI meM badala DAlA, jabaki unako to yAkobI se bhI adhika mAtrA meM hastaprateM, cUrNIgraMtha, TIkA graMtha ityAdi prApta hue the| zrI mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya ke AgamoM kA saMskaraNa bhI yAkobI ke saMpAdana kI paddhati kI puSTi kara rahA hai zubiMga mahodaya ne prAkRta vyAkaraNakAroM ke mahArASTrI bhASA ke dhvani parivartana (madhyavartI vyaMjana saMbaMdhI) ke niyamoM kA akSaraza: pAlana / anusaraNa kiyA hai aisA spaSTa pratIta hotA hai| I 55 pro. zuciMga mahodaya ne 'isibhAsiyAI = RSibhASitAni" kA bhI saMpAdana kiyA hai jo unake dvArA bhI eka prAcIna Agama grantha mAnA gayA hai| paraMtu usameM ardhamAgadhI zabda prayogoM ko sarvatra mahArASTrI prAkRta meM nahIM badalA hai| isa prakAra ke kitane hI prayoga usameM milate haiM jinameM se katipaya prayoga nIce diye jA rahe haiM jo zubiMga mahodaya ke AcArAMga bhAga - 1 meM kahIM para bhI nahIM mileMge, jabaki pro. yAkobI ke AcArAMga meM yatra-tatra aneka bAra prApta
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________________ 50. jinavANI- jainAgama-sAhitya vizeSAGka ho rahe haiN| pro. yAkobI dvArA prayukta kucha aura vizeSa prayoga nIce diye jA rahe haiM jo saMpAdana kI dRSTi se viziSTa prakAra ke haiN| yaha tulanA aise prayogoM kI haiM jinameM vyaMjanoM ko yAkobI ne TeDhA (italicise) kiyA hai aura unheM isa prakAra samajhAyA gayA hai ki prAcIna tAr3apatra kI pratoM meM madhyavartI vyaMjana yathAvat pAye jAte haiM, paraMtu uttarakAlIna kAgaja kI pratoM meM unameM mahArASTrI prAkRta ke niyamoM ke anusAra dhvani parivartana ( 'lopa' aura 'ha') kara diyA gayA hai| zubriMga mahodaya ke sAmane 28 varSa purAnA yAkobI kA saMskaraNa thA aura unhoMne yAkobI kI tulanA meM mUla graMtha kI anya hastaprateM bhI prApta kI thIM, cUrNI aura vRttiyoM kA bhI upayoga kiyA thA, taba phira bhASA ke prAcIna rUpoM ko kyoM badala DAlA ? honA to aisA cAhie thA, ki yAkobI ke sivAya upayoga meM lI gayI anya pratoM meM jahAM-jahAM para bhI bhASika dRSTi se prAcIna pATha (pAli ke samAna) milate the unheM svIkAra karake saMzodhana kI prakriyA ko Age bar3hAnA thA, paraMtu isake badale meM unhoMne ardhamAgadhI kI zabdAvalI ko pUrNata: mahArASTrI meM badala diyaa| jaba unhoMne 'isi bhAsiyAI' kA sampAdana kiyA to usameM bhI aneka sthaloM para mila rahe maulika prayoga vaise hI rakhe, unheM AcArAMga kI taraha kyoM nahIM badalA aura na hI bAda meM isa viSaya saMbaMdhI koI spaSTIkaraNa hI prakAzita kiyaa| isakA kyA kAraNa mAnA jAnA cAhie ? pramAda yA zaithilya yA ajJAnatA yA avahelanA ? pro. yAkobI ke dvArA svIkRta isa prakAra ke prayogoM kI vipulatA meM se kucha udAharaNa tulanAtmaka dRSTi se dekhie yAkobI zubriMga pizala 1.1.1.2 1.5.1.1 1.2.1.3 1.1.1.2 annatarIo avijANato jIvite nAtaM 1.2.1.1 dhUtA 1.1.5.3 1.2.1.1 1.1.5.3 1.1.5.4 1.6.5.4 annayarIo annayarIo avijANao avijANao nAya dhUyA pavuccai piyA muccai vihiMsaDa tulanAtmaka prAkRta vyAkaraNa kA peregrApha jIvie jIvie nAya dhUyA paduccai piyA muccai vihiMsai 433 398 pavuccati 544 pitA 391 muccati 561 vihiMsati 507 vahi vayaMti vayanti 488 isase yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki pro. zubiMga mahodaya ne aura unake pUrva pro. pizala mahodaya ne ardhamAgadhI prAkRta ke madhyavartI vyaMjanoM meM parivartana karake yA hastapratoM meM se aisA pATha svIkAra karake ardhamAgadhI prAkRta ke sAtha 349 93 357
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________________ - | jinAgoM kI bhASA : nAma aura svarUpa... vidvattAyukta sahAnabhUti pUrvaka vyavahAra nahIM kiyA hai| pratiyoM meM upalabdha mUla ardhamAgadhI ke pAThoM ke badale meM upalabdha vikRta pAThoM ko mahattva dekara mahArASTrI prAkRta ke niyamoM ko (dhvani parivartana saMbaMdhI) hI ardhamAgadhI ke lie bhI upayukta hone kA kRtrima upakrama kiyA hai| aisI avasthA meM pizala mahodaya ke dvArA ardhamAgadhI ke viSaya meM diye gaye dhvani parivartana saMbaMdhI niyamoM ko badalane kI anivAryatA bana jAtI hai| bhAvI bhASA vidvAnoM se yaha vinati hai ki ve isa kArya ko pUrA (zuddha) karane meM apanI vidvattA kA sadupayoga karane kI kRpApUrvaka himmata kareM aura ati dhIraja ke sAtha parizrama kareM evaM bhASA kA mUla svarUpa prasthApita kreN| Agama prabhAkara muni zrI puNyavijayajI ko hI yaha zreya milatA hai ki unhoMne ardhamAgadhI ke maulika svarUpa meM kisa prakAra kitanA parivartana yA kitanI vikRti AyI use Aja se pacAsa varSa pUrva hamAre sAmane prastuta karake isa dizA meM saMzodhana karane kI pravRtti ko mArgadarzana diyaa|" isa carcA se spaSTa ho rahA hai ki mUla ardhamAgadhI (bha. mahAvIra kI vANI) pAli bhASA se milatI julatI thI, paraMtu paravartI kAlakrama meM isakA svarUpa badala gayA yA badala diyA gyaa| aba hama kucha anya Agama graMthoM ke antargata pAye jAne vAle ardhamAgadhI ke pAli bhASA ke samAna mUla pAThoM kA bhI avalokana kreNge| 'sUtrakRtAMga' dvitIya aMga evaM dvitIya Agama graMtha hai aura vaha bhI eka prAcIna racanA hai| isI prakAra 'dazavaikAlika' bhI prAcIna koTi kA mAnA jAtA hai| idhara una graMthoM, unakI cUrNiyoM-vRttiyoM ityAdi meM upalabdha hone vAle ve pATha diye jA rahe haiM jina para mahArASTrI prAkRta ke niyama sAmAnyata: sarvatra nahIM lagAye jA sakate haiN| ve zabda prayoga isa prakAra haiM aura unake sAmane unake saMskaraNoM kA saMketa kara diyA gayA hai| yaha vivaraNa madhyavartI vyaMjanoM se saMbaMdhita hai| --- ekao (sUtrakR.1.1.1.18); eke (1.1.1.9) ekaoM (sU.ka. puNyavi.1.1.1.18) -- AgatA (1.1.1.16), migA (1.1.2.13) --- AcaraMti (1.2.3.23) -j- vijiuM (dazavaikAlika ke khaM.3 nAmaka prati meM pAThAntara) - -t- jIvitaM sU.kR. kI (1.1.1.5) cUrNI meM prApta pAThAntara} niyatI(1.1.1.16)" mahabbhUtA (sU.kR puNyavi. 1.1.1.7) satthovapAtiyA(1.1.1.11)
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________________ 58 p -thU hai / sAsate (1.1.1.15) evaM (1.1.1.5 evaM puNyavi. 1.1.1.19) ito (1.1.1.12) kulo (sU. kR. evaM puNyavi. 1.1.2.17) tato (sU. kR. evaM puNyavi (1.1.2.27 ) } AgatA (1 1.1.16). AhitA ( 1 . 1.1.20), puNyavi (1.1.7, 8, 15, 16) kIrati (1.1.2.27) hoti (1.1.1.12) santovapAtiyA (1.1.2.11) nAyaputte (1.1.1.27) jathA ( yathA) puNyavi. (1.1.1.9), yahAM para 'tha' yathAvat mila rahA jinavANI- jainAgama- sAhitya vizeSAGka | 16. ..- th * -- dha - abha (sUtra ke pAThAntaroM meM usakI cUrNI kA pATha 1.1.1. (1.1.2.8,24) atadhaM ( puNyavi. 1. 8), puNyavi. 1.2.29) jadhA (yathA) (1.1.2.18), puNyavi (1.1.2.6, 18, 22, 31 ) - dh- adhe (sUtrakRtAMga cUrNI kA pATha 5.1.11, 10.2 ) medhAvI (dazave. agastyasiMha cUrNI, 5.2.42, 9.1.17), hastaprata khaM . 4 meM 9.3.14) jJ, nn, ny, kA nn meM badalanA I. san pUrva kI hI pravRtti thI / I. san ke pazcAt ke kAla meM ina tInoM kA 'paNa' meM bhI parivartana hone lagA jo mUlata: ardhamAgadhI meM bhI praviSTa huA hai (isake lie dekhie azoka, khAravela aura mathurA ke lekhoM kI bhASA) : paravartI kAla meM to yaha eka mukhya pravRtti hI ho gayI hai aura prAya: sarvatra mUrdhanya 'paNa' hI milegA / -jJ- =--n nANaM (jJAnam 1.1.216) nAyaputte (jJAtRputra: 1.1.1.27). annaM (1.1.1.2) AvannA (ApannA 1.1 1.1 samuppanne (samutpannaH 1.1.1.4) -nn---- -ny-=-n aNanno (ananya: 1.1.1.17) annaM (anyam 11.1.4,17, dazavai. 4.2011)
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________________ jinAgamoM kI bhASA nAma aura svarUpa annehiM (anyai: 11.1.4) anno (anya: 1.1.1.17) ye sabhI prayoga udAharaNa svarUpa prastuta kiye gaye haiM aura ye to mAtra sUtrakRtAMga ke prAraMbha ke prathama adhyayana meM se hI uddhRta kiye gaye haiN| isa vidhi se yadi isa graMtha ke sabhI adhyAyoM meM se ardhamAgadhI ke prAcIna prayoga uddhRta kiye jAya to unakI saMkhyA kitanI bar3I hogI aura isake sivAya anya prAcIna Agama graMthoM yA unake prAcIna aMzoM meM se bhI aise hI bhASika dRSTi se aparivartita prayogoM ke uddharaNa prastuta kiye jAya to ardhamAgadhI prAkRta kA mUla svarUpa kitanA spaSTa ho jaaegaa| isI saMdarbha meM hamane apane 'prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa', dvitIya saMskaraNa ke anta meM ardhamAgadhI bhASA viSayaka nayI vizeSatAoM kA pariziSTa (adhyAya) jor3A hai jisameM vyAkaraNa ke kucha naye niyama diye gaye haiM aura 'isibhAsiyAI' meM upalabdha ho rahe pAli ke samAna zabda rUpoM kI madhyavartI vyaMjanAnusAra tAlikA bhI jor3I hai| usI meM se katipaya prayoga cunakara yahA~ prastuta kara rahe haiM, jisase pAli bhASA aura ardhamAgadhI bhASA kitanI samAnatA aura nikaTatA rakhatI hai yaha spaSTa ho jaaegaa| 'isibhAsiyAI' ke udAharaNa rUpa kucha prayoga -k- aNeka, andhakAra, Akula, ulUka, ekanta, paraloka, vipAka, siloka | -ga- uraga, joga, prayoga, paribhoga, miga, rAga, saMjoga, sobhaag| - ca- acalaM, acireNaM, bambhacArI, suciraM --ja- tejasA, parijaNa, bhojaNaM, mahArAja, vijANati, sahajA / 59 -ta- ati Atura, etaM kutUhalaM, gati, jIvitAno, tatiyaM, dummati, nIti, 1 pitara, mAtA, viparIta, sAsana, hetu, arahatA, aMkurAto, ito, tato, , savvato, Agacchati, khAdati, deti bhavati, labhati, haNati, hasati, kurute, carate, vadatu sAhetuM, Ahata, bhAsita, hArita / -- Adi, uccheda, udaya, upaTesa, khAdati, cheda, nArada, pamAda, vadati, visAda, sadA, saMpadA, hidaya / -na- anala, aMganA, anuvatta, vanadapAdava -pa- api, upadesa, ripu, viparIta, vipula -ya- Ayudha, tatiya, payoga, piya, hidaya * sukheNa -kha... -- lAghavaM lAghavo, viNighAta -tha- sArathI ----- apara, anirodhI asAdhu, omara, kodha dadhi bahu ma vividha.
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________________ |60 jinavANI- jainAgama sAhitya vizeSAGaka samAdhi, sAdhAraNa -bha-- abhi- asubha, dullabha, pabhA, lobha, vibhUsaNa, subha, sobhaag| mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya, bambaI dvArA saMpAdita AcArAMga ke saMskaraNa meM isI prakAra ke aneka pATha (prayoga) milate haiM jinameM na to madhyavartI alpaprANa vyaMjana kA lopa hai aura na hI madhyavartI mahAprANa vyaMjana kA 'ha' meM parivartana hai| mUla dantya 'na' prAraMbha meM adhika mAtrA meM aura madhya meM kabhIkabhI mila rahA hai (madhyavartI dantya 'n' ko murghanya 'Na' meM badalane kI paramparA I. san ke bAda kI hai| bha. mahAvIra aura bha. buddha tathA azoka ke zilAlekha, tIsarI zatAbdI I. san pUrva, khAravela ke prathama zatAbdI I. san pUrva yA mathurA ke IsvI san pUrva aura usake pazcAt kI eka do zatiyoM ke lekhoM meM yaha pravRtti nahIM cala par3I thii| isake sivAya una sabameM 'ja, na, nya' kA 'na' hI milatA hai| unake badale meM 'paNa' ke prayoga ne to I. san ke pracalita hone ke pazcAt ke kAla meM pradhAnatA prApta kI hai aura vaha bhI mahArASTrI prAkRta ke prabhAva meM Akara pazcimI bhArata kI lAkSaNikatA ko apanAyA gayA hai| isa tathya zodhana (Fact finding archaic clements) ke bAre meM aMta meM sArarUpa diye gaye mantavya ko dekhie| pAda TippaNa 1. dekhie "prAkRta sAhitya kA itihasa', DaoN. jagadIzacandra jaina, caukhambA vidyA bhavana, vArANasI-1,1961, pR. 33 2. vahI, pR. 269 3. dekhie merI pustaka Restoration of the Original Language of Ardhamagadhi Texts: Prakrit Jain Vidya Vikas Fund, Vol.10, Ahmedabad, 1994 4. dekhie kalpasUtra kI prastAvanA gujarAtI (pR.3 se 15): sArAbhAI maNilAla navAba, ahamadAbAda, 1952 evaM merI pustaka 'AcArAMga prathama zruta skaMdha', prathama adhyayana, prA. je. vi. vi. phaMDa, ahamadAbAda, 1997 ke prAraMbha ke pRSTha xviii se xxV (graMthAka 13) / muni zrI puNyavijayajI ke dvArA kI gayI samIkSA ke mukhya mudde ye haiM bhASA aura pAThoM kI dRSTi se pratiyoM meM bar3I hI samaviSamatA hai| azuddha pAThoM ke viSaya meM to kahanA hI kyA? cUrNikAra aura TokAkAroM ne kaise pATha aura Adarzo ko apanAyA thA aisA darzAne vAlI Adarza pratiyAM bhI hamAre sAmane nahIM haiN| isI kAraNa AgagoM kI bhASA ke bAre meM bhASA zAstrIya vidvAnoM (pAzcAttya aura bhAratIya) ne jo kitane hI nirNaya lekara prastuta kiye haiM unheM mAnya rakhanA yogya nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| jarmana vidvAn pro. DaoN. ela. AlsaDarpha ne bhI jaisalamera (rAjasthAna) meM yaha dekhakara mujhe kahA thA ki 'isa viSaya meM puna: gaMbhIra vicAra karane kI AvazyakatA hai| madhyavartI vyaMjanoM kA vikAra jisa pramANa meM Adhunika saMskaraNoM meM milatA hai ulne pramANa meM maulika ardhamAgadhI meM nahIM thaa| AcAryoM ne jAnabUjhakara samaya-samaya para mUla pAThoM ko (bhASika dRSTi se) badala DAlA hai| isI kAraNa jaina AgamoM ko mUla bhASA meM bar3A hI parivartana A gayA aura aba 'jaina AgamoM kI mUla bhASA kaisI
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________________ jinAgamoM kI bhASA : joga aura svarUpa 61 thI" use khoja nikAlane kA kArya duSkara ho gayA hai| yaha parivartana mUla graMthoM taka hI sImita nahIM rahA, paraMtu bhASyoM aura cUrNiyoM meM bhI yaha parivartana praveza kara gayA hai| unhoMne to jaina munivaroM se savinaya prArthanA bhI kI hai ki jaina AgamoM aura unake vyAkhyA graMthoM kI bhASA ke vAstavika adhyayana aura saMzodhana karane vAloM ko prAkRta Adi bhASAoM ke gaMbhIra jJAna ke lie parizrama karanA caahie| isa kArya ke lie AcArya zrI hemacandrAcArya kA prAkRta vyAkaraNa' hI paryApta nahIM hai, vaha to prAkRta bhASA kI eka bAlapothI ke samAna haiN| sAtha hI prAcIna lipi zAstra kA utkRSTa jJAna aura lipi doSoM ke jJAna kI bhI utanI hI AvazyakatA hai|" AgamoM ke gahana adhyetA aura bahuzruta saMzodhaka ke uparyukta mantavya jaina saMghanAyakoM aura paMDitoM tathA jaina vidvAnoM ke lie kitane mArmika hai ise zAnta mana se buddhipUrvaka dhyAna meM lene kI aparivArya AvazyakatA hai| 5. (i) pAli bhASA meM akArAnta putra. e. va. ke lie-e pratyaya, hetvarthaka ke lie vaidika pratyaya, ttae ittae saptamI eka vacana ke lie aMsi (azoka ke zilAlekhoM kA-si(=risa) pratyaya aura 'ra' kAra kA 'la' kAra nahIM milate haiN| isa dRSTi se ardhamAgadhI prakRta meM pAli bhASA kI apekSA se prAcIna tattva vidyamAna raha gaye haiM, yaha bhI eka mahattvapUrNa muddA dhyAna dene yogya hai| mUla pAli bhASA bhI saMskRta se bahuta adhika prabhAvita ho gayI aura vaha apane udgama sthala kI viziSTa lAkSaNitAe~ surakSita nahI rakha skii| (ii) hemacandrAcArya ne to ardhamAgadhI kA vaidika-'itara' pratyaya kA ullekha bhI nahIM kiyA hai ! 6. 'Isibhasiyaim'. ed Walther Schubring. (in German in the Roman Script), inzuden Nachrikhten der Academic der Wissenschaften Gottingen, 1942, pp. 489-576. The same text re-edited both the original Roman Script and in the Devanagari Script was republished by the L. D. Institute of Indology, Ahmedabad380009 (India) by Prof. Dalsukhbhai Malvania in 1974. It is known as a 'prAcIna jaina Agama ' ( an ancient jain Canonical work ). One would find a lot of disparity between the language of the Acaranga and the Isibhasiyaim, both edited by the same author. i.e. prof. Schubring. It was published first of all 32 years after the edition of Acaranga (1910 A.D.). No doubt we have immense respect and honour for the pioneer like prof. Schubring in the field of Jain Studies but when there was so much disparity between the language of the Acaranga and Isibhasiyaim, the later being also an ancient composition like the Acaranga then why did he not consider it worthwhile to throw fresh light on the archaic nature of Ardhamagadhi, phonologically resembling pali and ancient inscriptions of Ashoka, Kharavela and Mathura. In this respect he has not been very careful and particular and now it seems that he has avoided the topic of the language (Amg.) of Acaranga, which is an archaic prakrit in comparision with all the other prakrits.
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________________ jinavANI-- jainAgama-sAhitya vizeSAGka | 7. dekhie 'isipAsiyAI kA prAkRta - saMskRta zabdakoza, ke.Ara. candra, prAkRta TeksTa sosAyaTI, ahamadAbAda 1998 8. isa paddhati se yaha nirvivAda pramANata hotA hai ki prAcIna pratiyoM meM madhyavarga vyaMjana lagabhaga pAli bhASA kI taraha hI yathAvat pAye jAte the, paraMtu paravartI kAla kI praniyoM meM mahArASTrI prAkRta (dhvani pavartana) ke niyamoM ko lAgU karake unakA (alpaprANa kA) loga aura (mahAprA kA) '' kara diyA gayA. yaha saba prakriyA / parivartana AcAyoM, upAdhyAyoM aura TAhAkI ke mArgadarzana meM hI huA hai, jaisA ki Agama prabhAkara muni zrI pugyajiyajI kA gantavya hai jo Agama sAhitya ke gahana adhyetA aura advitIya saMzodhaka mAne jAte haiN| isa prakAra ke parivartana lehiyoM (lipikAra) ke dvArA hI nahIM kiye gaye haiM aura mAtra unako hI yaha doSa denA sarvathA ayogya ginA jAnA caahie| linikAra AgamoM aura unakI bhASaH ke vidvAna nahIM the| vidvAn te jainAcArya, upAdhyAya aura munigaNa the aura ve hI bhagavAna mahAvIra ke upadezoM kI mUla bhASA surakSita nahIM rakha ske| ise kyA kahA jAya 'pramAda' yA 'vyAvahArika kuzalatA'? paristhitivaza isa prakAra ke bhASika parivartana A gaye hoMge, paraMtu ina parivartanoM se bhagavAna mahAvIra ko mUla bhASA vikRta ho gayI aura isake kAraNa kucha vidvAna "jinAgamo' ko prAcInatA ke viSaya meM zaMkA karate hue saMkoca nahIM karate hai| 9. pro. yAkobI ne apane AcArAMga ke saMskaraNa meM kucha zabda-prayogoM meM kisI-kisI vyaMjana ko TeDhA (italicise) kiyA hai| aisA isalie karanA paDA ki tADapatroM kI purAnI hasApratoM meM to madhyavartI vyaMjana yathAvata milatA thA, paraMtu paravatI kAgaja kI pranoM meM usI prakAra ke prayogoM meM madhyavartA vyaMjanoM kA lepa aura madhyavartI mahAprANa kA 'ha' mila rahA thaa| yaha bheda darzAne ke lie unhoMne isa paddhati kI zaraNa lI hai| isase kitanA spaSTa ho rahA hai ki paravartI prAkata vyAkaraNoM ke niyamoM ke prabhAva meM na Akara mUla pratiyoM meM jaise pATha mila rahe the vaise hI pATha pro. yAkobI ne apanAye haiM isase kitanA spaSTa ho rahA hai ki mUla ardhamAgadho ke prayoga kisa prakAra kAlAntara meM mahArASTrI prAkRta se prabhAvita hote rahe haiN| unhoMne hastapratoM meM upalaLA ho rahe kisI bhI pATha ke sAtha cher3achAr3a nahIM kI, paraMtu jisa prakAra ke prayoga (pATha) mila rahe the unheM vividha hastapratoM ke anusAra vaisA hI AnAyA hai| isa prakAra unhoMne hastapratoM ke pAThoM ko vizvasanIyatA bangaye rkhii| unhoMne apane 'AcanAMga' ke saMskaraNa meM ardhamAgadhI prAkRta bhASA ke lie paravartI prAkRta vyAkaraNa kAroM ke madhyavartI vyajanoM ke dhvani parivartana ke niyamoM para atyadhika bhAra nahIM diyA, kyoMki unako yaha pUrI jAnakArI thI ki ardhamAgadhI bhASA eka prAcInatama prakata haiM jo pAli bhASa ke adhika najadIka hai aura kisI bhI prAkRta vyAkaraNakAra ne usakA vyavasthita aura vistRta vyAkaraNa ho nahIM likhaa| aisI avasthA meM usake mUla prayogoM ko mahArASTrI meM badalanA doSayukta bana jaaegaa| pro. yAkobo kI yaha sarvathA yogya aura prazaMsanIya paddhati Aja hameM yathAtathya ucita mArgadarzana de rahI hai. isameM zaMkA ko koI sthAna nahIM hai| pro. yAkobI kI isa paddhati kA lAbha pAzcAttya aura bhAratIya saMpAdaka ne kyoM nahIM uThAyA aura isase koI bodha-pATha kyoM nahIM liyA yaha eka Azcarya kI bAta hai| 10 dekhie Upara kA pAda TipaNa naM. 4 / yahAM para jina-jina saMskaraNa ka upayoga diyA gayA hai ve isa prakara hai.
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________________ jinAgamoM kI bhASA 11. sUtrakR. yA sUtrakR jambuvijaya, 1978 12. sUtra puNyavi sUtrakRtAMga sUtra, saM. muni puSyavijaya, prAkRta TeksTa sosAyaTI. nAma aura svarUpa 63 sUtrakRtAMga sUtra mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya, bambaI saM mui ahamadAbAda, 13. dazavai.- dazavaikAlika sUtra mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya, bambaI, graMthamAlA naM. 15, 1977 14. cUrNiyoM meM se jo bhI pATha uddhRta kiye gaye haiM ve mUla graMtha ke saMskaraNa meM pada TippaNoM meM uddhRta pAThAntaroM se liye gaye haiN| 15. isase yaha darzAne kA hetu hai ki Age yahAM para anya prayogoM ke sAmane graMtha ke nAma kA ullekha nahIM hai| ve pATha ma. jai. vi. bambaI se prakAzita sUtrakRtAMga ke saMskaraNa meM se hI uddhRta kiye gaye haiM / 16. prAcIna AgamoM ke saMskaraNoM meM hastapratoM ke pAThoM ke AdhAra para jahAM para bhI aghoSa vyaMjanoM kA ghoSa vyaMjanoM meM parivartana milatA hai vaha zaurasenI ke prabhAva ke kAraNa nahIM huA hai paraMtu prAraMbhika avasthA meM hI mAgadhI prAkRta meM ghoSIkaraNa ke prayoga yatra-tatra milane zuru ho gaye the| yahI pravRtti Age jAkara zaurasenI kA mukhya lakSaNa bana gyii| vaise bhI ardhamAgadhI prAkRta mAgadhI aura tatpazcAt kI zaurasenI ke bIca (kAlAnukrama se bhASika vikAsa) ko avasthA meM apanA sthAna rakhatI hai| 17. agastyasiMha cUrNI ke ullekha ke lie dekhie ma.je. vidyAlaya dvArA prakAzita dazavaikAlika sUtra (graMthAMka 15, I. san 1977) ke prAraMbha meM upayoga meM lie gaye graMthoM aura hastapratoM kI sUci, pRSTha naM 89 18. (i) ardhamAgadhI prAkRta kI prAkRta vaiyyAkaraNoM ne avahelanA kii| (ii) pariNAmasvarUpa usakA koI svataMtra vyAkaraNa hamAre sAmane nahIM aayaa| (iii) hemacandrAcArya eka mahAn jaina vibhUti aura vividha vidyAoM ke prakANDa vidvAna hote hue bhI unhoMne apane hI dharma ke prAcInatama zAstragraMthoM yAnI 'AgamoM' kI bhASA kI avahelanA kI, jabaki anya prAkRta bhASAoM ke mukhya mukhya lakSaNoM para yathAyogya carcA kI / (iv) maukhika paraMparA bha mahAvIra kI vANI kI mukhya bhASA ko surakSita nahIM rakha skii| (v) ardhamAgadhI prAkRta kA anya prAkRtoM kI taraha koI vyAkaraNa hI nahIM racA gyaa| ataH usane apanI viziSTatA kAlAnukrama aura sthala parivartana ke kAraNa vahAM kI bhASAoM se prabhAvita hokara kho ddaalii| (vi) Agama graMthoM ke sampAdakoM ke sAmane yaha bahuta bar3I samasyA thI, ata: unako mahArASTrI prAkRta ke dhvani parivartana ke niyamoM ko hI ardhamAgadhI para bhI vivazana se lAgU karanA pdd'aa| (vii) hastapratoM ke pAThoM meM itanI avyavasthA aura vividhatA thI ki kisa pATha ko maulika mAnA jAya yaha samajhanA eka jaTila prazna ho gayA aura taba phira saMpAdakoM ko pracalita mahArASTrI prAkRta ke niyanoM kA hI vivaza hokara sahArA leMgA par3A aura usakA pariNAma yaha huA ki gUla ardhI prAkRta mahArASTrI zabdAvalI se mahadeza meM prabhAvita ho gayI / hastapratoM meM jo bhI prAcIna pATha pAli bhASA ke samAna banna gaye the unheM kRtrima aura bAda meM badale hue tathA saMskRta bhASA se prabhAvita hone kI vidvAnoM kI eka bhrAnta dhAraNA bana gyii|
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________________ 164 ........ jinavANI- jainAgama-sAhitya vizeSAGakA (viii) jina logoM ko prAkRta bhASAoM ke vikAsa-krama kA aitihAsika aura tulanAtmaka jJAna nahIM thA aise mahAnubhAvoM ke dvArA jinAgamoM' kA saMpAdana kiyA gayA aura isake kAraNa bhASA ke mUla svarUpa ko samajhane kI ciMtA kiye binA hastapratoM meM jo bhaSTa pATha the unheM bhI apanA liyA gyaa| I.sana pUrva chaThI zatAbdI kI bhASA (pAli aura ardhamAgabhI) kA kyA svarUpa thA, yaha hama saba bhUla gaye aura bhASA vijJAna ke vikAsa ke kraga se aparicita logoM ne apanI-apanI mAnyatAoM ke anusAra prAcInatA. jina Agama graMthoM kA sampAdana kiyA, jisakI bhASA pAlibhASA se gilatI julatI thI. pAli ke nikaTa kI bhASA thI, azoka, khAravela aura mathurA ke lekhoM kI bhASA kA svarUpa hamAre sAmane thA, paraMtu kAlAntara meM yaha saba prakAza meM Ane ke bAda bhI unakI bhASAoM ko prAcInatA ke svarUpa (mahArASTrI se bilkula bhinna) para bhI dhyAna diye binA AgamoM kI harataprata meM aneka sthaloM para upalabdha ho rahe parivartita bhraSTa pAThoM ke hI mAnyatA dekara jinAgamoM kI mUla bhASA ko badalane meM koI saMkoca kA anubhava nahIM kiyaa| kahane ko to bahuta gaurava ke sAtha isa para mAra dete hai ki pavitra zAstra kI bhASA meM eka bhI vyaMjana, mAtrA Adi kA lopa, usakI vRddhi yA parivartana nahIM kiyA jAnA cAhie, lekina svayaM jaina dharmAcAyoM se hI isa niyama kA pAlana nahIM kiyA hai| yaha saba ho gayA kyoMki hamAre dhArmika netAoM ko na to bhASA kA vyavasthita adhyayana karane kI ruci thI aura na hI unheM badalate hue kAla aura jJAna ke vikAsa ke sAtha apanA paricaya banAye rakhane kI tamannA thii| Agama prabhAkara munizrI ne apane DhaMga se isa vAstavikatA ko apane kalpasUtra ke prAraMbha meM bahuta hI vinayapUrvaka kaha diyA hai ki maulika ardhamAgadhI ke svarUpa ke viSaya meM kitanA pramAda baratA gayA aura use Aja eka khicar3I bhASA banA diyA gayA hai, phira bhI unhoMne himmata nahIM hArI aura maulika bhASA kI prasthApanA ke lie upayogI sujhAva bhI prastuta kiye haiN| dekhanA yaha hai ki jaina samudAya meM se kauna yaha bIr3A uThAne meM agrasara hotA hai? -375, sarasvatI nagara, AjAda sosAyaTI ke pAsa, ahamadAbAda--380015