Jain Sahitya me Arthik gram Sangathan se Sambandh Madhyakalin

Author(s): Mohanchand
Publisher: Z_Deshbhushanji_Maharaj_Abhinandan_Granth_012045.pdf
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/210933/1

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"jaina sAhitya meM Arthika grAma-saMgaThana se sambaddha madhyakAlIna 'mahattara', 'mahattama' tathA 'kuTumbI'" -DaoN0 mohanacanda 'grAma saMgaThana' ke sandarbha meM 'mahattara' tathA 'kuTumbI' ke aitihAsika vikAsakrama ko samajhane ke lie Avazyaka hai ki 'grAma saMgaThana' ke prArambhika svarUpa ko samajhA jaay| Rgveda' meM aneka sthAnoM para 'grAma' kA ullekha AyA hai jisakA artha 'samUha' athavA 'samudAya' hai| saMgItazAstra meM tathA bhASAzAstra meM 'grAma' kA 'samudAya' artha aba bhI surakSita hai kintu vartamAna meM 'grAma' zabda kA artha usa bhUmi-pradeza kA paricAyaka hai jisameM kucha loga base hoM tathA khetI Adi karate hoN| vaidika kAla meM 'grAma' kA svarUpa kacha bhinna thA / vaidika Arya jaba bhArata meM Ae to unhoMne 'jana' ke rUpa meM svayaM ko saMgaThita kara liyA thaa| vaidika Arya svasamudAya ko 'sajAta', 'sanAbhi'' Adi kahate the tathA dUsare janoM ko 'anyanAbhi" athavA 'araNa' ke nAma se pakArate the| prArambha meM AryoM ke ye jana avyavasthita evaM ghumakkar3a rahe the tathA apane kisI zaktizAlI puruSa ke netRtva meM idharaudhara jAkara basane lage the| isake lie samudAya' kI vizeSa AvazyakatA thii| Rgveda meM AryoM ke kabIloM kI yahI sAmudAyika gatividhi 'grAma' ke nAma se prasiddha thii| kisI sthAna para sthAyI rUpa se basane para vaha sthAna bhI 'grAma' kahA jAne lagA thaa| aneka grAmoM kA saMgaThita svarUpa janapada' kahalAyA tathA usa janapada ke zAsaka ko rAjA kahA jAne lgaa| grAmoM ke ghumakkar3a svarUpa kA citraNa uttara vaidika yuga meM nirmita zatapatha brAhmaNa meM bhI huA hai| zatapatha brAhmaNa eka aise 'grAma' kA ullekha karatA hai jo kahIM bhI sthAyI rUpa se basA nahIM thA tathA apane netA zaryAti ke netRtva meM calatA phiratA rahatA thaa| ina grAmoM ke mukhiyA ko 'grAmaNI' kI saMjJA dI gaI hai| 1. talanIya -'pasi grAmaSvavitA parohito'si', Rgveda, 1.44. 10para sAyaNa bhASya -'grAmeSu jananivAsasthAneSu / ' 'grAme asminnanAtaram' Rgveda 11141 para sAyaNa-'prasmadIye na me vartamAnaM / ' 'ya sya grAmA yasya vizve rathAsaH', Rgveda, 2.12.7 para sAyaNa0-'yasya anuzAsa ne grAmA:'. 'asante va ti grAmA janapadA:' / 'niputvanto grAma jito' RgvaMda, 5.54.8 para sAya Na 'grAma jito grAma sya jetAro nara iva / kathA grAma na pacchasi' Rgveda 10.146.1 para sAyaNa-kayaM grAma na pRcchasi, nirjane , rapaye kathaM rama se| gAva iva grAmaM yUyadhi:', Rgveda, 10.1464 para sAyaNa. 'gAva iva yathAraNye saMcaraMto gAva: grAmaM zIghrama bhigacchanti / 2. vizeSa draSTavya - satya ketu vidyAlaMkAra, prAcIna bhAratIya zAsana vyavasthA aura rAjazAstra, masUrI, 1968, pR0 34.35. 3. saMskRta zabdArtha kaustubha , sampA0 dvArakAprasAda caturvedI tathA tAraNIza jhA, ilAhAbAda, 1967, 10416. Phoreme (dhvanigrAma), goloka bihArI thala, dhvanivijJAna, paTanA, 1975, pR0262. vizeSa draSTa0 - mohanacanda, saskRta jaina mahAkAvyoM meM vaNita nagaroM tathA grAmoM ke bheda (lekha); tulasIprazA, jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanaM : khaNDa-2, paMka 7-8, julAI-disambara, 1976; 10 51-52, 65-66. taittirIya brAhmaNa, 213.2 tathA atharvaveda, 3.3 5. pratharva0, 130.1 satya ketu vidyAla kAra, prAcIna bhAratIya zAsana vyavasthA, pR0 34. vahI, pa0 34. 10 vahI. pa0 35. 11. tala0 zayato hi vA iyaM mAnavo grAmeNa cacAra / ma tadeva prativezo nibivizo tasya kamArA koDaMta / ' zatapathaH 41.5.2. 12. tula0 grAma pyo gRhAn paretya * vaigyo vai grAmaNIstasmAna mato bhavati', zatapatha0, 5.2 56. 80 pAcArya ratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha

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2 grAmoM ko uparyukta anavasthita dazA ko sthira karane tathA ina grAmoM ke antargata Ane vAle 'kuTumba' athavA 'kuloM ko vya vasthita karane ke uddezya se mahAbhArata, kauTilya ke arthazAstra Adi meM 'rAjatantra' kI sahAyatA lI gaI hai tathA vAstuzAstrIya vyavasthita paddhati ke anurUpa grAma, durga, janapada Adi ke niveza ko mahattva diyA gayA hai| isa prakAra 'grAma saMgaThana' kI prArambhika pRSThabhUmi mUlataH sAmAjika saMgaThana kA mahattvapUrNa aMga rahI thI jisameM gotra, kula, vaMza, parivAra Adi kA vizeSa aucitya thA / kintu paravartI kAla meM kRSi vikAsa ke kAraNa grAmoM dvArA hI Arthika utpAdana kiyA jAtA thA phalataH grAma saMgaThana ko rAjanaitika zAsana vyavasthA meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna milA tAla tathA isase uttarottara zatAbdiyoM meM grAma saMgaThana sAmantavAdI arthavyavasthA kI rIr3ha kI haDDI hI bana gae jo Atmanirbhara arthavyavasthA se kendrita the tathA rAjanaitika zakti ke prabhutva kI mukhya zakti ke rUpa meM ubhara kara Ae the| yahI kAraNa hai ki prANanAtha Adi itihAsakAra yaha kahate haiM ki grAma kA artha gA~va nahIM apitu rASTra (Estate) hai jo aThAraha prakAra ke karoM kA bhugatAna karate the|" pI0bI0 kANe ne isa mAnyatA kA khaNDana kiyA hai tathA grAma ko kucha ekar3a bhUmi se yukta nivAsArthaka ikAI hI mAnA hai / vastutaH prANanAtha dvArA grAma ke uparyukta svarUpa kA vAstuzAstrIya dRSTi se samarthana nahIM kiyA jA sakatA tathApi yaha kahanA hogA ki inakI rASTra ke rUpa meM kI gaI grAma-paribhASA madhyakAlIna rAjanaitika evaM Arthika paristhatiyoM ke pariprekSya meM upayukta hai tathA sAmantavAdI DhAMce meM 'grAma' ke vAstavika evaM parivartita svarUpa ko spaSTa karatI hai / rAjA harSa ke lie 'caturudadhikedArakuTumbI" tathA grAma mukhiyA mahattara' ko 'janapadamahata" evaM "rASTra mahatara" ke rUpa meM milI mAnyatA grAma saMgaThana ke rASTrIya kovitya ko prakaTa karatA hai / sAtavIM zatAbdI I0 se bArahavIM zatAbdI I0 taka ke madhyakAlIna grAma saMgaThanoM kA bhAratIya artha-vyavasthA ko Atmanirbhara evaM grAmonmukhI banAne meM vizeSa yogadAna rahA hai| parivartita Arthika paristhitiyoM ke anusAra kisI bhI sAmanta rAjA kI upAdeyatA usake adhIna hue grAmotpAdana ke lAbha se AMkI jAtI thI / aba grAmoM meM vastuoM kA utpAdana bAjAra meM becane ke lie na hokara abhijAtyavarga kI AvazyakatApUrti ke lie kiyA jAtA thaa| isa vyavasthA meM kisAna bhUmi se bacce hote the tathA bhUmi ke svAmI ne jamIMdAra 1. 2. 3. 4. mahAbhArata (zAntiparva), 12.87.2 8. Sharma, R.S., Social Changes in Early Medieval India, The First Devraj Chanana Memorial Lecture, University of Delhi Delhi, 1969, p. 13 tathA tula0 'zUdrakarSa kaprAyaM kulazatAdaraM paMcazatakulaparaM grAmaM nivezayet' / arthazAstra, 2.1 grAmAH gRhazateneSTo nikRSTaH samadhiSThitaH / parastatpaJcazatyAsyAt susamRddha kRSivala // prAdipurANa, 16.165. 7. 8. Altekar, State & Government in Ancient India, Delhi, 1972, pp. 226-227. 'DAM0 prANanAtha dvArA jaina graMtha 'prajJApaNopAGga' ke AdhAra para 'grAma' kI paribhASA karanA pI0 vI0 kANe ke mata meM bhrAnta tathA prapramANika hai| jaina TIkAkAra ke 'gAmanivesesa' ityAdi - 'prasati buddhadhyAdIn guNAniti grAma: yadi vA gamyaH zAstraprasiddhAnAmaSTAdaza karANAmiti grAma:' nAmaka uddharaNa kANe mahodaya ke mata se kozazAstrIya pramANa se adhika aura kucha nahIM / vastuta: DaoN0 prANanAtha dvArA jisa rAjanaitika evaM prArthika vyavasthA ke pariprekSya meM 'grAma' ke saMgaThanAtmaka svarUpa ko ubhArA gayA hai usake kaI tathya vicAraNIya haiM / prANanAtha kA mantavya hai ki madhyayugIna bhArata kI rAjanaitika vyavasthA pUrI taraha se sAmantoM kI jakar3ana meM A cukI thii| grAma saMgaThana ke sabhI mahattvapUrNa pahaluoM ko par3osI sAmanta rAjA sulajhAte the tathA usameM grAmavAsiyoM kA pratinidhitva nahIM ke samAna thA / bhAratavarSa kI yaha sAmanta paddhati grIka Adi dezoM kI sAmanta paddhati se bahuta kucha milatI thii| jisameM kisAna, majadUra, bhUmihIna majadUra, dihAr3I vAle maz2adUra evaM dAsakRSakoM ke pAsa na to rAjanaitika zakti thI aura na hI koI aisA saMvaidhAnika adhikAra thA jisase ve apane damana evaM zoSaNa ke prati zrAvAz2a uThA skeN| ina sabhI tathyoM ke AdhAra para DaoN0 prANanAtha 'grAma' ko eka aise vyApaka sandarbha meM prastuta karate haiM jisameM 'grAma saMgaThana' kA zraucitya rAjya ke sandarbha meM kiyA jAne lagA thA aura rAjya ke svarUpa kA avamUlyana hokara 'grAma saMgaThana' mAtra se kendrita ho cukA thaa| isI prayojana se DaoN0 prANanAtha 'grAma' ko estate saMjJA dene meM nahIM hicakicAte jo vAstuzAstrIya paribhASA kI dRSTi se prayuktisaMgata hai kintu rAjanaitika evaM mArthika vyavasthA ke vyAvahArika sandarbha meM upayukta hai|" vizeSa draSTavya- (i) Pran Nath A Study in Economic Condition of Ancient India, p. 26 & ch. I, III, VI, London, 1929. (ii) Kane, P.V., History of Dharma Sastra, Vol. III, p. 140, f n. 182. (iii) Nigam, Shyamsunder, Economic Organisation in Ancient India, Delhi, 1975, pp.77-80. 5. Pran Nath, A Study in Economic Conditions of Ancient India, pp. 39-40. 6. harSacarita, sampAdaka pI0 vI0 kANe, dillI, 1656, pR0 35. dazakumAracarita, ucchavAsa, 3, pR077. nizI bhASya, 4.1735 tathA I.4. Vol. V, p. 114. jaina itihAsa, kalA aura saMskRti 81

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ye jo asalI kAztakAroM aura rAjAoM ke bIca kI kar3I bane hue the| inhIM rAjanaitika tathA Avika paristhatiyoM ke sandarbha meM madhyakAlIna grAma saMgaThanoM kA zAsana prabandha kI dRSTi se vizeSa mahatva ho gayA thA / sAmanta rAjAoM ne grAma saMgaThana para pUrNa niya traNa rakhane ke uddezya se grAmoM meM rahane vAle jamIMdAroM, zilpI pramukhoM, jAti pramukhoM Adi ko bhI zAsana prabandha meM apanA bhAgIdAra banA liyA thA / ke grAma saMgaThana ke isI vaiziSTya ke saMdarbha meM mahattara' tathA 'kuTumba' zabdoM kA itihAsa birA huA hai| ina donoM arthoM ko samajhane ke lie prAcIna tathA madhyakAlIna grAma saMgaThana ke una donoM svarUpoM ko samajhanA atyAvazyaka hai jisameM sarvaprathama grAma saMgaThana sAmAjika saMgaThana kI mUla ikAI rahe kintu paravartI kAla meM ina para rAjatantra kA vizeSa aMkuza lagA jisake kAraNa 'grAma saMgaunakA bhacitya Arthika evaM rAjanaitika mUlyoM kI dRSTi se kiyA jAne lgaa| pariNAmataH mahattara' evaM 'kuTumbI' ke padoM kA prAra mbhika svarUpa sAmAjika saMgaThana paraka hone ke bAda bhI madhyakAla meM rAjanaitika vyavasthA ke anurUpa rAjakIya prazAsanika pada ke rUpa meM parivartita ho gayA / * mahattara- 'mahat' zabda se tarap pratyaya lagAkara 'mahattara' zabda kA nirmANa huA hai| isa tarap pratyaya ke Agraha se aisI pUrNa sambhAvanA vyakta hotI hai ki 'mahattara' kisI anya vyakti athavA pada kI tulanA meM bar3A rahA hogA / isa saMdarbha meM agnipurANa ke ullekhAnusAra pAMca kuTumbiyoM ke bAda chaThe 'mahattara' kI vyavasthA dI gaI hai| agnipurANa ke isa ullekha meM yaha spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki pAMca kuTumboM vAle grAma tathA chaThe mahattara kI saMgaThita zakti ko bar3e se bar3A zaktizAlI vyakti parAjita nahIM kara sakatA / isa prakAra grAma saMgaThana ke saMdarbha meM vibhinna kuloM athavA kuTumboM ke mukhiyA 'kuTumba' kahalAte the tathA una pAMca-chaH kuTumbiyoM ke Upara 'mahattara' kA pada thaa| rAmAyaNa meM eka sthAna para 'janazca zUdro'pi mahattvamIyAt' kahakara apratyakSa rUpa se zUdra jAti ke 'mahattara' kI ora saMketa kiyA gayA hai| zabdakalpadruma meM mahAbhArata ke nAma se 'mahattara' kA ullekha karane vAle eka padya ko uddhRta kiyA gayA hai, kintu mahAbhArata meM 'kriTikala eDisana' meM isa padya ke 'mahattara' pATha ke sthAna para 'bRhattara' pATha svIkRta kiyA gayA hai| ataeva rAmAyaNa evaM mahAbhArata meM Ae 'mahattara' ke sambaMdha meM kucha kahanA kaThina hai / kAtyAyana ke vacanoM ke anusAra 'mahattara' grAma kA pratiSThita vyakti hotA thA tathA grAma ke sabhI jhagar3oM kA nipaTAna karatA thaa| itihAsakAroM ke anusAra agnipurANa Adi meM bAe mahattara' sambandhI ullekha yaha siddha nahIM karate haiM ki yaha rAjA dvArA eka prazAsanika adhikArI ke rUpa meM niyukta kiyA jAtA thaa| isa saMbaMdha meM abhayakAnta caudhurI mahodaya kI dhAraNA hai ki rAjA prAyaH bar3e-bar3e grAmoM ke grAma pramukhoM ko niyukta karatA thA kintu pAMca-chaha choTechoTe gAMvoM ke prazAsana ko grAma ke ve pratiSThita vyakti hI calA lete the jo prAyaH dhana-dhAnya sampanna hote the tathA suzikSita bhii|' isa tarka ke AdhAra para caudhurI mahodaya ati purANa meM Ae mahattara' ko bhI grAma ke eka pratiSThita vyakti se adhika kucha nahIM maante|' isa viSaya meM yaha kahanA apekSita hogA ki agnipurANa meM pAMca kuTumboM se yukta grAma tathA chaThe 'mahattara' kA jo nirdeza huA hai vaha niHsaMdeha yaha spaSTa kara detA hai ki 'mahattara' grAma kA vaha mahatvapUrNa vyakti hotA thA jisake adhIna kama se kama pAMca kuTumboM ke mukhiyA 'kuTumbI' Ate the / isa prakAra agni purANa meM tatkAlIna grAma saMgaThana kA eka vyavasthita svarUpa diyA gayA hai tathA yaha mahatvapUrNa nahIM 1. 2. agnipurANa, 165.11 3. zabdakalpadrama, bhAga 3, pR0 652 para uddhRta rAmAyaNa 1.1.101 tathA halAyudhakoza para udbhuta pR0 521 DaoN0 0 rAmAzraya zarmA ne rAmAyaNa ke 2.94.26 uddharaNa ke zrAdhAra para rAmAyaNa kAla meM 'zreNImahattara' ke astitva kI puSTi kI hai kintu vartamAna meM upalabdha rAmAyaNa ke adhikAMza saMskaraNoM meM yaha sandarbha anupalabdha hai / 4. 5. tula0 'prathamanayoratizayena mahAn' syArarAjA rAdhAkAnta devabahAdurakRta zabdakalpadruma, bhAga 3, pR0 652. 'kuTumbaiH paJcabhirgrAmaH SaSThastava mahattaraH / devAsuramanuSyaiva sa jetuM naiva zakyate // ' 82 Sharma, Ramashraya, A Socio- Political Study of the Valmiki Ramayana, Delhi, 1971, p. 373. vahI, mahAbhArata, 7.172. 56 - praNIyAM samaNumya ca bRhadamyaJca mahattaram / " tula0 'dadarza bhRzadurdazAM sarvadevaMrapIzvaram / vaNIyasAmaNIyAMzaM bRhadbhyazca vRhattaram // ' mahAbhArata, pUnA saMskaraNa, 7.172.56. 6. tula0 'sarvakArya pravINAzcAlubdhA vRddhA mahattarAH // dharma koSa bhAga - 1, pR0 61 para uddhRta / 7. Choudhary, Abhay Kant, Early Medieval Village in North-Eastern India, Calcutta, 1971, p. 217. 8. vahI, pR0 217-18. 6. 'The mahattara', as mentioned in a verse of the Agni Purana (165.11), may look like a village head, but he does not enjoy the status of the 'gramapati' or the 'gramabharta' duly appointed by the king', lbid., p.217. AcAryaratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha

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hai ki use rAjA svayaM niyukta karatA thA athavA nhiiN| isa prakAra grAma saMgaThana kI nyUnatama ikAI kuTumba athavA kula ke mukhiyA 'kuTumbI' se pada meM bar3A hone ke kAraNa 'mahattara' meM 'tapa' pratyaya kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| jaina sAhitya meM upalabdha hone vAle aneka mahattara sambandhI ullekha milate haiM jinase jJAta hotA hai ki yaha pada grAma saMgaThana se sambandhita pada thA / bRhatkalpabhASya' ke eka ullekhAnusAra kisI utsava-goSThI ke avasara para mahattara, anumahattara, lalitAsanika, kaTuka, daNDapati Adi rAjakIya adhikAriyoM ke upasthita rahane evaM rAjA kI anumati se surApAna Adi karane ke ullekha prApta hote haiN| isa uddharaNa se yaha siddha hotA hai ki 'mahattara' grAma saMgaThana kA sadasya hotA thA tathA usakI sahAyatA ke lie 'anumahattara' pada bhI astitva meM A gayA thA / nizItha bhASya ke pramANoM ke AdhAra para DA0 jagadIzacandra jaina ne 'grAma mahattara' evaM 'rASTra mahattara' do padoM ke astitva kI sUcanA dI hai| DA0 jagadIzacandra jaina ne rASTra mahattara ko rAThaur3a ( raTThauDa) ke samakakSa siddha karane kI bhI ceSTA kI hai| isa sambandha meM yaha vizeSa rUpa se vicAraNIya prazna hai ki yadi rASTra mahattara ko rAThor3a kA saMskRta mUla mAnA jAtA hai to 'grAma mahata ra ko bhI 'goDa' kA saMskRta mUla mAnanA caahie| DA0 Ara0 esa0 zarmA mahodaya ne sUcita kiyA hai ki madhyakAlIna dakSiNa bhArata meM grAma pravara tathA grAma mukhiyA ke rUpa meM 'gaunDa' athavA 'goDa' kA astitva rahA thA / "vartamAna meM maisUra meM ye gauDa zUdra varNa ke haiM / kiMtu dUsarI ora gauDa brAhmaNoM ke astitva kI bhI sUcanA milatI hai| abhiprAya yaha hai ki madhyakAlIna 'gaunDa' jinheM ki bhUmidAna diyA jAtA thA tathA jo rAjakIya prazAsanika adhikAroM kA bhoga karate the grAma saMgaThana ke saMdarbha meM 'grAma mahattara' se abhinna rahe the / vartamAna meM 'mahattara' ke aneka avazeSa prApta hote haiM jinameM mahato, mehatA mahatvA mahotrA, meharotrA, mehatara Adi vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya haiM / " 'mahattara' mUla kI ina jAtiyoM meM brAhmaNa, vaizya, kAyastha, zUdra Adi sabhI vargoM ke loga sammilita the tathApi madhyakAlIna Arthika vyavasthA meM artha vyavasthA ke grAmonmukhI ho jAne se jisa dAsa prathA kI vibhISikA ko janma milA usake kAraNa adhikAMzakRSi grAma zUdroM dvArA basAe gae pariNAmataH prAma-mukhiyA bhI adhikAMza rUpa se zUdra hI hone lage the| isa vizeSa paristhiti meM maha uttara' zUdra hone ke rUpa meM rUr3ha hone lage tathA inake pada kA avamUlyana bhI hotA gayA / trikANDa zeSa ( 14vIM zatI IsvI) meM 'mahattara' ko zUdra tathA grAmakUTa' ke paryAyavAcI zabda ke rUpa meM parigaNita karane kA mukhya kAraNa bhI yahI hai ki ye adhikAMza mAtrA meM zUdra hote tathA pAribhASika dRSTi se ve 'grAmakUTa' arthAt grAma ke mukhiyA bhI the|" kauTilya ke arthazAstra' meM grAma ke mukhiyA ke lie 'grAmakUTa' kA prayoga AyA hai jo paravartI kAla meM 'mahattara' ke rUpa meM prasiddha ho gayA / hemacandra kI dezo nAmamAlA (12 vIM zatI I0) meM 'mahattara' ke prazAsakIya vaiziSTya ko vizeSa rUpa se spaSTa kiyA gayA hai / hemacandra ne 'mahattara' ke tatkAlIna prAkRta evaM janapadIya bhASAoM meM pracalita aneka dezI rUpoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| inameM se eka rUpa thA 'mahattara' tathA kucha loga ise 'meharo' athavA 'mehara' bhI kahate the / isa maihara athavA meharo ko grAma pravara arthAt grAma mukhiyA ke rUpa meM spaSTa kiyA gayA hai / ' 'mahattara' ke eka dUsare zabdarUpa kA bhI hemacandra ullekha karate haiM vaha hai 'mahayaro' jise jaMgalAta ke adhipati (gahvarapati) ke rUpa meM spaSTa kiyA gayA hai / " isa prakAra 12vIM zatAbdI IsvI meM mahattara ke dezI rUpa 'maihara' athavA 'mahayara' pracalita hone lage the tathA inakA prayoga grAma saMgaThana Adi ke artha meM hI kiyA jAtA thA / 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. bRhatkarUpabhASya 2.3574. vahI, 2.3574-76. jagadIzacandra jaina, jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, vArANasI, 1665, pu0 62 tathA tula0 nizIthabhASya, 4. 1735. vahI, pR0 62. 'Similarly gaumdas village elders and headmen who were assigned lands and given fiscal and administrative rights in the medieval Deccan, did not belong to one single cast, and their modern representatives called 'gaudas' in Mysore are regarded as Sudras'. Sharma, R.S. Social Change in Early Medieval India, pp. 10-11. 8 6. vahI, pR0 10. 'za UdraHsyAt pAdajo dAso grAmakUTo mahattaraH / trikANDazeSa, 2.10.1. arthazAstra, 4.46. 'maiharo grAmapravaraH / meharo ityanye / ' dezInAmamAlA, 6. 121 tathA tula0 pAThabheda (1) mahara (2) mehada. 'mahavaro gahvarapati: / ' dezI0 6.123. jaina itihAsa, kalA aura saMskRti 83 '

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2 abhilekhIya sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para itihAsakAroM kI dhAraNA hai ki navIM zatAbdI I0 ke madhya taka 'mahattara' zabda kA sthAna 'mahattama' ne liyA thaa| pI0 vI0 kA mahodaya ke dvArA dI gaI sUcanA ke anusAra gupta kAlIna abhilekhoM tathA dAna patroM meM 'mahtta ra' kA ullekha AyA hai, inameM se jayabhaTTa ke eka dAna patra (5 vIM zatI I0) meM 'rASTragrAma mahattara' kA prayoga bhI milatA hai| pariNAmataH yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki grAma saMgaThana ke atirikta 'rASTra' ke saMdarbha meM bhI 'mahattara' nAmaka prazAsanika pada kA prayoga hone lagA thA / pAlavaMza ke dAna patroM meM 'mahattara' kA antima prayoga devapAla kA moMgyAra dAna patra hai / tadanantara navIM zatI I0 ke madhya bhAga meM 'mahattama' kA prayoga hone lagA thaa| devapAla ke nAlandA patra meM isakA sarvaprathama ullekha milatA hai / " tadantara trilocana pAla ke tAmra patra, govinda candra ke basaI- dAna patra, madana pAla tathA govinda candra ke tAmrapatra' govindacandra ke banArasa dAna patra' meM nirantara rUpa se 'mahattara' ke sthAna para 'mahattama' kA ullekha AyA hai / 12 vastuta: abhilekhIya sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para yaha dyotita hotA hai ki guptakAla ke uparAnta grAma saMgaThana kA vizeSa mahattva bar3ha gayA thA phalataH sAmanta paddhati kI vizeSa paristhitiyoM meM adhikAdhika vyaktiyoM ko santuSTa karane kI AvazyakatA anubhava hone lagI thI tathA bhUmidAna evaM grAmadAna ke rAjakIya vyavahAroM meM bhI vRddhi ho gaI thii| isa kAraNa 'mahattara' se bar3e pada 'mahAmahattara', 'rASTra mahattara,' 'bIthimahatara' Adi bhI astitva meM Ane lage the| 'mahAmahasara' kA ullekha dharmapAla ke salImapura dAna patra meM AyA hai jo abhaya kAnta caudhurI ke anusAra mahatta roM ke saMgaThana kI ora saMketa karatA hai / " 'mahAmahattara' sabhI mahattaroM ke Upara kA pada thA / vIthi mahattara' jilA stara para niyukta kiyA gayA rAjakIya adhikArI thA / guptavaMza varSa 120 dAna patra meM isakA ullekha AyA hai / ' 'rASTra mahattara' kA ullekha 'rASTragrAmamahattara' ke rUpa meM pUvIM zatAbdI I0 ke gupta lekha meM huA hai|" utaravartI madhyakAla meM 'rASTra mahata ke AdhAra para maMtrI Adi ke lie 'mahattara' kA prayoga hone lagA / vAstava meM guptakAla se lekara 12 vIM zatAbdI I0 taka ke kAla meM 'mahattara' eka sAmantavAdI alaMkaraNAtmaka pada ke rUpa meM prayoga kiyA jAne lagA thaa| samaya-samaya para tathA bhinna-bhinna prAntoM meM 'mahAra' ke prayoga ke vibhinna dRSTikoNa rahe the| jaina sAhitya tathA anya bhAratIya sAhitya ke 'mahattara se sambandhita vibhinna ullekha isa prakAra haiM 1. vimalasUri kRta prAkRta paumacariu meM mayahara ( mahattara) kA ullekha huA hai| eka sthAna para vijaya, sUryadeva, madhugandha, piMgala, aisA pratIta hotA hai ki paumacariya 'mahattara' ko zUladhara, kAzyapa, kAla, kSema nAma ke mayaharoM kA nirdeza bhI AtA hai| sAmAjika saMgaThana ke mahatvapUrNa vyakti ke rUpa meM varNita karatA hai| " 2. bANa ke harSacarita meM 'jaranmahattara" ko vyAkhyA karate hue vidvAnoM meM aneka matabheda haiN| pI0 vI0 kANe ke matAnusAra ise 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 6. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 84 Choudhary, Early Medieval Village, p. 218. tula0 Kavi Plate of Jayabhata (5th cent. A. D.), Indian Antiquary, Vol. V, p. 114, Maliya Plate of Dharasena II, Gupta Inscription No. 38, plate 164, p. 169; Abhona Plates of Sankaragana (595 A.D.), Epigraphia Indica, Vol. IX, p. 297; Palitana Plate of Simhaditya (Gupta year 255), E.I. Vol. XI, pp. 16, 18. Valabhi Grant of Dharasena II, ( Gupta year 252), I.4., Vol. 15, p. 187. I.A. Vol. V, p. 114. Monghyar Grant of Devapala. Nalanda grant of Devapala. I.A, Vol XVIII, pp. 33, ff. 1.4. Ibid, XIV, pp. 101, ff. 1.11. Ibid., XVIII, pp. 14, ff. 1.12. Ibid. II, plate No. 29, ff. 1.9. Khalimpur Plate of Dharmapala, E.I., Vol. IV plate No. 34, 1.47. Jbid, IV plate No. 34, 1.47. Indian Historical Quarterly, Vol. 19, plate 12, pp., 16, 21. 'rASTragrAmamahattara': paumacariu, 316-17. mArikA puraHsarabatarotA harSacarita, saptama ucchavAsa, sampA0 pI0 vI0 kANe, pR0 56. harSacarita, pR0 212, nirNaya sAgara saMskaraNa, bambaI, 1946 tathA tulanA kIjie- raghuvaMza, 1 eMva candraprabhacarita, 13.41. harSacarita, pR0 183, sampAdaka, pI0vI0 kANe, bambaI 1918. kumbhairupAyano yakRtadadhiguDakhaNDa kusuma karadaNDe dhaMna ghaTitapeTakai: sarabhasaM samutsarpadmi' AcAryaratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha

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grAma mukhiyA ( village head ) kI saMjJA dI gaI hai to kauvela' ke anusAra ise vayovRddha bujurga (aged elders) ke rUpa meM spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| 3. daNDI ke dazakumAracarita meM zatahali nAmaka vyakti ko janapada ke prazAsaka ke rUpa meM 'janapadamahattara' kI saMjJA dI gaI hai| 4. kalpasUtra kI TIkA meM Ae kauTumbikA (kauTumbiyA) ko 'grAmamahattara' ke tulya svIkAra karate hue use grAma-prabhu,avalagaka, kuTu mbI Adi zabdoM se spaSTa kiyA gayA hai|' 5. jinasena ke Adi purANa meM vibhinna rAjadarabArI adhikAriyoM ke prasaMga meM 'mahattara' kA bhI ullekha AyA hai| isake dUsare pATha meM 'mahattama' kA prayoga bhI upalabdha hotA hai| 6. somadeva ke yazastilaka campU kI TIkA meM rAjya ke aThAraha prakAra ke adhikArI padoM meM se 'mahattara' nAmaka pada kA ullekha bhI milatA hai| maMtrI ke ekadama bAda mahattara kA parigaNana karanA isake mahattva kA dyotaka bhI hai| 7. vIranandikRta candraprabhacarita mahAkAvya (970-675 I0) meM yuddha prayANa ke avasara para rAjA padmanAbha tathA usakI senA ke ahIroM ke ghoSa grAmoM ke nikaTa se jAne para kambala or3he hue gozAlAoM ke ahIroM-'goSThama hattaroM dvArA dahI tathA ghI ke upahAra se rAjA kA svAgata karane kA ullekha AyA hai| aisA hI saMdarbha kAlidAsa ke raghuvaMza meM bhI AyA hai kintu unhoMne vahAM para goSThama hattara' ke sthAna para ghoSavaddha' kA prayoga kiyA hai jo isa tathya kA sacaka hai ki kAlidAsa yugIna ghoSa grAmoM ke mukhiyA (ghoSavRddha) navIM dazavIM zatAbdI I0 meM 'goSThamahattara' ke nAma se prasiddha ho gae the| candraprabha mahAkAvya kI TIkA candraprabha kAvyapaMjikA meM 'goSThamahattara' ko 'gopAla-prabhu' arthAt 'ahIroM ke svAmI' ke rUpa meM spaSTa kiyA gayA hai hai| candraprabhacarita ke prastuta ullekha se jJAta hotA hai ki ahIroM ke grAmoM meM bhI 'mahattara' pada kA astitva A cukA thaa| ye 'mahanara' yuddha prayANa Adi avasaroM para rAjA ko upahAra dekara prasanna karate the tathA rAjA dvArA dAna meM dI gaI bhUmi ke anugraha kA bhugatAna bhI karate the| dazavIM zatAbdI I0 meM nirmita puSpadanta kRta jasaaracariu (yazodhara carita) meM kavi puSpadanta kA rAjA narendra ke nijI mahattara nanna ke nivAsa para rahane kA ullekha milatA hai| mahattara nanna maMtrI bharata kA putra thA tathA apane pitA ke uparAMta vaha hI maMtrI pada para AsIna huaa| isa ullekha se jJAta hotA hai ki dazavIM zatAbdI I0 meM dakSiNa bhArata ke rASTrakUTa zAsana meM 'mahattara' pada eka gauravapUrNa pada ho gayA thA jo maMtrI pada se thor3A hI kama mahattvapUrNa pada rahA hogaa| 1. hariSeNa kRta bRhatkathAkoza (10 vIM zatAbdI I0) meM azoka nAmaka dhanADhaya 'mahattara' dvArA gokula kI bhUmi adhigrahaNa karane ke 1. harSacarita, sampAdaka, kovela tathA thomasa, dillI, 1961, pa0 208. 2. tula0 'gRhapatizca mamAntaraGgabhUto janapadamahattaraH zatahaliralokavAdazIlamavalepavanta:' dazakumAracarita, ucchavAsa 3, pR0 77. 'kombikA: katipaya kuTumbaprabhavovalagakA: prAmama hattarA:, kalpasUtra 2.61 para uddhRta TIkA, Stien Otto. The Jinist Studies Ahmedabad, 1948, p. 79. 'sAmantaprahitAn dUtAna, dvAH sthairAnIyamAnakAn / saMbhAvayana yathoktena saMmAnena punaH punaH / / paracakranarendrANAmAnItAni mhttraiH| mhttmaiH| upAyanAni saMpazyan yathAsvaM tAMzca pUjayana // ' AdipurANa, 5.10.11 'senApatirgaNako rAjazreSThI daNDAdhipo mantrI mahattaro balavattarazcatvAro varNAzcaturaGgabalaM purohito'mAtyo mahAmAtyazcetyaSTAdazarAjJAM tIrthAni bhavanti' yazastilaka 1.16 para udadhRta TIkA. Kane, P.V., History of Dharmasastra, Vol. III, p. 113, fn. 148. 6. candrapramacarita, 13.1-41. 7. tula0 'rucirarallakarAjitavigrahaivihitasaMbhrama goSThamahattaraiH / pathi puro dadhisapirupAyanAnyupahitAni vilokya sa pipriye // candrapramacarita, 13.4.1. 'haiyaGgavInamAdAya ghoSavRddhAnupasthitAn / nAmadheyAni pRcchanto banyAnAM mArgazAkhinAm // raghuvaMza, 1.45. 6. tula.. goSThamaha tarai:-gopAlaprabhubhiH upahitAni mAnItAni / candraprabha, 13.41. para paJjikA TIkA.. 10. tula0- koMDillagottaNaha diNayayArAsu vallahaNariMdadharama haya rAm / NaNNaho maMdira NivasaMtu saMta ahimANamerukai pupphayaMt / / puSpadanta kRta jasaharacariu, 1.1.3-4, sampA. hIrAlAla, dillI, 1972. 11. puSpadantakRta jasaha racariu, bhUmikA, pR0 1. jaina itihAsa, kalA aura saMskRti

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lie prativarSa eka hajAra ghI ke ghar3e rAjA ko dene kI zarta kA ullekha AyA hai| azoka nAmaka isa mahattara' ne apanI donoM patniyoM ko saMtuSTa karane ke lie gokula ko do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kara pratyeka patnI ko pAMca sau ghI ke ghar3e dene kA dAyitva sauMpa diyaa| bRhatkathA ke isa ullekha se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki 'mahattara' pada rAjA dvArA kinhIM zartoM para diyA jAne vAlA pada vizeSa rahA hogaa| grAma saMgaThana ke saMdarbha meM 'mahattara' apane kAma ko AsAna banAne ke lie apanI patniyoM athavA anya logoM ko bhAgIdAra banA lete the| azoka nAmaka mahattara kI do patniyoM ko Adhe-Adhe grAma kA svAmI banA dene kA vRtAnta bhI grAma saMgaThana ke sAmantavAdI DhAMce ko vizada karatA hai| bRhatkathA ke eka anya sthAna para 'mahattarikA' kA bhI ullekha AyA hai jo saMbhavataH 'mahattaraka' kI patnI ho sakatI hai jisa para saMbhavataH prazAsanika jimmevArI bhI rahatI thii| bahatkathA koza meM eka sthAna para rAja darabAra meM bhI 'mahattaroM' kI upasthiti kahI gaI hai jo rAjakIya utsavoM ke avasara para yAcakoM ko dAna Adi dene kA kArya karate the| bRhatkathA koza ke 'kaDArapiGgakathAnaka' meM 'mahattara' ko mantrI ke rUpa meM bhI varNita kiyA gayA hai|' 10. nizItha cUrNI meM kaMcukI sadRza antaHpura ke karmacArI ke rUpa meM mahatsara' kA ullekha milatA hai| 11. kalhaNa kI rAjataraMgiNI meM mahattara' evaM 'mahattama donoM kA prayoga AyA hai jinameM 'mahattara' anta:pura kA rakSaka thA to maMtrI kalaza ke lie 'mahattama' kA prayoga huA hai| 12. kathAsaritsAgara meM milane vAle 'mahattara' ke sabhI prayoga anta:pura kA rakSaka (chamberlain) ke lie hI hue haiN| 13. mehera vaMzIya vAkhala' rAjakula meM utpanna maNDalIka nAgArjuna ke putra mahAnanda ko mehero dvija ballabhaH sahita: putrapautraizca' ke rUpa meM varNita karane ke kAraNa aisA pratIta hotA hai ki 14vIM zatAbdI IsvI meM 'mahattara' mUlIya meheravaMza varNa se dvija thaa| 14. bihAra meM 'mahattama' mUlIya mahatoM athavA mahato vaMza ke loga varNa se zUdra evaM brAhmaNa donoM hote the| 15. 17vIM zatAbdI I0 meM jaina lekhaka sAdhu sundaragaNi ne apane graMtha ukti ratnAkara meM 'mahattara' ke lie dezI zabda 'meharU' kA prayoga kiyA hai| hemacandra ke dezInAmamAlA" meM mahattara ke lie prayukta 'maihara' athavA 'meharo' ke bhASA zAstrIya vikAsakrama kI zRkhalA meM 'uktiratnAkara' meM ukta 'meharU' kI tulanA kI jA sakatI hai / aisA pratIta hotA hai ki bArahavIM zatAbdI IsvI bRhatkathAkoza, sampA0 e0 ena0 upAdhye, bambaI, 1. tula0 vArANasIsamIpe ca gaGagArodhasi sundaraH / palAzopapada: kUTo grAmo bahudhano' bhavat / bhAsIdazokanAmAtra grAme bahudhano dhanI / mahatta ro'sya bhAryA ca nandA tnmaanspriyaa| vRSabhadhvajabhUpAya ghRtakumbha sahasrakam / varSe varSe pradAyAste bhujAno gokulAni sa / dRSTavA prazoko mahArATi tathA nandAsunandayoH / prardhAdhaMgokulaM ka tvA dadau kaaryvickssnnH||' 1643, 21.3-4; 21.7.8. 2. tula0-'monopI papAtAza tanmaha tarikA vraa|' bRhatkathA, 73.53. 3. tula0-paTaTavandhaM vidhAyAsya karkaNDasya nraadhipaaH| maMtriNastalavargAzca vineyuH padapaGkajama // kanakaM rajata ratnaM taraGaga krivaahnm| sa dadurmahttarA hRSTA yAcakebhyo muhurmuhuH|| bRhatkathA-1.56.264-65. tathA-'satya kaDArapiDago'yaM manma hattaranandanaH' bRhatkathA0 82.35 4. - nizIthacUNI, 6. 5. tula* harSAntikaM daNDakAraNya: prAyAnnijama httr:|' rAjataraGgiNI, 7.656. 6. tula. 'maha tamasya putro hi prazastAvyasya so'bhavat / ' vahI, 7.438. 7. tula* 'kenA'yaM racitoDane ti so'pRcchacca mahatta raan| te ca nyavevasaMstasmai tu kartAraM tila kasva mAma // ' kathAsaritsAgara, 1.5.34. tathA-'etanmaha ta raktaH zrutvA sarve'pi tatkSaNam / saduktamevavaMtaditi tatra babhASire // kathA0 6.6.16. Discalker, Inscriptions of Kathiavada, p. 73. Choudhari, Early Medieval Village, p. 221. 10. uktiratnAkara, sampAdaka jinavijaya muni, rAjasthAna. 1957, pR. 27. 11. desonAmanAlA, 6-121. AcAryaratna bhI dezabhUSajI mahArAja abhinandana pratya

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meM 'mahattara' ke lie prayukta sabhI dezI zabda 'grAma mukhiyA' ke dyotaka the parantu dhIre-dhIre vaMza athavA jAti ke rUpa meM bhI inakA prayoga kiyA jAne lagA thA / yahI kAraNa hai ki 1326 I0 meM kAThiyAvAr3a se prApta zilAlekha meM 'mehera' ko dvija vaMza kahA gayA hai| isa prakAra mahattara evaM mahattama sambandhI upayukta sAhityika evaM abhilekhIya sAkSyoM ke pramANoM se yaha saSTa ho jAtA hai ki mahattara' grAma saMgaThana se sambandhita eka adhikArI vizeSa thaa| mahattara rAjya dvArA niyukta kiyA jAtA thA athavA nahIM isakA koI spaSTa ullekha nahIM milatA kiMtu madhyakAlIna Arthika vyavasthA meM 'mahattara' kI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA rahI thii| vaha grAma saMgaThana ke eka pramukha vyakti ke rUpa meM rAjA tathA usako zAsana vyavasthA se ghaniSTa rUpa se sambaddha thaa| pAMcavIM zatAbdI I0 ke uttaravartI abhilekhIya sAkSyoM meM mahattara' tathA 'mahattama' ke ullekha milate haiM jinakA sambandha prAyaH rAjAoM dvArA bhUmidAna Adi ke vyavahAroM se rahA thaa| itihAsakAroM dvArA pratipAdita yaha tathya ki vIM zatAbdI I0 ke uttarArdha ke uparAMta 'mahattara' ke sthAna para 'mahattama kA prayoga hone lagA thA, eka mahattvapUrNa tathya hai tathA yugona sAmaMtavAdI rAjya vyavasthA ke vyavahArika pakSa para mahattvapUrNa prakAza DAlatA hai| 'mahattara' kA 'mahattama' ke rUpa meM sthAnAMtaraNa kA eka mukhya kAraNa yaha bhI hai ki navIM zatAbdI I0 meM pAla vaMzIya zAsana vyavasthA meM 'uttama' nAmaka eka dUsare grAma saMgaThana ke adhikArI kA astitva A cukA thaa| 'uttama' kI tulanA meM 'mahattara' kI apekSA 'mahattama' adhika yuktisaMgata par3atA thaa| isa kAraNa 'uttama' nAmaka grAma mukhiyA se kucha bar3e pada vAlA adhikArI mahattama kahA jAne lagA thaa|' pAlavaMzIya dAna patroM meM 'mahattara'-'mahattama', 'kuTumbI' Adi ke ullekhoM se yaha bhI ghotita hotA hai ki sAmAnya kisAnoM ke lie 'kSetrakara' kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| 'kuTumbI' ina sAmAnya kisAnoM kI tulanA meM kucha vizeSa varga ke kisAna the jo vibhinna kuloM tathA parivAroM ke mukhiyA ke rUpa meM grAma saMgaThana se sambaddha the| usake uparAnta 'uttama' nAmaka grAmAdhikAriyoM kA sthAna AtA thA jo saMbhavata: 'kuTumbI' se bar3e hone ke kAraNa 'uttama' kahalAte the| ina 'uttama' nAmaka grAmAdhikAriyoM ke Upara 'mahattama' kA pada rahA thaa| pAlavaMzIya zAsana vyavasthA meM ina vibhinna padAdhikAriyoM ke krama ko isa prakAra rakhA jA sakatA hai kSetrakara 7 kuTumbI 7 uttama 7 mahattama 'uttama' nAmaka eka navIna padAdhikArI ke astitva se 'mahattara' ke pUrva pracalita pada ko dhakkA hI nahIM lagA apitu isake artha kA avamUlyana bhI hotA calA gyaa| bhAratavarSa ke kucha bhAgoM vizeSakara uttarapUrvI prAntoM tathA kazmIra Adi pradezoM meM 'mahattara' tathA 'mahattama' donoM kA prayoga milatA hai kintu 'mahattara' antapura ke rakSaka (chamberlain) ke lie prayukta huA hai jabaki 'mahattama' zAsana vyavasthA ke mahattvapUrNa vyakti ke lie AyA hai| kathAsaritsAra meM bhI 'mahattara' antaHpura ke rakSaka ke rUpa meM hI nirdiSTa hai| kintu gujarAta dakSiNa bhArata Adi prAntoM meM 'mahattara' ke avamUlyana kA kama prabhAva par3A tathA vahA~ 12vIM zatAbdI I0 taka bhI 'mahattara' ko grAma saMgaThana ke adhikArI ke rUpa meM mAnyatA prApta thii| 12vIM zatAbdI I. ke uparAnta 'mahattara' evaM 'mahattama' padoM ke prazAsakIya padoM kI lokapriyatA kama hotI gaI tathA isakI dezI saMjJAeM meharA, mehera, meharU, mahatoM Adi vaMza athavA jAti ke rUpa meM ruDha hotI calI gii| ina jAtiyoM meM kisI varNa vizeSa kA Agraha yadyapi nahIM thA tathApi zadra evaM nimna varNa kI jAtiyoM kA inameM prAdhAnya rahA thaa| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki madhya kAla meM ina jAtiyoM se sambaddha loga grAma saMgaThana ke mukhiyA rahe the evaM rAjakIya sammAna ke kAraNa bhI unakA vizeSa mahattva rahA thaa| phalataH ina mahattaroM kI Ane vAlI pIr3hiyoM ke lie 'mahattara' tathA usase sambaddha 'meharA', 'mahato' sambodhana garimA kA viSaya thaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki vartamAna kAla meM bhI mahattara-mahattama ke avazeSa vibhinna jAtiyoM ke rUpa meM surakSita haiN| Arthika dRSTi se inameM se kaI jAtiyAM Aja nidhana kRSaka jAtiyAM haiM kintu kisI samaya meM ina jAtiyoM ke pUrvaja bhAratIya grAmINa zAsana vyavasthA ke mahattvapUrNa padoM ko dhAraNa karate the| ThIka yahI siddhAMta 11vI 12vIM zatI I0 ke 'paTTakila' tathA Adhunika 'paTela' athavA pATila'; madhyakAlIna 'gaunDa" tathA Adhunika 'gaur3a'; madhyakAlIna 'kuTambI', Adhunika kunbI, kumi, koDI; 1. Discalker, Inscriptions of Kathiavada, p.73. I.A. Vol. XXIX, No. 7, 1.31. tula0 mahattamottamakuTumbI' Land grants of Mahipala I, IA. Vol. XIV, No. 23, 11.41-42. Choudhari, Early Medieval Village, p. 220. vahI, pR0 220. rAjataraMgiNI, 7.656 tathA 7.438. 7. Sharma, R.S., Social Change in Early Medieval India, p.10. 8. vahI, pR0. 10 jaina itihAsa, kalA aura saMskRti .

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madhyakAlIna, 'rASTra mahattara', 'Adhunika rAThaur3a'; madhyakAlIna raNaka, ThAkura, rauta,nAyaka tathA Adhunika rANA, ThAkura, rAvata, nAika Adi para bhI lAgU hotA hai| inameM se raNaka, ThAkura, rauta, nAyaka Adi katipaya ve upAdhiyAM thIM jo prAyaH zilpiyoM, vyApAriyoM Adi ke pradhAnoM ko sAmantI alaMkaraNa ke rUpa meM pradAna kI jAtI thIM tathA paravartI kAla meM ina alaMkaraNAtmaka padoM ke nAma para jAtiyAM bhI nirmita hotI calI gii| kuTambI - saMskRta 'kuTumbI bhASA zAstra evaM vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se avaidika evaM apANinIya prayoga hai| cAroM vedoM tathA pANini kI aSTAdhyAyI' meM isake prayoga nahIM milte| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki prAkRta kuDa dhAtu se niSpanna 'koDiyo' 'koDiya' 'koDa. mbiyoM' 'kuDumbI' Adi janapadIya dezI zabdoM kA saMskRtikRta rUpa 'kuTumba' athavA 'kuTumbI' hai| paravartI kAla meM saMskRta abhilekhoM ko granthoM Adi meM 'kuTumbI' kA jo artha vaiziSTya dekhA jAtA hai usakA prArambhika itihAsa prAkRta Agama granthoM meM vizeSa rUpa se sarakSita hai| hemacandra kI dezInAmamAlA meM Ae kuDubigraM/kuDacciyaM kA artha maithuna athavA surata kahA gayA hai| isa sambandha meM pizala kA vicAra hai ki kuDabidhe methunaparaka artha ke kAraNa hI vivAha saMsthA se jur3a gayA tadantara prAkRta 'kuTumba' 'parivAra' athavA gahasthAzrama kA dyotaka bana gayA / isa prakAra 'kuTumba' athavA 'kuTumbI' ke bhASA zAstrIya udgama para vaidika paramparA ke sAhitya kI talanA meM prAkRta jaina paramparA ke sAhityika sAkSya adhika upayogI prakAza DAlate haiN| vaidika paramparA ke sAhitya kI dRSTi se 'kuTumbI' kA chAndogyopaniSad meM sarvaprathama prayoga milatA hai jisakA prAyaH parivAra athavA gRhasthAzrama artha kiyA gayA hai| matsya purANa meM upalabdha hone vAle 'kuTumbI' viSayaka lagabhaga sabhI prayoga catatharyanta hai tathA brAhmaNa ke vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM hI prayukta hue haiN| dIkSitAra mahodaya ne brAhmaNa ke kuTumbI vizeSaNa ko eka aisA vizeSaNa mAnA hai jisase dAnagrahaNa ke adhikArI vizeSa kI yogyatA parilakSita hotI hai| isI sandarbha meM vAyupurANa ke ve ullekha bhI vidvAnoM ke lie vicAraNIya haiM jahAM saptaSiyoM ke svarUpa ko brAhmaNa-vaiziSTya ke rUpa meM ubhArA gayA hai tathA inheM gotra pravartaka mAnane ke sAtha-sAtha 'kaTambI' bhI kahA gayA hai / 12 kauTilya ke arthazAstra meM durga-niveza ke avasara para rAjA dvArA kuTumbiyoM kI sImA nirdhAraNa kI carcA 1. jagadIzacandra jaina, jana mAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR0 62. 2. Majumdar, N.G., Inscriptions of Bengal, III, No.5.36. 3. draSTavya-caturveda vaiyAkaraNa padasUcI, hoziyArapura, 1960. Katre, S.M., Dictionary of Parini, Poona, 1968, Part I, pp. 180-181. kalpasUtra, 2.61, propapAtikasUtra, 15.38, 48. dezInAmamAlA, 2.41. Pischel, R., The Desinamamala of Hemacandra, Bombay, 1938, p.3. 'kuTambe zucau deze svAdhyAyamadhIyAna:' chAndogyopaniSad, 8.15.1. 'kuTumbai gArhasthyocita karmaNi' chAndo, 8.15.1 para upaniSadbrahmayogI, pR. 225. tula0 'yo dadyAt vRSasaMyukta brAhmaNAya kuttumbine| zivaloke sa pUtAtmA kalpamekaM basennaraH / / paurNamAsyAM magho dadyAt brAhmaNAya kuTumbine / varAhasya prasAdena padamApnoti vaiSNavam / / dAtavyametat sakalaM dvijAya kuTumbine naiva tu dAmyikAya / samarpayedvipravarAya bhaktyA kRtAJjali: pUrvamudIrya mantram // saMkalpayitvA puruSaM sapadyaM dadyAdanekavratadAnakAya / avyaGa garUpAya jitendriyAya kaTumbine devmnuddhtaayaa| zarkarAsaMyuktaM dadyAd brAhmaNAya kuTumbine / ravi kAJcanakaM kRtvA palasyakasya dharmavit // ' matsyapurANa, 53.16, 53.40, 73.35, 66.15, 75.3, sampA. jIvAnaMda, kalakatA, 1876. 11. Dixitar, Purana Index. 12. tula0 vAyupurANa-61.62-66 tathA pranAmyavaMtaM yanti sma rasaizcaiva svayaM kRt:| kuTumbina Rddhimato bAha yAtara nivaasinH|| vAyupurANa, 61.66 gurumaDala sIrIja, kalakattA, 1956. AcAryarala zrI vezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana anya

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AI hai kintu isa sandarbha meM bhI 'kuTumbI' ke artha-nirdhAraNa meM mata-vaibhinya dekhA jAtA hai / kauTilya arthazAstra meM Ae isa 'kuTumbI' ko prAyaH 'gRhastha', 'zramika', 'nAgarika', nimna varga ke 'durgAntavAsI" Adi vividha arthoM meM grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai / isa prakAra IsvI pUrva ke prAcIna sAhitya meM upalabdha 'kuTumba' ke parivAra artha meM to koI Apatti nahIM kintu isase sambaddha 'kuTumbI' kA svarUpa saMdigdha evaM aspaSTa jAna par3atA hai / IsvI pUrva ke jaina Agama grantha tathA jaina zilAlekha 'kuTumbI' ke artha nirdhAraNa kI dizA meM hamArI bahuta sahA. yatA karate haiN| jaina Agama kalpasUtra meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ke AThaveM uttarAdhikArI sutthiya' dvArA 'kauTika' athavA 'koDiya'gaNa kI sthApanA karane kA ullekha AyA hai jo ki bAda meM cAra zAkhAoM meM vibhakta ho gayA thaa| saMbhavata: vAyu purANa meM gotra pravartaka 'kuTumbI' kalpasUtrokta 'koTika' athavA 'koDiya' se bahuta sAmyatA rakhatA hai| koDiya gaNa meM phUTa par3ane ke kAraNa jo cAra zAkhAeM athavA kula bana gae the unameM 'vaNiya' athavA 'vaNijja' nAmaka kula bhI rahA thA / kalpasUtrokta isa sAmAjika saMgaThana meM phUTa par3ane kI ghaTanA kI vAsiTThiputa-abhilekha (lyUDarsa saMkhyA-1147) se bhI tulanA kI jA sakatI hai / isa lekha meM kahA gayA hai ki madhyamavarga ke kRSaka tathA vaNika loga paraspara TUTakara svatantra gahoM tathA kuTumboM (kuloM) meM vibhakta ho gae the|" Siri Pulumayi ke anusAra ina gRhoM tathA kuTumboM ke mukhiyA kramaza: 'gRhapati' tathA 'kuTumbI' kahalAte the|" kalpasUtra tathA aupapAtika sUtra meM 'kauDumbiya' (kauTumbika) kA ullekha 'mADambiya' (mADambika)'talavara' Adi prazAsanika adhikAriyoM ke sAtha AyA hai, jo yaha siddha karatA hai ki jaina Agama granthoM ke kAla meM 'kauDumbiya' athavA 'kauTumbika' prazAsanika padAdhikAriyoM ke artha meM prayukta hone lagA thA / isa saMbandha meM kalpasUtra kI eka TIkA ke anusAra 'koDumbiya' athavA 'kauTumbika una aneka kuTamboM (kUloM) athavA parivAroM ke svAmI the jinheM prazAsakIya dRSTi se 'avalagaka' athavA 'grAma-mahattara' ke samakakSa samajhA jA sakatA thA - kauTumbikA:--katipayakadambaprabhavobalagakA: grAmamahattarA vA" prastuta TIkA meM Ae 'avalagaka' ko lagAna ekatra karane vAle grAmAdhikArI ke rUpa meM samajhanA caahie| baMgAla ke hajArIbAga jile ke 'dudhapani sthAna se prApta zilAlekha meM varNita eka ghaTanA ke anusAra rAjA AdisiMha dvArA bhramarazAlmali nAmaka pallI grAma meM grAmavAsiyoM kI icchA se eka dhana dhAnya sampanna vaNika ko 'avalagaka' ke rUpa meM niyukta karane kA ullekha AyA hai| vaha 'avalagaka' rAjA kA vizeSa pakSapAtI vyakti thA tathA pallI grAma kA rAjA kahalAtA thaa| isa zilAlekha se 'avalagaka' ko rAjya prazAsana kI ora se niyukta adhikArI ke rUpa meM siddha karane 2. tula 1. tula0-'karmAntakSetravazena vA kuTumbinA sImAnAM sthApayeta / ' arthazAstra, 2.4.22, saMpAdaka,TI. gaNapati zAstrI, trivendrama, 1924. tula0-'kuTumbiyoM' arthAta sAdhAraNa gRhastha ke kArakhAne, arthazAstra, anu0 rAmateja zAstrI, pR0 62. a 'Families of workmen may in any other way be provided with sites befitting their occupation and field work.' Sham Shastri, Kautilya's Arthasastra, Mysore, 1951/p.54. nagara meM basane vAle parivAroM ke lie nivAsa bhUmi kA nirNaya'-udayavIra zAstrI, manu0 arthazAstra, pR0 114. ___ kambinA dargAntavAsayitavyAnAM varNAvarANAM, karmAntakSetravazana"""sImAnaM sthApayeta / -arthazAstra, 2.4.22, TI0 gaNapati zAstrIkRta zrImala TIkA. 6. Sacred Books of the East, Vol. XXII, p. 292. 7. Buhler.J.G.. The Indian Sect of the Jainas, Calcutta, 1963, p.40. 8. vahI, pR040. 9. I.A., Vol. XLVIII, p. 80. vahI, pR0 80. 11. vahI, pR0 80. kalpasUtra, 2.61. bhopapAtika, 15. Stein, Otto, The Jinist Studies, p.79. 15. tala. 'mAlavana'-phasala kATanA (la) tathA 'pArvana'-pahalI phasala jo gRha devatAoM ko samarpita kI jAtI hai| -Turner, R.L., A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo Aryan, London, 1912, p. 62. 16. Stein, Otto. The Jinist Studies, p. 80. 17. vahI, pR0 80. 14. jaina itihAsa, kalA aura saMskRti ..... -

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ke lie prAmANika AdhAra milatA hai tathA isI rUpa meM 'kuTumbI' ko bhI samajhA jA sakatA hai| madhyakAlIna grAma saMgaThana ke Arthika pakSa para prakAza DAlane vAle isa zilAlekha ke ullekhAnusAra 'avalagana' (prema upahAra)ko rAjA taka pahuMcAne vAle vyakti kI 'avalagaka' saMjJA thii| saMbhavataH prArambha meM kaTI huI phasala ke rAjakIya bhAga se isakA abhiprAya rahA hogaa| kintu bAda meM kisI bhI vyakti se sambandha acche karane ke lie bhI kisI prakAra kA premopahAra denA 'avalagana' kahalAne lgaa| madhyakAlIna arthavyavasthA meM isakA vizeSa pracalana ho gayA thaa| 'kuTumbI' ke kozazAstrIya artha kA bhI rocaka itihAsa hai / amarakozakAra (5vIM zatI I0), 'kuTumbinI' tathA 'kuTumbavyAvana' zabdoM ke ullekha to karate haiM kintu svatantra rUpa se 'kuTumbI' ke kisAna arthaparaka paryAyavAcI zabdoM kA kahIM bhI ullekha nahIM krte| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki amarakoza ke kAla meM 'kuTumbI' ko kisAna ke paryAyavAcI zabdoM meM sthAna nahIM mila pAyA thaa| unhoMne kisAna ke kSetrAjIvI', 'karSaka:', 'kRSika:', 'kRSivala:' kevala cAra paryAyavAcI zabda ginAe haiM jabaki dasavIM zatAbdI I0 meM nirmita halAyudha koza meM ina cAra paryAyavAcI zabdoM ke atirikta 'kuTumbI' bhI jor3a diyA gyaa| isa prakAra halAyudha koza ne sarvaprathama dasavIM zatAbdI I. meM 'kaTumbI' ke 'kisAna' artha ko mAnyatA dI tadanaMtara hemacandra ne bhI ise paramparAgata rUpa se kisAna ke paryAyavAcI zabda ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara liyaa| 12vIM zatAbdI I0 meM hemacandra kI dezInAmamAlA meM 'kuTumbI' se sAdRzya rakhane vAle aneka prAkRta zabda milate haiM unameM 'kuDucciam" tathA 'koDio" mahattvapUrNa haiN| hemacandra ne 'kuDucciam' kA artha surata athavA maithuna kiyA hai kintu 'koDiyo' ko eka aise vyakti ke rUpa meM spaSTa karane kI ceSTA kI gaI hai jo grAma bhoktA hotA thA tathA chala-kapaTa se grAmavAsiyoM ko paraspara lar3A-bhir3Akara gAMva meM apanA Adhipatya jamA letA thA-'meeNa grAmabhottA ya koMDio'-koMDiyao bhedena grAmabhoktA aikamanyaM grAmINAnAmapAsya yo mAyayA grAma bhanakti / " isa prakAra dezInAmamAlA se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki prAkRta paramparA se cale A rahe 'koDumbiya' 'koDiya' Adi prayoga hemacandra ke kAla taka 'koDio' ke rUpa meM grAmazAsana ke adhikArI ke lie vyavahRta hone lagA thaa| sAtavIM zatAbdI I. bANaracita harSacarita meM kuTumbiyoM ke jo ullekha prApta hote haiM unake sambandha meM do tathya mahattvapUrNa haiM / eka to 'kuTumbI' kA prayoga 'agrahAra' 'grAmayaka' 'mahattara' 'cATa' Adi ke sAtha huA hai jo spaSTa pramANa hai ki 'kuTumbI' bhI grAmeyaka 1. tala. Turner. Comparative Dic. p. 62; Stein, The Jinist Studies. p.80. fn. 172. 2.. tantrAraNya (pR0 18). hemacandrakRta pariziSTaparva (8,12) tathA paMcatantra (kilahAnaM saMskaraNa pR028) meM 'avalagana' ko kisI vyakti ke vizvAsa jItane evaM usake prati bhAdara vyakta karane ke lie prayukta kiyA jAtA thaa| aoTo sTena kA vicAra hai ki rAjA ke lie svaicchika upahAra dene kI paramparA kA ullekha rAmAyaNa prAdi granthoM ke atirikta rudradAmana zilAlekha prAdi meM bhI hugrA hai / ataeva unhoMne kalpasUtra kI TIkA ke eka uddharaNa para apanI pratikriyA vyakta karate hue kahA hai ki abalagana prama-kara hotA thaa| 'kauTumbika' madhyama varga ke logoM kA pratinidhitva karate hue eka dAyitva ke rUpa meM rAjA ko svaicchika upahAra tathA kara ityAdi bheMTa karate the| 'So we are entitled to translate avalagana "Love-tax" and avalagaka-n, is evidently the same while the masculine is the donor--an avalagana (ka), Kautumbika would be therefore the representatives of the middle-class, which had the duty to present to the king voluntary presents, taxes.'-Stein, The Jinist Studies, p. 81-2. 3. tula0 'bhAryA jAyAdhabhUmnidArA: syAtta kuTambinI' amara0 2.6.6 tathA 'kuTumba vyAptatastu yaH syAdabhyAgArika:' amara0 3.111. 4. kSetrAjIva: karSakazca kRSikazca kRSIvala: / ' amara0 2.6.6. 5. tula. 'kSetrAjIva: kRSika: kRSivalaH karSaka: kaTambI ca / ' abhidhAnaratnamAlA. 2.416. abhidhAnacintAmaNi, 3-554. viSaSTizalAkA0, 2.4.173 tathA 2 4.240. dezInAmamAlA, 241. dezInAmamAlA, 2.48. .. 10. 'kuDuccimaM surae', dezI0 2.41. 11. dezI02.48. AcAryaratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana anya

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yaka Adi ke samAna prazAsanika adhikArI rahA hogaa| dUsare rAjA harSa digvijaya ke avasara para kisI vana grAma meM kuTumbiyoM ke gharoM ko dekhakara vahAM rahane lagate haiM / phalataH ye 'kuTumbI' sAmAnya kisAna na hokara rAjA ke vizvAsapAtra vyakti rahe hoMge jinapara yuddha prayANa Adi ke avasara para rAjA tathA usakI senA ke rahana-sahana tathA bhojana Adi kI vyavasthA kA dAyitva bhI rahatA thaa| isa prakAra harSakAlIna bhArata meM kuTumbI grAma saMgaThana ke prazAsanika DhAMce se pUrNataH jur3a cuke the| kAtyAyana ke vacanAnusAra zrotriya vidhavA, durbala Adi kuTumbI ko 'rAjabala' mAnA gayA hai tathA inakI prayatna pUrvaka rakSA karane kA nirdeza diyA gayA hai| madhyakAlIna bhArata ke mahattvapUrNa grantha somadeva ke nItivAkyAmata (10vIM zatI I.) meM kuTumbiyoM ko bIjabhojI kahA gayA hai tathA unake prati anAdara kI bhAvanA abhivyakta kI gayI hai| isI prakAra nItivAkyAmata meM rAjA ko nirdeza die gae haiM ki ve dyUta Adi vyasanoM ke atirikta kAraNoM se Ae hue kuTumbiyoM ke ghATe ko pUrA kareM tathA unha mUladhana dekara sammAnita kreN| nItivAkyAmRta ke ina ullekhoM se spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki 'kuTumbI' rAjA ke prazAsana meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna rakhate the kintu sAmantavAdI bhoga-vilAsa tathA sAmAnya kRSakoM ke sAtha durvyavahAra karane ke kAraNa inakI sAmAjika pratiSThA samApta ho cakI thii| nItivAkyAmata meM sAmAnyatayA kisAna ke lie zadrakarSaka prayoga milatA hai ataeva 'kuTumbI' ko una dhanadhAnya sampanna kisAnoM ke vizeSa varga ke rUpa meM samajhanA cAhie jo paravartI kAla meM jamIMdAra ke rUpa meM apanA mahattvapUrNa sthAna banA sake the / bArahavIM zatAbdI I0 madhyakAlIna sAmantavAdI arthavyavasthA kI carama pariNati mAnI jAtI hai| isa samaya taka grAma saMgaThana parNata: sAmantavAdI pravRttiyoM se jakar3a lie gae the| isakA pariNAma yaha huA ki grAma saMgaThanoM ke kuTumbI Adi ThIka usI prakAra samajhe jAne lage the jaise sAmanta raajaa| hemacandra ke triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita mahAkAvya meM yuddha prayANa ke avasara para grAmAdhIza Adi svayaM ko kaTambiyoM ke samAna kara dene vAle tathA adhIna rahane vAle batAte haiN| triSaSTi0 meM eka dUsare sthAna para kaTambiyoM ko senA tathA sAmanta rAjAoM ke samAna adhInastha mAnA gayA hai| hemacandra ke triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita meM Ae ye ullekha yaha 1. 'kvacidasahAya: klezAjitaka grAmaka TumbisampAditasIdatsaurabheva........ kvacinnarapatidarzanaka ta ralAdubhayata: prajavitapradhAvita grAmeyakajanapadaya mArgagrAmanirgata rAgrahArikajAlma: puraHsarajaranmahattarombhitAmbhaH kumbhairupAyanIkRtya dadhiguDakhaNDaka sumkrdnnddairdhnghttitpettk:|' harSacarita, saptama uccha vAsa, 10,56,- sampAdaka-pI0 bI0 kANe, dillI, 1965. 2. 'poSyamANavanaviDAlamAludhAnanaka lazAlijAtajAtakAdibhiravika TumbinAM gRharupeta vanagrAmaka' dadarza tavaM va caavsditi|' harSacarita, pR066. harSacarita meM pAe kaTumbI viSayaka anya ullekha--- 'patnabITAvRtamukha: pItaka :ruDhavAriNA pura:saravamavalIvardayugasareNa nakaTika ka Tumbilokena kASThasaMgrahArthamaTavIM pravizatA:' harSa, pa068. -'so'yaM sujanmA magahItanAmA tejasAM rAzi: caturudadhikedArakuTambI bhoktA brahmastambhaphalasya sakalAdirAjacaritajayajyeSThamallo devaH paramezvaro hrss:|' harSa0 pa0 35. -'prAtivezyaviSayavAsinA naikaTikaTu mbikalokena' harSa010 226. 3. Thapar Romila, A History of India, Part I, Great Britain, 1974, pp. 242-43. 4. 'zrotriyA vidhavA bAlA balAzca kaTumbinaH / ete rAjabalA rAzA rakSitavyA prytntH||' (kAtyAyana), kRtyakalpataru, rAjadharmakANDa, bhAga 11, pR.84. 'bIjabhojina: kuTumbina iva nAstyadhArmikasyAya tyAM kimapi zubham / ' nItivAkyAmRta, 1.45. 'mavyasanena kSINadhanAn mUladhanapradAnena kuTumbina: pratisambhAvayet / ' nItivAkyAmRta, 17.53. nItivAkyAmRta, 16.8. "Out of the revenue retained by the vassal he was expected to maintain the feudal leview which underlying his oath of loyality to his king, he was in duty bound to furnish for the king's services. To break his oath was regarded as a heinous offence.' Thapar, Romila, A History of India, Part I, p. 242. taNa viSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita, 2.4.170-72. 'kaTambikA haba kyaM karadA vazagAzca vaH / ' viSaSTizalAkA0, 2.4.173. 1.. 'kuTumbinaH pattayo vA sAmantA vA tvdaajnyyaa| prataH paraM bhaviSyAmastvadadhInA hi naH sthitiH||' viSaSTizalAkA0,2.4.240 jaina itihAsa, kalA aura saMskRti

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spaSTa kara dete haiM ki bIsvarUpa se kRSaka avazya rahe hoMge kyoMki samagra kRSakadAsoM para ve Adhipatya karate the kintu ye vAstavika vyavasAya karane vAle kisAna nahIM the / hemacandra dvArA abhidhAna cintAmaNi meM kozazAstrIya artha ke rUpa meM 'kuTumbI' ko kRSaka' mAnanA artha kI dRSTi se paramparAnumodita tathA yuktisaMgata hai kintu laukika vyavahAra kI prAsaMgikatA kI dRSTi se 'kuTumbI' dezInAmamAlA meM kahe gae koDija' ke yA jo prAmabhoktA hone ke sAtha-sAtha chalakapaTapUrNa vyavahAra se grAmavAsiyoM ko parezAna karatA thA ki rAjA ke vizvAsapAtra tathA vinamra sevaka ke rUpa meM rAjA ko hara prakAra se sahAyatA karatA thA / madhyakAlIna Arthika vyavasthA evaM sAmudAyika DhAMcoM ke sandarbha meM itihAsakAroM tathA purAtatvettAoM ne 'kuTumbI' sambandhI jina mAnyatAoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai, unameM pro0Ara0 esa0 zarmA kA mantavya hai ki madhyakAlIna 'kuTumbI' vartamAna kAlika bihAra evaM uttara pradeza kI zUdra jAti 'kurmiyoM' tathA mahArASTra kI 'kunbiyoM' ke mUla vaMzaja rahe the| pro0 zarmA ke anusAra madhyakAlIna bhArata meM hue sAmAjika parivartanoM ke phalasvarUpa vaizyoM tathA zUdroM ke vyavasAyoM meM kAphI parivartana A cuke the| gupta kAla kI uttarottara zatAbdiyoM meM zUdroM ne vaizyoM dvArA apanAI jAne vAle kRSi vyavasAya ko prArambha kara diyA thaa| sAtavIM zatAbdI I0 ke sAGga tathA gyArahavIM zatAbdI I0 ke alabarUnI ne isa tathya ko svIkAra kiyA hai ki zUdra kRSi kArya meM laga cuke the tathA vaizyoM evaM zuddhoM meM rahana-sahana kI dRSTi se bhI koI vizeSa bheda nahIM raha gayA thaa| isI aitihAsika evaM sAmAjika pariprekSya meM pro0 zarmA 'kuTumbiyoM' ko sambhavataH eka aisI kRSaka jAti se jor3anA cAhate haiM jo varNa se zUdra thii| DI0 sI0 sarakAra tathA vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla kI bhI yahI dhAraNA hai ki 'kuTumbI' uttara bhArata kI 'kulambI' athavA 'kunbI' jAti ke loga rahe hoNge| isa prasaMga meM Tarnara mahodaya kI iNDo Aryana DikzanarI' ke ve tathya bhI upayogI samajhe jA sakate haiM jinameM unhoMne saMskRta 'kuTumba' tathA prAkRta 'kuTumbI' ko mAnaka pUrvI hindI tathA sindhI ke 'kursI' pazcimI hindI ke 'kubI', gujarAtI ke 'kabI' tathA bahamI purAnI gujarAtI ke 'kalambI' 'marAThI ke 'kalAbI' tathA 'kunbI' kA mUla mAnA hai|' bhASA zAstrIya isa sarvekSaNa ke AdhAra para sabhI prAntoM meM bolI jAne vAlI 's 1 bhASAoM meM 'kisAna artha ko ekarUpatA dekho jAtI hai| isa prakAra itihAsakAroM tathA kozakAroM ne 'kuTumba' zabda ke kevala usa pakSa ko spaSTa kiyA hai jisake AdhAra para 'kuTumbI' ko 'kRSaka jAti' ke rUpa meM spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai| kintu 'kuTumbI' kA vartamAna samAdhAna vyavahArataH sarvathA pUrNa nahIM hai / abhilekhIya sAkSyoM tathA aneka sAhityika sAkSyoM ke aise uddharaNa die jA sakate haiM jinase yaha bhAvanA dRr3ha hotI jAtI hai ki 'kuTumbI' logoM kI grAma saMgaThana ke dharAtala para eka aisI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA rahI hogI jisake kAraNa 'kuTumbI' rAjA tathA kisAnoM ke madhya bIca kI kar3I rahe hoMge jisake kAraNa unheM grAma prazAsana kA mahattvapUrNa adhikArI mAnA jAne lagA thA / madhyakAlIna grAma saMgaThanoM ko grAmonmukhI tathA Atma nirbhara artha vyavasthA ne bahuta prabhAvita kiyA jise itihAsakAra sAmantavAdI artha vyavasthA ke rUpa meM bhI spaSTa karate haiN|" guptavaMza' tathA pAlavaMza' ke dAna patroM se usa vyavasthA ke usa Arthika evaM rAjanaitika DhAMce kI puSTi hotI hai jisake antargata aise aneka prazAsakIya padoM kA astitva A gayA thA jo bhUmidAna tathA grAmadAna ke saMvaidhAnika vyavahAroM kI dekha-rekha karate the / isa sandarbha meM 'kuTumbI' pada vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya hai / " madhyayugIna dakSiNa bhArata ke grAma saMgaThana ke sandarbha meM yaha bhI ullekhanIya hai ki pallavavaMzIya rAjAoM ke kAla meM 'koDhukka pille' nAmaka eka adhikArI ke pada kA astitva rahA thaa|" isa adhikArI kA mukhya karttavya grAma dAna tathA grAmoM se Ane 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 5. EUR. 10. 11. 2 abhidhAnaciMtAmaNi, 3 . 554. Sharma, Social Changes in Early Medieval, p. 11. vahI, pR0 11. Sircar, D.C., Select Inscriptions, Vol. I, Calcutta, 1942, p. 498. vAsudevazaraNa agravAla, harSacarita eMva sAMskRtika adhyayana, paTanA, 1653, pR0 181, pAda0 4. Turner, R.L., A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London, 1912, p. 165. Ara0 esa0 zarmA, bhAratIya sAmantavAda, anu0 zrAditya nArAyaNa siMha, dillI, 1973, pR0 1 2. Puri, B N., History of Indian Administration, Vol. I, Bombay, 1968, p. 138. Choudhari, Early Medieval Indian Village, p. 220. Indian Historical Quarterly, Vol. XIX, p. 15. Meenakshi, C., Administration & Social Life under the Pallavas, Madras, 1938, p. 56. AcAryaratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha

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vAle 'parihAra' Adi karoM se sambandhita vyavahAroM ko dekhanA thaa| parihAra' Adi karoM ke sambandha meM yaha jAnanA Avazyaka hai ki ye kara grAmoM se prApta hone vAle aThAraha prakAra ke kara the jinakI sUcanA bhI pallavavaMza ke abhilekhoM se prApta hotI hai| isa prakAra dakSiNa bhArata meM 'kuDambanI' athavA 'koDiya' kI sAmyatA para 'koDukkapilla' nAmaka prazAsakIya pada svarUpa se vizuddha rAjakIya adhikArI kA pada rahA thA tathA yaha grAma saMgaThana ke Arthika DhA~ce ko niyatrita karatA thaa| isa prakAra 'kuTumbo' viSayaka jaina sAhitya evaM jainetara sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki prArambha meM 'koDiya' ke rUpa meM guptakAlIna evaM madhyakAlIna 'kuTumbI' samAja saMgaThana kI nyUnatama ikAI-parivAra athavA kula ke pradhAna ke rUpa meM pratinidhitva karate the| tadanantara pAMca athavA usase adhika parivAroM ke samaha - 'grAma' ke saMgaThanAtmaka DhAMce meM unakA mahatvapUrNa sthAna banatA gyaa|' madhyakAlIna grAma saMgaThana meM 'mahattama' athavA 'mahattara' se kucha choTe pada ke rUpa meM unakI prazAsakIya sthiti rahI thii| yahI kAraNa hai ki bhUmidAna tathA grAmadAna sambandhI abhilekhIya vivaraNa 'karada-kaTambA' ke rUpa meM inakI upasthiti Avazyaka mAnate haiN| itihAsakAroM ne kurmiyoM tathA kunbiyoM ke rUpa meM jisa kaSaka jAti ko kuTumbiyoM kA mUla mAnA hai vaha usa avasthA kA dyotaka hai jaba 'kuTumbI' grAma prazAsana kI apekSA gotra athavA jAti ke rUpa meM adhika lokapriya hote cale gae the tathA saMgaThanAtmaka DhAMce meM inakA sthAna 'jamIMdAroM' Adi ne le liyA thaa| kuTumbI ke sambandha meM yaha bhI ullekhanIya hai ki ye adhikAMza rUpa se zUdra the| brAhmaNa Adi varNa ke rUpa meM bhI inakA astitva rahA thA / adhikAMza grAma zUdroM dvArA basAye jAne ke kAraNa hI vartamAna meM zUdra kunbiyoM tathA kubhiyoM kI saMkhyA adhika hai| dakSiNa kI jaina jAtiyA~ dakSiNa mahArASTra aura karnATaka prAnta meM (maisUra sTeTako choDakara) janoM kI kevala cAra jAtiyA~ haiM, (1) paMcama, (2) caturtha, (3) kAsAra bogAra aura (4) zetavAla / pahale ye cAroM jAtiyA~ eka hI thIM aura 'pacama' kahalAtI thiiN| paMcama' yaha nAma varNAzramI brAhmaNoMkA diyA huA jAna par3atA hai| prAcIna jainadharma janmataH varNavyavasthA kA virodhI thA, isalie usake anuyAyiyoM ko brAhmaNa loga avahelanA aura tucchatAkI dRSTise dekhate the aura cAturvarNase bAhara pA~ca varNakA arthAt 'paMcama' kahate the| jisa samaya jainadharmakA prabhAva kama huA aura use rAjAzraya nahIM rahA, usa samaya dhIre dhIre yaha nAma rUDha hone lagA aura antatogatvA svayaM janadharmAnuyAyiyoM ne bhI ise svIkAra kara liyA ! aisA jAna par3atA hai ki navIM dasavIM zatAbdike lagabhaga yaha nAmakaraNa huA hogaa| isake bAda vIrazaiva yA liMgAyata sampradAyakA udaya huA aura usane ina jainoM yA paMcamoMko apane dharma meM dIkSita karanA zurU kiyaa| lAkhoM jaina liMgAyata bana gaye; parantu liMgAyata ho jAnepara bhI unake pIche pUrvokta 'pacama' vizeSaNa lagA hI rahA aura isa kAraNa isa samaya bhI ve 'paMcama ligAyata' kahalAte haiN| usa samaya taka caturtha, zetavAla Adi jAtiyA~ nahIM banI thIM, isa kAraNa jo loga jainadharma chor3akara liMgAyata hue the, ve 'paMcama liMgAyata' hI kahalAte haiM 'caturtha liMgAyata' Adi nhiiN| dakSiNameM mAlagujAra yA nambaradArako pATIla kahate haiM / vahA~ke jisa gA~va meM eka pATIla liMgAyata aura dUsarA pATIla jaina hogA, athavA jisa gA~vameM liMgAyata aura jaina donoMkI bastI hogI, vahA~ ligAyata paMcama jAtike hI Apako mileMge aura jisa gA~vameM pahale jainoMkA prAbalya thA, vahA~ke sabhI liMgAyata paMcama hoNge| aneka gA~va aise haiM, jahA~ke jana pATIloM aura liMgAyata pATIloMmeM kucha pIr3hiyoMke pahale paraspara sataka taka pAlA jAtA thA / jisa gA~vake jaina pATIloMmeM caturtha aura paMcama donoM bheda haiM, vahA~ke liMgAyata pATIla kevala paMcama haiN| isase mAlama hotA hai ki liMgAyata sampradAyake janmase pahale bArahavIM zatAbdi taka sAre dAkSiNAtya jaina paMcama hI kahalAte the, caturtha Adi bheda pIcheke haiM / dakSiNake adhikAMza jaina brAhmaNa bhIjo upAdhyAya kahalAte haiM-paMcama-jAtibhakta haiM, catarthAdi nhiiN| isase bhI jAna par3atA hai ki ye bheda pIche ke haiN| -zrI nAtha rAma premI 9. Aiyangar, K.V.R., Some Aspects of Ancient Indian Polity, Madras, 1938, pp. 118-9. 2. vahI, pR0118. 3.. tula. agniparANa, 165.11, tathA dezI0, 2.48, 4. mohana canda, jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM pratipAdita sAmAjika paristhitiyAM (zodhaprabandha), dillI vizvavidyAlaya, dillI, 1977, pR0 234. jaina itihAsa, kalA aura saMskRti . ..