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________________ jaina sAhitya ke Adya puraskartA DA0 jyotiprasAda jaina jaina anuzruti ke anusAra lekhana kalA kA Avi - sarra karmabhUmi, yA sabhya yuga, ke udayakAla meM Adi puruSa bhagavAna RSabhadeva ne kiyA thaa| unakI prathama ziSyA, jisake nimitta se unhoMne isa krAntikArI kalA kA AviSkAra kiyA thA, svayaM unakI suputrI brAhmI thii| yahI kAraNa hai ki bhArata kI prAcIna lipi brAhmI lipi ke nAma se prasiddha huI / sindhu ghATI kI prArgetihAsika sabhyatA ke avazeSoM meM prApta lekhAMkita mudrAe~ isa bAta kA asaMdigdha pramANa haiM ki aba se cha:sAta sahasra varSa pUrva bhI bhAratavAsI lekhanakalA se bhalIbhA~ti paricita the aura loka vyavahAra meM usakA paryApta upayoga karate the / isake pazcAt eka aisA dIrghakAlIna antarAla par3A pratIta hotA hai jisameM lekhanakalA bahuta kucha upekSita rahI tathAkathita vaidika yuga meM lekhana kA pracAra bahuta virala rahA pratIta hotA hai / tathApi Rgveda vizva pustakAlaya kA adhunAjJAta sarvaprAcIna grantha mAnA jAtA hai, aura isakA racanAkAla do sahasra varSaM se lekara eka sahasra IsvI pUrva ke madhya anumAna kiyA jAtA hai| vedoM kI 'brAhmaNa' aura 'AraNyaka' nAmaka prAraMbhika vyAkhyAoM meM se kucha eka, kaI eka upaniSad mUla dharmazAstra aura saMbhavatayA kucha eka dArzanika sUtra bhI, 6ThI - 5vIM zatI IsvI pUrva taka ra aura likhe jA cuke vizvAsa kiye jAte haiM / indra aura pANini ke vyAkaraNa, suzruta kI saMhitA (vaidyaka zAstra ), aura kauTilya kA mUla arthazAstra bhI 5vIM aura 3rI zatI IsvI pUrva ke madhya likhe jA cuke the, aisA kahA jAtA hai / kintu, sindhughATI kI ukta mudrAoM ke atirikta prAyaH aura koI bhAratIya zilAlekha yA abhilekha aisA abhI taka prApta nahIM huA hai jisakA samaya nizcita rUpa se chaThI zatI I. pUrva se pahile kA sthira kiyA jA sake / brAmhaNoM, bauddhoM yA jainoM ke kisI bhI grantha kI prAyaH eka bhI aisI prati abhI taka prApta nahIM huI hai jise asaMdigdha rUpa se do purAnA bhI kahA hajAra varSa jA ske| Upara jina granthoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai ve avazya hI maurya yuga ke anta ( lagabhaga 200 I. pU.) ke pUrva kI sahasrAbdi meM race jA cuke the / kintu race jAne ke sAtha-hI-sAtha ve lipibaddha bhI kiye jA cuke the, yaha kevala anumAna hI hai, nizcaya ke sAtha kucha nahIM kahA jA sakatA / astu, yadyapi isa bAta meM prAyaH sandeha nahIM hai ki saMsAra kI prAcIna sabhya jAtiyoM meM bhAratIya jAti hI lekhana kalA kA AviSkAra evaM prayoga karanevAlI 237
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________________ kadAcit sarvaprathama jAti thI, tathApi yaha bhI spaSTa hai yAyiyoM kA sAhityika itihAsa abhI taka paryApta ki mahAvIra aura buddha ke samaya taka likhane kA praca ra aspapTa eva vivAdagrasta banA huA hai| vaha adhikAMzataH atyanta virala rahA thaa| kama-se-kama, jahA~ taka dharma- anumAnoM, kalpanAoM, dhAraNAoM aura manamAnI mAnyazAstroM yA dhArmika sAhitya kA sambandha hai, bhArata ke tAoM para AdhArita hai| AcArya zaMkara aura maha kavi prAcIna RSi muni aura AcArya apanI smRti para hI kAlidAsa jaise paryApta paravartI vyaktiyoM kI tithiyoM adhika nirbhara rahate the aura likhane ke jhaMjhaTa meM par3anA ke sambandha meM bhI abhI taka ekamata nahIM ho pAyA hai| pasanda nahIM karate the| zra ti, smati, Agama Adi zabda vibhinna vidvAnoM ke bIca ina viSayoM meM do-cAra varSoM bahuta pIche Akara gha.mika sAhitya ke aGgaka vizeSoM yA do-cAra dazakoM ke nahIM, varan zatAbdiyoM kA, aura ke liye rUr3ha hue, prArambha meM yaha saba prAyaH paryAyavAcI kabhI-kabhI sahasrAbdiyoM kA matabheda pAyA jAtA hai| the-jo paramparA se smRti meM surakSita rahatA AyA hai, isake atirikta, uttarottara sammilita kiye jAte rahe maukhika dvAra se upadezA jAtA rahA hai aura kAnoM se kSepakoM, saMvardhanoM, parivardhanoM Adi ke kAraNa IsvI jise sunate cale Aye haiM vahI smRti, Agama yA zruti san kI prathama sahasrAbdi meM race gaye granthoM ke bhI rUpa dharmazAstra thaa| mahAvIra aura buddha ke pazcAt bhI vartamAna meM upalabdha saMgkaraNa bahuta hI kama aise haiM jo zatAbdiyoM paryanta bhAratavarSa meM dharmopadeza, maulika nizcayapUrvaka mUla racanAoM kI yathAvata pratilipi kahe zikSaNa-prazikSaNa, tathA vyaktigata evaM rAjanaitika loka- jA ske| vyavahAra bhI maukhika-zAbdika hI rahatA rhaa| likhane yA likhita vastuoM kA sahArA bahuta kama liyA jAtA ataeva, jahA~ hama tIrthakara pAzrva aura mahAvIra thA / yadi aisA na hotA to pAzrva, mahAvIra, vuddha Adi ke sambandha meM, mahAvIra kI ziSya paramparA meM honeke upadeza turanta hI athavA thor3e samaya uparAnta hI vAle guraoM ke sambandha meM jaina sAhitya praNayana ke prAlipibaddha kara liye jAte / yaha kArya ukta dharmopadeSTAoM raMbhika itihAsa ke sambandha meM prAcIna jainAcAryoM evaM ke cAra-pA~ca sau varSa pazcAt hI Arambha huaa| tIsarI- grantha kAroM aura unakA kRtiyoM ke sambandha meM prAyaH dUsarI zatI I. pUrva se bhAratavarSa meM likhane kA pracAra, nizcayapUrvaka yaha kaha sakate haiM, ki amuka vyakti, racanA aneka kAraNoM se, paryApta drata vega se bar3hA / usI ke yA ghaTanA kI tithi yaha hai usakA pUrvApara yaha hai, phalasvarUpa bhArata ke pustaka sAhitya kA vAstavika ityAdi, aura isI prakAra jahA~ hama yaha bhI prAyaH praNayana prArambha huaa| jainoM ora boddhoM ke pustaka nizcayapUrvaka kaha sakate haiM ki pAli tripiTaka sarvaprathama sAhitya nirmANa kA itihAsa dUsarI phl| zatI isvI IsvI pUrva prathama zatAbdI ke madhya ke lagabhaga siMhala deza pUrva se Age nahIM jAtA, aura brAmhaNa paramparA ke meM saMkalita evaM lipibaddha hae aura bhArata bauddhoM ke viSaya meM bhI yaha nizcayapUrvaka nahIM kahA jA sakatA pustaka sAhitya kA itihAsa kuSANa kAla (2rI zatI ki ve isa sambandha meM jainoM aura bauddhoM se kucha bahuta I.) meM mahAkavi azvaghoSa aura dArzanika nAgArjuna ke Age rahe haiM / antara itanA hI hai ki jainI loga apane sAtha prArambha huA, brAhmaNa paramparA ke granthakAroM aura sAhityika itihAsa ke viSaya meM bahuta sAvadhAna, ImAna- dhAmika athavA laukika granthoM ke sambandha meM vaisI koI dAra aura yathArthavaktA rahe haiM, / bauddhoM kA sAhityika bAta nizcayapUrvaka kahanA nitAnta kaThina hai| tathApi, itihAsa bhI siMhalI, cInI, tibbatI, varmI Adi jina vizeSajJa vidvAnoM ne isa sambandha meM vaijJAnika bhAratetara sAdhanoM ke AdhAra para bahuta kucha ThIka ThIka paddhati se vidhivat anusaMdhAna kiyA hai, unakA yaha nirmANa ho cukA hai| kintu vaidika paramparA ke anu- prAyaH nizcita mata hai ki vartamAna hindu paramparA ke 238
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________________ pustaka sAhitya ke itihAsa kA vAstavika prArambha zuga the| inakA sanizcita samaya 877-777 I. pUrva hai| kAla meM brAhmaNa punarutthAna se hI kiyA jAnA caahiye| inake dvArA upadezita dvAdazAMga zrata kA pracAra vAstava meM isa paramparA ke vartamAna meM upalabdha mahAvIra aura buddha ke samaya taka barAbara banA huA thaa| pustaka sAhitya kA adhikAMza, jisameM vaidika saMhitAe~ antima tIrthaMkara varddhamAna mahAvIra 'nirgrantha jJAtaputra' (apane antima rUpa meM), nirukta, adhikAMza upaniSadeM, (599-527) vrAtya kSatriyoM kI bajji jAti ke vaizAlI zra tiyA~, smati yA dharmazAstra, dArzanika sUtra, gaNatantra (gaNarAjya saMgha) ke argata kuNDagrAma ke vAlmIki kI rAmAyaNa, sauti kA mahAbhArata (jo licchaviyoM ke jJAtaka vaMzI rAjaputra the| tIsa varSa mUlataH daza-sahasrI thI, aba jaisI zata-sahasrI nahIM), kI avasthA meM isa bAlabramhacArI ne gRha kA parityAga tathA viSNu purANa Adi prAcInatama purANagrantha, karake bAraha varSa paryanta kaThina AtmasAdhanA kI / phalazuga kAla aura gupta kAla ke madhya, arthAta 3-2rI zatI svarUpa kaivalya kI prApti karake arhata tIrthakara ke I. pU. se lekara 4-5vIM zatI IsvI ke bIca hI race gaye rUpa meM tIsa varSa (557-527 I pU.) paryanta deza-videza haiM / laukika kAvya nATakAdi, klesikala saMskRta sAhitya meM vihAra karate hae 'sarva satvAnaM hita sukhAya' tIrthaMkaroM tathA jyotiSa, gaNita, vaidyaka Adi vaijJAnika sAhitya ke dvavAda zAMga meM nihita siddhAntoM kA nirantara pracAra adhikatara gupta kAla evaM guptottara kAla kI dena haiN| kiyaa| unake pradhAna gaNadhara indra bhUti gautama ne pUrvavartI isa brAmhaNa punarutthAna evaM pustaka sAhitya pravartana tIrthaMkaroM ke gaNadharoM kI bhAMti hI, apane guru tIrthake pramukha Adya puraskartA maharSi pataJjali, kAmandaka, kara mahAvIra ke upadezoM kA sAra dvAdazAGaga zrata vAlmIki, sauti, yAska, vAtsyAyana, kAtyAyana, Izvara ke rUpa meM saMkalita kiyA arthAt use bAraha aGgoM aura kRSNa, Adi vidvAna the| caudaha prakIrNakoM meM vibhAjita kiyaa| pratyeka aMga __ meM bhI kaI upavibhAga haiM, vizeSakara bArahaveM dRSTipravAha astu, kyA Azcarya hai ki usa samaya ke pUrva aMga ke pA~ca vibhAga haiM:-jinameM eka kA nAma 'pUrva' kA bhI prAyaH koI ullekhanIya pustaka sAhitya vidyamAna hai / pUrvo kI saMkhyA 14 hai| isa prakAra dvAdazAGga nahIM thaa| unakA dharmazAstra yA Agama jo dvavAdazAGaga zruta kahalAtA hai, sarvaprathama atyanta prAcIna samaya meM zrata ko bahudhA gyAraha aGka-caudaha pUrva' bhI kahate haiM / bArahaveM aMga kA hI eka anya bheda 'prathamAnuyoga' hai sabhya yuga ke udaya kAla meM hI-prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva dvArA pratipAdita kiyA gayA thaa| unake pazcAta jisa para samasta jaina purANa sAhitya AdhArita hai / ye eka ke bAda eka aThAraha tIrthakaroM ne usI satya kA aMGaga pUrva vidhivat 'vastuoM, adhikAroM' aura 'prAbhRtoM' pratipAdana kiyaa| tadanantara, rAmAyaNa meM vaNita ghaTanAoM meM vibhAjita haiN| yahI bhASAbaddha mUla jinAgama yA aura rAma-rAvaNAdi ke samaya meM 20veM tIrthakara jaina dhArmika sAhitya hai| sarvajJa vItarAga hitopadezI jA muni suvRtanAtha ne usI upadeza kI prAyaH pUnarAvatti kii| guNoM se viziSTa tIrthaMkaroM dvArA upadezita aura parama itihAsakAra ina ghaTanAoM kA samaya lagabhaga 2000 jJAnI-dhyAnI tapasvI gaNadharoM dvArA guthita evaM saMkalita I. pU. anumAna karate haiN| 21veM tIrthakara naminAtha jinAgama yA dvavAdazAGaga zra ta meM sampUrNa mAnavI AdhyAthe aura 22veM tIrthakara ariSTanemi the jo nArAyaNa tmika jJAna kA sAra samanbita hai / gautamAdi gaNadharoM kRSNa ke tAujAta bhAI the aura mahAbhArata kAla (anu- ke pazcAt vaha Agama jJAna yA jaina tha ta sAhitya gurumAnataH 15vIM zatI I. pUrva) meM vidyamAna the| 23 veM ziSya paramparA meM maukhika dvAra se pravAhita huA aura tIrthakara pArzvanAtha vArANasI ke uragavaMzI rAjakumAra lagabhaga sAta zatAbdiyoM taka mokhika pravAha kI isa 236
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________________ paramparA ko pUrNa sakSama jJAnI-dhyAnI tapasvI vigranthA- the| dUsarI zAkhA jo kAlAntara meM zvetAmbara nAma se cAryoM ne surakSita banAye rkhaa| prasiddha huI vaha apanI paramparA meM surakSita avaziSTa zrutAgama ko hI mAnya karatI thii| usane bhI usakI maukhika dvAra se guru-ziSya paramparA meM zra tajJAna vA~canA evaM saMkalana karane kA prayAsa kiyA / ataeva kA pravAha to calatA rahA, kintu aneka kAraNoM se, usameM eka-eka karake AgamoM kI tIna bA~canAe~ huIMcauthI zatI IsA pUrva ke madhya ke uparAnta usake vistAra do mathurA meM aura eka vallabhI meM / saurASTra ke vallabhI meM dra tavega se hrAsa hone lagA, matabheda aura pAThabheda nagara meM AcArya devaddhigaNi kSamAzramaNa ke netRtva meM, bhI utpanna hone lge| ataeva dUsarI zatI IsAparva ke pA~cavI zatI IsvI ke madhya ke lagabhaga sampanna tIsarI madhya ke lagabhaga kaliMga cakravartI mahAmeghavAhana khAravela vAcanA meM hI isa paramparA meM surakSita AgamoM kA kI preraNA se mathurA ke jaina saMgha ke AcAryoM ne zrata saMkalana evaM lipibaddhIkaraNa huaa| yaha bhI mUla dvAdasaMrakSaNa kI bhAvanA se sarasvatI andolana calAyA, zAMga zruta kA atyanta alpAMza hI thaa| tathApi, AgamoM jisakA pradhAna uddezya Agama sAhitya ko pustakArUr3ha ke isa prakAra pustakArUr3ha hone se una para race jAnevAle karanA tathA dhArmika pustaka praNayana thA / jJAna kI niyukti, cUNi, bhASya, TIkA Adi atyanta vipula vyAkhyA adhiSThAtrI pustakadhAriNI sarasvatI devI ko ukta sAhitya ke lie dvAra unyukta ho gyaa| vividha viSayaka, Andolana kA pratIka banAyA gyaa| phalasvarUpa IsvI vibhinna bhASAoM aura zailiyoM meM anaginata svatantra sana ke prArambha ke AsapAsa digambarAcArya kundakunda, racanAe~ bhI racI jAne lagI, aura ubhaya sampradAya ke lohArya, zivArya Adi ne paramparAgata zruta ke AdhAra manISI AcArya jaina bhAratI ke bhaDAra ko uttarottara se pAhur3a Adi grantha race, aura guNadharAcArya evaM dharasenA samRddha se samRddhatara karate gye| cArya ne tathA unake suyogya ziSyoM AcArya AryamaMkSu, nAgahasti, puSpadanta, bhUtabali Adi ne avaziSTa AgamoM ke astu, jaina dhArmika sAhitya ke Adya prastotA to mahatvapurNa aMzoM kA upasaMhAra karake unheM pustakArUr3ha RSabhAdi-mahAvIra paryanta caubIsa tIrthakara bhagavAna haiM... kiyaa| umAsvAti, vimalasUri, samantabhadra, yativRSabha unake bAda gautamAdi gaNadhara bhagavAna aura bhadrabAhu Adi anya kaI AcAryapuMgavoM ne bhI dhArmika sAhitya ke prabhRti zrutakevali haiM, aura anta meM kundakundAdi-devaddhi vividha aMgoM kA AgamAdhAra se praNayana kiyaa| paryanta zrutadhara AcArya puMgava haiN| isa kAla meM jaina saMgha do bhAgoM meM vibhakta ho cukA thaa| digambara AmyanA ke muni svayaM ko mUlasaMdhI kahate 240