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________________ ++ ++ + ++ ++ ++ ++ ++++ ++ ++ + ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + ++ + ++ + + ++ + ++ ++ ++ + + ++ ++ + + + ++ ++ ++++ + ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ H . .... .+ ++ ++ 0 0 Cany jaina zikSA paddhati / / zrImatI sunItA jaina, ema0 e0, ema0 eDa0, vArANasI [zikSA saMkAya-kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya] purAtAttvika evaM aitihAsika tathyoM se jJAta hotA hai ki bhArata meM prAcInakAla se brAhmaNa aura zramaNa vicAradhArAoM kA samAnAntara vikAsa hotA rahA hai| tIrthaMkara vRSabha zramaNa paramparA ke Adi anuzAstA rahe haiN| yaha tIrthakara paramparA vRSabha yA RSabha se lekara IsA pUrva chaThI zatI meM barddhamAna mahAvIra ke udaya taka avicchinna rUpa se calI aayii| gautama buddha dvArA bauddhadharma kI sthApanA ke sAtha zramaNa paramparA meM eka nayI ikAI jur3I jise samrATa azoka ne deza-dezAntaroM meM prasArita kiyaa| tIrthakara paramparA jainadhArA ke rUpa meM sthApita huii| pichale sau varSoM meM bhAratIya vidyAoM ke uccAnuzIlana kI dizA meM bhAratIya tathA videzI vidvAnoM dvArA jo prayatna hue haiM usameM brAhmaNa yA vaidika tathA bauddha paramparA kI anupama upalabdhiyA~ sAmane AyI haiM kintu zramaNa yA jaina paramparA kA anuzIlana isa dRSTi se lagabhaga sarvathA achUtA hai| prAcIna bhAratIya vicAradhArAoM kI isa mahanIya paramparA ne bhArata-manISA ko sampUrNa rUpa se vyApta kiyA hai| jainAcAryoM dvArA vibhinna viSayoM para likhe sahasroM grantha evaM uttara se dakSiNa aura pUrva se pazcima taka sampUrNa bhArata meM vyApta zilpa aura kalA nirmitiyA~ isa bAta ke pratyakSa pramANa haiM ki jaina cintakoM ne jJAna-vijJAna ke hara pakSa para apanI eka vizeSa dRSTi dI hai| zikSA ke kSetra meM jaina cintakoM ne jisa paddhati kA vikAsa kiyA vaha bejor3a hai| mAnava vyaktitva ke samagra vikAsa kA uddezya sAmane rakhakara jaina guruoM ne vibhinna bauddhika staroM ko dhyAna meM rakha kara zikSAvidhiyoM kA krama nirdhAraNa kiyaa| lokabhASAoM ko zikSA kA mAdhyama banAne ke kAraNa unheM apane uddezya kI pUrti meM atizaya saphalatAe~ upalabdha huii| jIvana kI carama upalabdhi 'nizreyas' yA mokSa ko zikSA kA kendrabindu mAna kara jIva aura jagata sampUrNa jJeyatattva ko zikSA kA viSaya bnaayaa| jar3a (maiTara) aura cetana (inarajI) ke samagra adhyayana kA AdhyAtmika aura laukika zikSA ke rUpa meM vargIkaraNa tathA laukika zikSA kA causaTha yA bahattara kalAoM ke rUpa meM adhyayana zikSA ke uttara-kAlIna caraNa haiM / jana zikSA paddhati sampUrNa rUpa se manovaijJAnika bhUmi para pratiSThita hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki usameM insTraksana kI sahaja sampreSaNIyatA hai| guru, ziSya aura abhibhAvaka ke udAtta sambandhoM ke kAraNa na vahA~ zikSA vyavasthA kI samasyAe~ haiM na anuzAsana-prazAsana kI / samyakdRSTi ke sphuraNa ke sAtha samyagjJAna kI pUrNatA usake prAyogika jJAna samyakcAritra meM nihita hai / aisA jJAna hI 'nizreyas' ko upalabdha karAtA hai| prAcIna bhAratIya zikSA paddhati para jo pustakeM likhI gayI haiM unako dekhane para yaha spaSTa rUpa se jJAta hotA hai ki unakA mukhya AdhAra vaidika vAGamaya hI rahA hai| DA0 ananta sadAziva alTekara ne prAcIna bhAratIya zikSA paddhati para 'ejukezana ina enzieNTa iNDiyA' zIrSaka mahatvapUrNa pustaka likhI kintu usameM jaina vAGamaya kI sandarbha sAmagrI kA upayoga nahIM huaa| DA0 rAdhAkumuda mukarjI kI 'enzieNTa iNDiyana ejukezana' meM bhI jaina srotoM kA upayoga nahIM ho paayaa| prAcIna bhAratIya zikSA para jo anya pustakeM likhI gayIM unameM bhI jaina srotoM kA upayoga nahIM kiyA gyaa|
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________________ 48 zrI puSkaramuni abhinandana grantha : saptama khaNDa DA0 eca0 DI0 sAMkaliyA ne bauddha sAhitya ke AdhAra para 'buddhisTa ejukezana' likhii| bI0 sI0 lA Adi ne bhI apanI pustakoM meM isa viSaya ko liyA hai| san 1670 meM pAlI insTITyUTa nAlandA meM tripiTaka ke AdhAra para 'bauddha zikSA viSaya' para DA0 nandakizora upAdhyAya ne eka zodha prabandha prastuta kiyA / kucha vidvAnoM kA dhyAna jaina vAGmaya kI ora bhI AkRSTa huA / DAkTara DI0 sI0 dAsaguptA ne 'jaina sisTama Apha ejukezana' para kalakattA vizvavidyAlaya meM dasa vyAkhyAna diye jo 1942 meM 'jaina sisTama Apha ejukezana' ke nAma se prakAzita hue| isameM prAcIna jaina AgamoM meM upalabdha sAmagrI ke AdhAra para bhAratIya zikSA paddhati kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| DAkTara eca0 Ara0 kApar3iyA kA eka vistRta nibandha 'jaina sisTama Apha ejukezana' bambaI vizvavidyAlaya ke jarnala meM prakAzita huA / isameM jaina vAGamaya ke AdhAra para prAcIna bhAratIya zikSA paddhati kA vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai / DAkTara ena0 e0 dezapANDe kA zodha prabandha 'jaina sisTama Apha ejukezana' bambaI vizvavidyAlaya kI pI-eca0 DI0 upAdhi ke lie prastuta huA / san 1974 meM kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya ke zikSA saMkAya meM maiMne apanA laghu zodhaprabandha 'jaina zikSA paddhati kA vizleSaNAtmaka adhyayana' zIrSaka prastuta kiyA thaa| 1976 meM paTanA vizvavidyAlaya ke zikSA saMkAya meM pI eca0 DI0 upAdhi ke lie zrI nizAnanda zarmA kA 'jaina vAGamaya meM zikSA tattva' zIrSaka zodhaprabandha prastuta huA thA jisa para unheM ukta upAdhi bhI prApta huii| jaina vAG maya para likhe gaye kucha anya prabandhoM meM bhI jaina vAGmaya meM upalabdha prAcIna bhAratIya zikSA sambandhI sAmagrI kA upayoga kiyA gayA hai / isa dRSTi se nimnalikhita grantha dRSTavya haiM : : (1) DA0 jagadIzacandra jaina 'sozala lAipha ina ainziyeNTa iNDiyA eja DipikTeDa ina jaina kenonikala liTarecara', eziyA pabliziMga hAusa, bmbii-19| :. (2) DA0 gokulacandra jaina yazastilaka kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, sohanalAla jainadharma pracAraka samiti, amRtasara, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama, vArANasI, 1967 / : (3) DA0 je0 sI0 sikadara sTaDIja ina paumacariyam isTITyUTa Apha prAkRta jainolAjI eNDa ahiMsA, vaizAlI 1673 | (4) DA0 zrImatI madhu sena : e kalcarala sTaDI Apha nizItha cUrNi pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI / (5) DA0 nemicandra zAstrI ( 6 ) DA0 premacanda jaina 'sumana' mujaphpharapura ( bihAra ) | AdipurANa meM pratipAdita bhArata, varNI jaina granyamAnA vaaraannsii| kuvalayamAlA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, prAkRta vidyApITha, vaizAlI, katipaya nibandha bhI jaina zikSA para vibhinna seminAroM meM par3he gaye / 1973 ke akTUbara meM udayapura vizvavidyAlaya meM Ayojita seminAra meM jaina zikSA para bhI do nibandha par3he gaye - DA0 harIndrabhUSaNa jaina jaina ejukezana ina eNziyeSTa iNDiyA pro0 sI0 ema0 karNAvata ejukezana ina jainijma / : san 1974 meM jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanU dvArA dillI meM Ayojita seminAra meM maiMne "jaina zikSA paddhati" zIrSaka nibandha par3hA / 1975 meM pro0 nirmalakumAra bosa pratiSThAna, vArANasI dvArA Ayojita seminAra meM maiMne "jaina zikSA : uddezya aura vidhiyA~' zIrSaka nibandha par3hA / jaina zikSA para anusandhAna kArya karane ke pUrva isa sampUrNa sAmagrI kA avalokana Avazyaka hai| hamArI yaha dhAraNA hai tathA tathyoM ke AdhAra para isa bAta kI puSTi bhI hotI hai ki prAcIna bhArata meM zikSA kI jo paddhatiyA~ pracalita thIM, unameM do paddhatiyA~ mukhya thIM : (1) vaidika yA brAhmaNa zikSA paddhati / (2) zramaNa yA jaina zikSA paddhati / ina donoM zikSA paddhatiyoM meM kucheka samAnatAe~ hote hue bhI maulika bheda the jinake kAraNa donoM kA svatantra rUpa se vikAsa hotA rahA /
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________________ ++ jaina zikSA paddhati kA isa dRSTi se vizleSaNAtmaka adhyayana karane kA abhI taka vizeSa prayatna nahIM huA / Upara jo vivaraNa diyA gayA hai usameM jaina srotoM kA to upayoga huA hai kintu vaha aneka dRSTiyoM se apUrNa aura kaI dRSTiyoM se bhrAmaka bhI hai| apUrNa isa kAraNa se kyoMki vipula jaina vAGmaya meM se atyanta sImita granthoM ke AdhAra para hI ye adhyayana prastuta kiye gaye haiN| bhrAmaka isalie ki nAma to 'jaina sisTama Apha ejukezana' diyA gayA kintu sisTama ke vizleSaNa kA prayatna nahIM kiyA gayA pratyuta Adhunika pAzcAtya paddhati ke ba~dhe ba~dhAe sAMce meM jaina vAGmaya meM upalabdha sAmagrI ko DhAla kara use jo jAmA pahanAyA gayA hai vaha na to jaina zikSA paddhati hai, na hI vaidika yA boddha zikSA paddhati / vAstava meM vaha ina sabakA milA julA ghola hai| jaina zikSA paddhati kA prAcIna kAla se kramika vikAsa huA hai| prArambhika caraNa meM jaba bhAratIya cintana nizreyas yA mokSa ko kendrabindu mAna kara cala rahA thA usa samaya jaina zikSA paddhati kA jo svarUpa thA vaha Age calakara deza aura kAla ke anurUpa vikasita huA / jaina zikSA-paddhati tIrthaMkaroM se gaNadhara tathA gaNadharoM se AcArya paramparA dvArA zikSA kI jo srotasvinI pravAhita huI use mandira vAstu kA vikAsa hone ke sAtha-sAtha nayA svarUpa milA / bhaTTAraka va yatI paramparA taka pahu~cate-pahu~cate isakA svarUpa aura adhika badala cukA thA / prAcIna bhArata meM zikSA jaina zikSA paddhati kA jo svarUpa sAhitya meM upalabdha hotA hai usakA vizleSaNa karane ke pUrva saMkSepa meM vaidika zikSA paddhati ko jAna lenA Avazyaka hai jisase donoM paddhatiyoM ke antara ko spaSTa rUpa se samajhA jA sake / DA0 rAdhAkumuda mukarjI ne apanI pustaka 'ejukezana ina enziyeSTa iNDiyA' meM likhA hai- "bhArata meM zikSA tathA vijJAna kI khoja kevala jJAna prApta karane ke lie hI nahIM huI, apitu ve 'dharma' ke mArga para cala kara mokSa prApta karane kA eka kramika prayAsa mAne gaye / mokSa hI jIvana kA carama vikAsa thaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki jIvana kI sampUrNa bahumukhI kriyAe~ dharma ke mArga para cala kara hI apane ekamAtra gantavya 'mokSa' kI ora agrasara huI / " 4 yaha kathana sabhI prAcIna bhAratIya zikSA paddhatiyoM ke sambandha meM samAna rUpa se lAgU hotA hai, kintu zikSA kI jo paddhatiyA~ thIM, unameM vibhinnatA thI / vaidika kAla meM zikSA kA kendrabindu RSiyoM ke Azrama the / ve AvAsIya vidyAlaya aura vizvavidyAlayoM kI taraha the| Azrama grAma aura nagaroM se dUra araNya meM hote the| AvAsa aura adhyayana kI sampUrNa vyavasthA vahA~ ho jAtI thii| AvAsa aura bhojana samasyA na thI / araNya hI jIvana kI adhikAMza AvazyakatAe~ pUrI kara dete the / parNakuTI unake chAtrAvAsa the, nIvAra, dhAnya, kandamUla, phala, puSpa aura patra bhojana ke mukhya aMga the / zikSArthI vahA~ jAkara rahatA thA aura RSiyoM se zikSA prApta karatA thaa| RSi hI usa samagra ziSya ke kulaguru evaM kulapati bhI hote the, unakA saMketa hI nirdeza thaa| kula RSi draSTA hote the / ve AtmasAkSAtkAra karate the, adhyayana nhiiN| RSi prayoktA thA, adhyetA nahIM / zikSA kA mAdhyama upadeza thaa| guru upadeSTA thA, vaha mAtra adhyApaka nahIM thaa| zikSA kA viSaya sampUrNa jIva aura jagata thA / upadeza ko zrotra (kAna) ke mAdhyama se smRti paTa para aMkita kara liyA jAtA thA isalie ve jJAnakoza zruti the, pustaka nahIM the| jijJAsu vyakti vidyArthI thA / kabhI jijJAsAe~ upadeza kA krama banatIM, kabhI RSi kA Atma-sAkSAtkAra / jijJAsA eka jagaha tRpta na hotI to vidyArthI yAyAvara hokara nikala par3atA aura RSiyoM ke Thaura-Thaura jAkara unase apanI jijJAsAoM ke samAdhAna mA~gatA / veda meM eka sUtra hai "ekaM sat viprA bahudhA vadanti / " jainadharma meM deva, zAstra aura guru kA upAdhyAya aura sAdhu kI gaNanA kI jAtI hai| jIva aura jagata kI jijJAsAe~ lekara chAtra aneka RSiyoM ke pAsa gyaa| unake samAdhAna sune / lauTane para kisI ne pUcha liyA-kyA samajhe ? to usake oThoM para ye zabda phUTa par3e- "ekaM sat viprA bahudhA vadanti" / jaina zikSA paddhati kI vizeSatAeM yadyapi donoM kA carama uddezya mokSa prApta jaina zikSA paddhati vaidika zikSA paddhati se kaI bAtoM meM bhinna hai / karanA rahA hai kintu usa uddezya ko prApta karane ke viSaya meM jo pUrvakAlIna sopAna rahe haiM, ve bhinna haiM / samAna mahattva hai / pA~ca parameSThiyoM meM arihanta, siddha, AcArya, arihanta aura siddha ko paramaguru mAnA gayA hai kyoMki ve sarvajJa, sarvadezI
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________________ 50 zrI puSkaramuni abhinandana grantha : saptama khaNDa aura sampUrNa doSoM se rahita hote haiM / AcArya, upAdhyAya aura sAdhu-guruoM ke krama se tIna stara haiM / upAdhyAya kA kArya mukhya rUpa se zikSA kA batAyA gayA hai| ye tInoM hI guru jainadharma meM sAdhu kA AcAra pAlana karane vAle batAye gaye haiN| jaina sAdhu saMsthA meM AcArya kA sarvazreSTha sthAna hai / muni saMgha kA pramukha AcArya hI hotA thaa| pUrA saMgha usake nirdezoM para calatA thaa| jaina sAdhu ke AcAra ke viSayoM ke antargata batAyA gayA hai ki jaina sAdhu eka sthAna para sthira hokara nahIM rahatA pratyuta vibhinna nagara, grAmoM meM padayAtrA karatA huA tattvopadeza detA hai tathA apanI sAdhanA karatA hai, varSAkAla ke cAra mAha eka jagaha sthira hokara rahatA hai|' AcaraNa ke isa niyama ke kAraNa janazikSA ke vaise kendra nahIM bane jisa prakAra ke vaidika RSiyoM ke Azrama hote the| isake viparIta jahA~ sAdhu saMsthA kA cAturmAsa hotA thA ve asthAyI rUpa se zikSA ke kendra bana jAte the / jaina sAdhu varSA ke cAra mahInoM meM eka hI sthAna para sthira rahate haiM, ise varSAvAsa kahA jAtA hai| kucha kendra aise bhI the jahA~ sAdhu saMsthA ke katipaya muni barAbara vidyamAna rahate the| aise kendroM meM pATalIputra, mathurA, zrAvastI, vallabhI, girinagara, zravaNabelagola, khaNDagiri, udayagiri, zItannavAsala, rAjagRha, elorA Adi pramukha kendra the / ' mandira vAstu kA vikAsa hone ke bAda jaina adhyayana kendroM kA vistAra hotA gyaa| pratyeka mandira ke sAtha zAstra bhaNDAra aura svAdhyAyazAlA tathA guru ke AvAsa ke lie kakSa kI vyavasthA huA karatI thii| zrAvaka gRhastha ke dainika chaH kartavya batAye gaye haiM : devapUjA gurUpAsti svAdhyAyasaMyamastapaH / dAnaM ceti gRhasthAnAm SaT karmANi dine-dineH // ina chaha dainika kartavyoM meM guru kI upAsanA aura svAdhyAya kI bhI gaNanA kI gayI hai| deva kI pUjA ke bAda guru kI upAsanA kA vidhAna hai| guru kI upAsanA ke sAtha hI svAdhyAya kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| __ svAdhyAya ke pA~ca bheda haiM jinheM jaina zikSA kI vibhinna vidhiyA~ mAnanA cAhie / (1) vAcanA, (2) pRcchanA, (3) anuprekSA, (4) AmnAya, (5) dharmopadeza / ' AcArya aura adhyetA kI dRSTi se bhI jaina zikSA paddhati meM bhinnatA thii| jaina AcArya ziSya se kisI prakAra kI apekSA yA AkAMkSA nahIM rakhatA thaa| na ziSya unake Upara apanI anya sabhI jimmedAriyAM chor3a sakatA thA / jaba ki vaidika zikSA paddhati meM ziSya guru ke yajJa pUjA ityAdi ke lie sAmagrI aura samidhAe~ Adi juTAtA thA tathA unhIM ke Azrama meM rahatA thA evaM Azrama meM upalabdha samasta suvidhAoM kA upayoga karatA thaa| zikSA samApti ke bAda guru ko dakSiNA bhI dI jAtI thI kintu jaina AcArya isa prakAra koI bhI dakSiNA nahIM lete the| jaina dRSTi se jJAna pA~ca prakAra kA batAyA gayA hai -(1) matijJAna, (2) zrutajJAna, (3) avadhijJAna, (4) manaHparyaya jJAna, (5) kevalajJAna / kevalajJAna sarvotkRSTa jJAna hai| jisake jJAna kA sampUrNa vikAsa ho jAtA hai vaha kevalajJAnI arthAt sarvajJa ho jAtA hai| sAmAnya vyakti kA vikAsa matijJAna aura zrutajJAna se Arambha hotA hai| indriyoM aura mana kI sahAyatA se hone vAle jJAna ko matijJAna kahA jAtA hai| sAmAnya rUpa se matijJAna ko hama pratibhA yA yogyatA kaha sakate haiM / isI ke AdhAra para vyakti ke (I. Q.) kA patA calatA hai aura usake AdhAra para usake zrutajJAna kA vikAsa hotA hai / ina jJAnoM kA vistAra se varNana prApta hotA hai| zikSA ke mAdhyama ke viSaya meM vaidika aura jaina zikSA paddhati lagabhaga samAna rahI hai| jisa prakAra vaidika zikSA paddhati meM zikSA kA mAdhyama upadeza thA usI prakAra jaina zikSA paddhati bhI upadezamUlaka thii| zikSA ke viSaya bhI lagabhaga samAna hI rahe haiM arthAt jisa prakAra vaidika yuga meM sampUrNa jIva aura jagata ke viSaya meM jAnakArI denA zikSA kA uddezya rahA usI prakAra jaina zikSA paddhati meM bhii| donoM meM antara yaha hai ki vaidika guru ihalaukika jIvana ke lie jisa prakAra se pravRttimUlaka zikSA detA thA usa prakAra kI jaina AcArya nhiiN| pratyuta vaha nivRtti-lakSI pravRtti kA upadeza detA thaa| zikSaNa vidhi ke viSaya meM kaI bAtoM meM samAnatA prApta hotI hai| cUMki usa yuga meM sampUrNa zikSA maukhika aura smRti ke AdhAra para calatI thI isalie use yAda rakhane kI dRSTi se prastuta kiyA jAtA hai| bAta ko cune hue zabdoM meM sUtra rUpa meM kahA jAtA thA jisase ziSya use jyoM kA tyoM smaraNa rakha skeN| isI kAraNa prArambhika sAhitya sUtra rUpa meM milatA hai| 00
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________________ jaina zikSA-paddhati 51. 00 dUsarI vidhi yaha thI ki zikSaNIya viSaya ko geya rUpa meM prastuta kiyA jAye jisase use kaNThastha kiyA jA sake / tIsarI vidhi ke anusAra viSaya ko kathAoM ke mAdhyama se kahA jAtA thA jisase una kathA prasaMgoM ke sAtha mUla vastutattva ko yAda rakhA jA sake / isI prakAra laukika dRSTAntoM yA vibhinna jIvana ke prasaMgoM ke sAtha tulanA karake vastutattvoM kA pratipAdana kiyA jAtA thaa| inhIM paddhatiyoM kA vibhinna rUpoM meM vikAsa huA jaise sUtra kI vyAkhyA kI gayI jise vArtika kahA gyaa| vArtika ke bAda TIkA aura vRtti likhI gayI / niyukti, bhASya, cUNi, nAmaka vizeSa vivaraNa taiyAra kiye gaye / jaina zikSAH uddezya aura vidhiyA~ jaina dRSTi se zikSA kA uddezya mAnava vyaktitva kA samagra vikAsa mAnA gayA hai| samagra vikAsa se abhiprAya usake antaraMga evaM bAhya sabhI guNoM kA vikAsa hai| vyaktitva ke carama vikAsa kI sthiti ko hI jainadarzana meM mokSa kahA gayA hai| mokSa kI avasthA ko prApta vyaktitva meM darzana, jJAna, zakti aura sukha pUrNarUpa se vikAsa ko prApta ho jAte haiN| aura unameM kisI bhI kAraNa kamI hone kI sambhAvanA nahIM rhtii| isIlie use 'siddha' kahA gayA hai| isase pUrva kI sthiti arihanta kI mAnI gaI hai| arihanta ke bhI darzana, jJAna, zakti aura sukha kA samagra vikAsa ho cukatA hai / kucha aupAdhika pravRttiyA~ sambaddha rahane ke kAraNa ve 'siddha' nahIM mAne jaate| kintu unakA siddha honA nizcita rahatA hai| vyaktitva ke samagra ke vikAsa ke lie tIna kAraNa batAye gaye haiN|" (1) samyagdarzana / (2) smygjnyaan| (3) samyakcAritra / ye tInoM milakara hI vyaktitva vikAsa ke sAdhaka hai, pRthak-pRthak nhiiN| isalie ina tInoM ko mArga kahA gayA hai| zikSA vidhiyA~ zikSA ke isa mahAna uddezya kI prApti ke lie jaina vAGamaya meM zikSA viSaya, zikSAvidhi, zikSA ke mAdhyama, guru evaM ziSya kA svarUpa aura zikSA saMsthAoM evaM zikSAkendroM ke bAre meM atyanta vyavasthita aura vistRta varNana prApta hotA hai| tattvArthasUtra, sarvArthasiddhi, tattvArthavArtika, tattvArthazlokavAtika Adi granthoM meM isakA vistAra se vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai| yahA~ para kevala zikSA vidhi ke bAre meM hI maiM kucha khuuNgii| zikSA ke sampUrNa viSaya samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyakcAritra ke antargata samAhita ho jAte haiM / ina tInoM ko sammilita rUpa se mokSa kA mArga kahA gayA hai| jo tattva jisa rUpa meM avasthita hai, usakA ThIka usI rUpa meM bodha honA, unakA prAmANika rUpa se savivaraNa jJAna honA tathA vyAvahArika rUpa meM unheM jIvana meM utAranA, yaha inakA tAtparyArtha hai / isake lie tattvArthasUtrakAra ne do vidhiyAM batAyI haiM / 12 (1) nisarga vidhi| (2) adhigama vidhi| nisargavidhi-nisarga kA artha hai svabhAva / svayaMprajJa vyakti ko guru aura AcArya dvArA zikSA prApta karane kI apekSA nahIM rhtii| jIvana ke vikAsa krama se ve svataH hI jJAna-vijJAna ke vibhinna viSayoM ko sIkhate jAte haiN| tattvoM kA samyak bodha ve svataH prApta karate jAte haiN| unakA jIvana hI unakI prayogazAlA hotA hai| samyakbodha aura samyakjJAna kI upalabdhiyoM ko ve jIvana kI prayogazAlA meM "utArakara samyakcAritra ko upalabdha karate haiN| yaha nisarga vidhi hai| adhigamavidhi"-adhigama kA artha hai padArtha kA jnyaan| dUsaroM ke upadezapUrvaka padArthoM kA jo jJAna hotA hai vaha adhigamaja kahalAtA hai| isa vidhi ke dvArA pratibhAvAna tathA alpapratibhAyukta sabhI prakAra ke vyakti tattvajJAna prApta karate haiN| yahI tattvajJAna samyagdarzana kA kAraNa banatA hai| nisargavidhi meM prajJAvAna vyakti kI prajJA kA sphuraNa svataH hotA hai kintu adhigama vidhi meM guru kA honA anivArya hai| guru ke upadeza se jIvana aura jagata ke tattvoM kA jJAna prApta karanA yahI adhigama vidhi hai|
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________________ 52 zrI puSkaramuni abhinandana grantha : saptama khaNDa +++++ + ++++ + + ++ + ++ ++ + ++ ++ + ++ + ++++ ++++ ++ + ++ ++++ ++ ++ + + + + + ++ + + + ++ + + + ++ + +++ ++ + ++ adhigama ke nimnalikhita bheda haiM : nikSepavidhi-loka meM yA zAstra meM jitanA zabda vyavahAra hotA hai, vaha kahA~ kisa apekSA se kiyA jA rahA hai, isakA jJAna nikSepavidhi ke dvArA hotA hai| eka hI zabda ke vibhinna prasaMgoM meM bhinna-bhinna artha ho sakate haiN| ina arthoM kA nirdhAraNa aura jJAna nikSepavidhi dvArA kiyA jAtA hai| anizcaya kI sthiti se nikAlakara nizcaya meM / pahu~cAnA nikSepa hai| nikSepavidhi ke cAra bheda haiM - (1) nAma, (2) sthApanA, (3) dravya, (4) bhAva / (1) nAmanikSepa-vyutpatti kI apekSA kiye binA saMketa mAtra ke lie kisI vyakti yA vastu kA nAmakaraNa karanA nAmanikSepavidhi ke antargata AtA hai| jaise kisI vyakti kA nAma hAthIsiMha rakha diyaa| nAmanikSepa vidhi jJAna prApti kA prathama caraNa hai| (2) sthApanAnikSepa-vAstavika vastu kI pratikRti, mUrti, citra Adi banAkara athavA usakA AkAra binA banAye hI kisI vastu meM usakI sthApanA karake usa mUla vastu kA jJAna karAnA sthApanAnikSepavidhi hai| isake do bheda haiM (ka) sadbhAvasthApanA (kha) asadbhAvasthApanA / (ka) sadbhAvasthApanA kA artha hai mUla vastu yA vyakti kI ThIka-ThIka pratikRti banAnA / yaha pratikRti kASTha, mRttikA, pASANa, dA~ta, sIMga Adi kI banAI jA sakatI hai| isa prakAra kI pratikRti banAkara jo jJAna karAyA jAtA hai vaha sadbhAvasthApanAvidhi hai| (kha) asadbhAvasthApanA meM vastu kI yathArtha pratikRti nahIM banAyI jAtI pratyuta kisI bhI AkAra kI vastu meM mUla vastu kI sthApanA kara dI jAtI hai / jaise zataraMja ke moharoM meM rAjA, vajIra, pyAde, hAthI Adi kI sthApanA kara lI jAtI hai| SaTkhaNDAgama, dhavalA tathA zlokavAttika Adi meM inakA vistAra se varNana kiyA gayA hai / (3) dravyanikSepa"-vartamAna se pUrva arthAt bhUta evaM bAda kI sthiti ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue vastu kA jJAna karAnA dravyanikSepavidhi hai| isa vidhi ke bhI Agama aura noAgama do bheda haiM / noAgama ke bhI tIna bheda haiM / (4) bhAvanikSepa-vartamAna sthiti ko dhyAna meM rakhakara vastusvarUpa kA jJAna karAnA bhAvanikSepavidhi hai| inake bhI Agama aura noAgama aise do bheda haiM / pramANavidhi"-saMzaya Adi se rahita vastu kA pUrNarUpa se jJAna karAnA pramANavidhi hai| jaina AcAryoM ne pramANa kA vistRta vivecana kiyA hai| jIva aura jagata kA pUrNa evaM prAmANika jJAna isa vidhi ke dvArA prApta kiyA hai| samyagjJAna ko hI pramANa ke antargata mAnA hai / mithyAjJAna pramANAbhAsa ho sakate haiM, pramANa nahIM / pramANa vidhi ke do bheda haiN| (ka) pratyakSa (kha) parokSa pratyakSa ke bhI do bheda haiM-(1) sAMvyavahArika yA indriyapratyakSa / (2) pAramArthika yA sakalapratyakSa / parokSa ke nimnalikhita pA~ca bheda haiM(1) smRti (2) pratyabhijJAna (3) tarka (4) anumAna (5) Agama / jaina AcAryoM ne inakA vistAra se varNana kiyA hai / 21 nayavidhi-isa vidhi ke dvArA vastusvarUpa kA AMzika vizleSaNa karake jJAna karAyA jAtA hai| naya ke mUlataH do bheda haiN| (1) dravyArthika (2) paryAyAthika / . 0.
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________________ jaina zikSA-paddhati 53. ina donoM ke bhI nimnalikhita sAta bheda haiM(1) naigama-aniSpanna artha meM saMkalpamAtra ko grahaNa karanA / (2) saMgraha-bhedasahita saba paryAyoM ko apanI jAti ke avirodha dvArA eka mAnakara sAmAnya se sabako grahaNa karanA / jaise ghaTa kahane se sabhI prakAra ke ghaToM kA grahaNa ho jAtA hai / 22 (3) vyavahAra-saMgrahanaya ke dvArA grahaNa kiye gaye padArthoM kA vidhipUrvaka avaharaNa yA bheda karanA / jaise ghaTa ke svarNaghaTa, rajataghaTa, mRttikAghaTa Adi bheda / (4) RjusUtra-vartamAna paryAya mAtra ko grahaNa karanA / (5) zabdanaya--zabda prayogoM meM Ane vAle doSoM ko dUra karake tadanusAra arthabheda kI kalpanA karanA / 25 (6) samabhirUDha-zabdabheda ke anusAra artha bheda kI kalpanA krnaa|" (7) evaMbhUta-zabda ke phalita hone vAle artha ke ghaTita hone para hI usako usa rUpa meM mAnanA / anuyogadvAravidhi-tattvoM kA vistRta jJAna prApta karane ke lie anuyogadvAra vidhi batAyI gayI hai| isake nimnalikhita cha: bheda haiM (1) nirdeza-vastu ke nAma kA kathana krnaa| (2) svAmitva-vastu ke svAmI kA kathana karanA / (3) sAdhana-jina sAdhanoM se vastu banI hai, usakA kathana karanA / (4) adhikaraNa-vastu ke AdhAra kA kathana karanA / (5) sthiti-vastu ke kAla kA kathana krnaa| (6) vidhAna-vastu ke bhedoM kA kathana krnaa| prarUpaNAvidhi-prarUpaNA ke nimnalikhita ATha bheda haiM :(1) sat-astitva kathana karake samajhAnA / (2) saMkhyA-bhedoM kI gaNanA karake smjhaanaa| (3) kSetra- vartamAna kAla viSayaka nivAsa ko dhyAna meM rakha kara samajhAnA / (4) sparzana-trikAla viSayaka nivAsa ko dhyAna meM rakhakara samajhAnA / (5) kAla-samayAvadhi ko dhyAna meM rakhakara samajhAnA / (6) antara-samaya ke antara ko dhyAna meM rakhakara samajhAnA / (7) bhAva-bhAvoM kA kathana karake samajhAnA / (8) alpabahutva-eka dUsare kI apekSA nyUnAdhika kA jJAna karake samajhAnA / svAdhyAyavidhi-viziSTa jJAna prApti ke lie svAdhyAya vidhi kA upayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| isake nimnalikhita pA~ca bheda batAye gaye haiM (1) vAcanA-grantha, artha yA donoM kA nirdoSa rIti se pATha karanA vAcanA hai| (2) pRcchanA-zaMkA ko dUra karane ke liye yA vizeSa nirNaya karane ke liye pRcchA karanA pacchanA hai| (3) anuprekSA--par3he hue pATha kA mana se abhyAsa karanA arthAt usakA punaH punaH mana se vicAra karate rahanA anuprekSA hai| (4) AmnAya-jo pATha par3hA hai usakA zuddhatApUrvaka punaH-punaH uccAraNa karanA AmnAya hai| (5) dharmopadeza-dharmakathA karanA dharmopadeza hai| svAdhyAyavidhi kA upayoga prajJA meM atizaya lAne ke liye, adhyavasAya ko prazasta karane ke liye, parama saMvega ke liye, tapa meM vRddhi karane ke liye tathA avicAroM meM vizuddhi lAne Adi ke liye kiyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki gUr3ha se gUr3ha viSaya ko bhI isa rUpa meM prastuta kiyA jAtA thA ki ziSya use bhalI prakAra hRdayaMgama kara ske| isake liye viSayavastu ko sUtrarUpa meM kahA jAtA thA kyoMki usa yuga meM sampUrNa zikSA maukhika aura smRti ke AdhAra para calatI thii| isI kAraNa prArambhika sAhitya sUtra rUpa meM milatA hai| kabhI-kabhI viSayavastu ko geyarUpa meM bhI prastuta kiyA jAtA thA jisase use kaMThastha kiyA jA sake / kathAoM ke mAdhyama se bhI viSayavastu ko kahA jAtA thA jisase una kathA-prasaMgoM ke sAtha mUla vastuttva ko yAda rakhA jA sake /
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________________ 054 zrI puSkaramuni abhinandana grantha : saptama khaNDa jaina zikSA vidhi kI eka vizeSatA yaha bhI rahI hai ki jaina AcAryoM ne mukhyarUpa se sadA lokabhASAoM ko sAhityika svarUpa dekara zikSA kA mAdhyama banAyA / unhIM bhASAoM ko sAhityika svarUpa dekara unameM granthoM kI racanA kii| ina bhASAoM ko janasAmAnya kI bhASA hone ke kAraNa prAkRta kahA gayA tathA vibhinna kSetroM ke anusAra inake arddhamAgadhI, zaurasenI, mahArASTrI Adi nAma diye gye| bAda meM yahI bhASAe~ apabhraMza huI aura rAjasthAnI, gujarAtI, marAThI, magahI, maithilI, bhojapurI, Adi ke rUpa meM vikasita huii| saMskRta ko bhI jaina zikSakoM ne zikSA ke mAdhyama ke rUpa meM apanAyA tathA saMskRtabhASA meM vibhinna viSayoM para aneka granthoM kI racanA kii| isa prakAra jaina zikSA paddhati kA anuzIlana karane para hameM nimnalikhita niSkarSa prApta hote haiM : (1) prAcIna bhArata meM brAhmaNa aura zramaNa zikSA paddhatiyoM kA samAnAntara rUpa meM vikAsa huaa| (2) ukta paddhatiyoM meM katipaya samAnatAe~ hote hue bhI donoM meM aneka maulika antara the| (3) brAhmaNa zikSA paddhati ke vaidika yuga meM zikSA kA carama lakSya svargaprApti thA kintu zramaNa-paddhati meM zikSA kA carama uddezya mokSaprApti thaa| upaniSadkAla meM brAhmaNa zikSA paddhati meM bhI mokSaprApti ko carama lakSya mAna liyA gyaa| brAhmaNa zikSA paddhati meM zikSA pravRttimUlaka thI jabaki zramaNa zikSA nivRttimUlaka / brAhmaNa zikSA meM zikSA ke kendrabindu RSi the| unake Azrama hI zikSA ke kendra the / zramaNa-paddhati meM zramaNa yA sAdhu zikSA ke kendra avazya the kintu AcAra-viSayaka niyamoM ke kAraNa ve eka sthAna para sthira hokara nahIM raha sakate the isalie ve eka calate-phirate zikSAyatana the kintu Azrama nahIM the| IsA pUrva chaThavIM zatAbdI meM gautama buddha ne bauddhadharma kI sthApanA kii| usake phalasvarUpa bauddha zikSA paddhati kA vikAsa huA / (8) zramaNa paddhati meM uttarakAla meM guhAgRha, tIrthakSetra, caityAlaya, jinAlaya, niSadhi, maTha, vihAra, svAdhyAya zAlA, vidyAmaMDapa Adi saMsthAoM kA vikAsa huA aura ye jaina zikSA ke kendra bane / jaina zikSA mUlata: mokSamUlaka thI kintu usakA uddezya mAnava vyaktitva kA samagra vikAsa thaa| isalie zikSA ke viSayoM meM jIva aura jagat ko kendra banA kara sampUrNa prANi-vijJAna tathA jar3a jagata ke sampUrNa viSayoM ko samAhita kiyA gyaa| jaina zikSA paddhati meM pA~ca parameSThI guru mAne gaye haiM, inameM upAdhyAya ko zikSA kA adhiSThAtA mAnA gayA hai| jaina sAdhu-zikSaka svayaM anagAra hone ke kAraNa vaidika RSiyoM kI taraha ziSya ke AvAsa Adi vyavasthA kA dAyitva apane Upara nahIM letA thaa| isI prakAra zikSA samApti ke bAda ziSya se dakSiNA Adi bhI nahIM letA thaa| zikSA vidhi aura zikSA ke mAdhyamoM meM bhI jaina zikSA paddhati kI apanI vizeSatAe~ thiiN| zikSA vidhi ke antargata mUlataH pramANa, naya aura nikSepa ye tIna vidhiyA~ thiiN| inakI avAntara paddhatiyA~ aneka thiiN| jaina AcAryoM ne mukhya rUpa se sadA lokabhASAoM ko zikSA kA mAdhyama banAyA / unhIM bhASAoM ko sAhityika svarUpa dekara unameM granthoM kI racanA kii| ina bhASAoM ko jana sAmAnya kI bhASA hone ke kAraNa prAkRta kahA gayA tathA vibhinna kSetroM ke anusAra inake ardhamAgadhI, zaurasenI, mahArASTrI Adi nAma diye gye| bAda meM yahI bhASAe~ apabhraMza huI aura rAjasthAnI, gujarAtI, marAThI, magahI, maithilI, bhojapurI Adi ke rUpa meM vikasita huiiN| (14) saMskRta ko bhI jaina zikSakoM ne zikSA ke mAdhyama ke rUpa meM apanAyA tathA saMskRta meM vibhinna viSayoM para aneka granthoM kI racanA kii| (15) jaina AcAryoM ne zikSA manovijJAna kA sUkSma vivecana kiyA hai / jaina zikSA paddhati para prastuta nibandha taiyAra karate samaya jo tathya sAmane Aye unake AdhAra para yaha dRr3hatApUrvaka kahA jA sakatA hai ki isa viSaya meM anusaMdhAna kArya kI vyApaka sambhAvanAe~ tathA vistRta kSetra hai| 0 0
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________________ jaina zikSA-paddhati 55 .. + +++++++++ + + ++ ++++ +++ + +++++ ++++++++++ +++ + +++ sandarbha evaM sandarbha-sthala 1 DaoNkTara a0 sa0 altekara : ejukezana ina eMziyeMTa iNDiyA / 2 dRSTavya-vaTTakera : 'mUlAcAra' (mANikacanda di0 jaina granthamAlA, bambaI, vi0 saM0 1977, 1680) / 3 zivArya : 'bhagavatI ArAdhanA' (anantakIti granthamAlA, bambaI, vi0 saM0 1986) / AzAdhara : anagAra dharmAmRta (mANikacandra di0 jaina granthamAlA, bambaI, 1916) / 4 pI0 bI0 desAI : jainijma ina sAutha iNDiyA (jIvarAja jaina granthamAlA, zolApUra, 1952) / sI0 je0 zAha : jainijma ina nArtha iNDiyA, landana, 1632 / 5 DaoN. kailAzacandra jaina : jainijma ina rAjasthAna / 6 AzAdhara : sAgAra dharmAmRta (mANikacandra di0 jaina granthamAlA, bmbii)| 7 umAsvAmi : 'tattvArtha-sUtra'-sampAdaka paM0 phUlacandra siddhAntazAstrI, (zrI gaNezaprasAda varNI jaina granthamAlA, vaaraannsii)| 8 pUjyapAda : sarvArthasiddhi, sampAdaka paM0 phUlacandra siddhAnta zAstrI, (bhAratIya jJAnapITha, vaaraannsii)| .6 paM0 sukhalAla saMghavI : 'darzana aura cintana' (paM0 sukhalAla jI sammAna samiti, ahamadAbAda, 1957) / 10 bandhahetvabhAvanirjarAbhyAM kRtsnakarmAvipramokSo mokSaH / -tattvArtha sUtra 10/2 11 samyagdarzanajJAnacAritrANi mokSamArgaH / -tattvArtha sUtra 1/1 12 tannisargAdadhigamAdvA / -tattvArtha sUtra 1/3 13 nisargaH svabhAva ityarthaH / yadbAhyopadezAdRte prAdurbhavati tannaisagikam / -sarvArthasiddhi 1/3 14 adhigmo'rthaavbodhH| yatparopadezapUrvakaM jIvA adhigamanimittaM taduttaram / -sarvArthasiddhi 1/3 15 saMzaye viparyaye anadhyavasAye vA sthitezyo'pasAryanizcaye kSipatIti nikSepaH / -dhavalA bhAga 4/13, 1/2/6 16 atadguNe vastuni savyavahArArtha puruSAkArAnniyujyamAnaM saMjJAkarma nAma / -sarvArthasiddhi 1/4 sadbhAvetarabhedena dvidhA tattvAdhiropataH / -zlokavAttika 2/1/5 18 sadbhAvipariNAmaprAptiM prati yogyatAmadAdhanaM / sad dravyabhityucyate athavA adbhAvaM vA dravyamityucyate / -tattvArthavAttika 1/5 vartamAna tattvArthopalakSitaM dravyaM bhAvaH / -sarvArthasiddhi 1/5 20 prakarSeNa mAnaM pramANam sakalAdezItyarthaH / -dhavalA bhAga 6/41 45/166-1 dRSTavya-parIkSAmukha, prameyaratnamAlA, prameyakamalamArtaNDa, pramANAnayatattvAlokAlaMkAra, pramANamImAMsA Adi / 22 svajAtyavirodhenakadhyamupAnIya paryAyAnAkrAntabhedAnavizeSeNa samastagrahaNAtsaMgrahaH / 23 saMgrahanayAkSiptAnAmarthAnAM vidhipUrvakamabaharaNaM vyavahAraH / 24 Rju praguNaM sUtrayati taMtrayatIti RjusUtraH / 25 liMgasaMkhyAsAdhanAdivyabhicAranivRttiparaH zabdanavaH / 26 nAnArthasamabhirohaNAt samabhirUDhaH / 27 yenAtmanA bhUtastenaivAdhyavasAyamatIti evambhUtaH / -sarvArthasiddhi 1/7 28 nirdezaH svarUpAbhidhAnam / svAmitvamAdhipatvam / sAdhanamutpattinimittam / karaNamadhiSThAnam / sthitiH kAlaparicchedaH / vidhAnaM prakAraH / -sarvArthasiddhi 1/7 26 sadityastitvanirdezaH / saMkhyA bheda gaNanA / kSetra nivAso vartamAnakAlaviSayaH / tadeva sparzanaM trikAlagocaram / kAlo dvividhaH mukhyo vyAvahArikazca / antaraM virahakAlaH / bhAva: aupazamikAdilakSaNaH / alpabahutvamanyonyApekSayA vizeSa prtipttiH| -sarvArthasikhi 1/30 vAcanApRcchanAnuprekSAmnAyadharmopadezAH / -tattvArtha sUtra 6/25 17 16