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________________ jaina purAtatva evaM kalA madhusUdana narahari dezapAnDe jaba hama prAcIna bhAratIya sthApatya-zilpa aura citra- rahatI hai, lekina isa zailI ke aise parivartana meM Azaya, kalA ke vikAsa kA vihaMgAvalokana karate haiM taba hameM eka preraNA aura prANatatva kI dRSTi se mUlabhUta parivartana kamI viziSTatA pratIta hotI hai ki ina kalAoM ke vikAsa hotA hI nahIM / apitu parivartana ke svarUpa meM parivardhana, kA eka akhaNDa aura zaktizAlI pravAha rahA hai| jo saMzodhana aura saMvardhana hotA hai| isIlie mAratIya loga aisA samajhate haiM ki bauddha, hindU aura jaina dharmA- kalA ke prAMgaNa meM Azaya, preraNA aura prANadhiSThita kalA kA pRthaka-pRthak pravAha rahA hai; vAstava meM tatva kI dRSTi se sarvatra ekarUpatA hI dRSTigocara hotI unako bhAratIya saMskRti kA marma hI jJAta nahIM hai, aisA hai| aise kalA-pravAha meM alaga-alaga srota kI kalpanA kahanA pdd'egaa| bhAratIya kalA ke vikAsa meM dhArmika karanA, vaisA hI hAsyAspada hogA, jaisA ki triveNI sthaloM ko saundarya pUrNa vikAsa karane kI bhAvanA, mUti- pravAha se gaMgA, yamunA aura sarasvatI ke srotoM ko pUjA aura tadanusaMgika dharmAcaraNa meM preraNAdAyaka hotI alaga krnaa| bhAratIya saMskRti ke garbha se paidA hue hai| rAjA ho yA dhanika dAtA ho yA sAmAnya mAnava AcAra, vicAra aura saMskArita hue kalAtmaka mAnaho, hara eka ne apanI-apanI ruci ke anurUpa bhAratIya bindu, jaba tatkAlIna kalA mAdhyama se apanA rUpa saMskRti ke kalA bhaNDAroM se adbhuta evaM sundara ratna dhAraNa karate haiM taba unameM pRthakatva dekhanA bhAratIya nikAle haiN| aura apanI-apanI niSThA aura zraddhA ke kalA saMskRti kI mahatI paraMparA para anyAya karane ke anurUpa kalAtmaka vastu yA vAstu kA nirmANa kiyA samAna hai| hai; una sabhI kA mUlyAMkana aura rasAsvAdana bhI bhAratIya kalA ke AviSkAra ke rUpa meM hI honA caahie| hara eka jaisA ki IsA pUrva tIna zatAbdi se mathurA nagarI zailI meM kama yA adhika vaiziSTya jarUra hotA hai parantu bauddha, hindU aura jaina kalA kA mAyakA mAnA jAtA bhAratIya kalA ke puSpahAra meM dharmaniSTha pRthakatva kI hai| parantu vahA~ kI kalA "bhAratIya kalA" isI nAma kalpanA karanA sarvathA ayogya aura anucita hai| vaise se jAnI pahacAnI jAtI hai| vahA~ ukta tInoM dharma dekhA jAya to zailI bhI kAlAnurUpa parivartita hotI pracalita the| apane-apane dharma ke anuyAyI ahamahamikA 155
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________________ kI bhAvanA se stUpa, mUrti, bhavana aura prAsAda nirmANa saMskRta bhASA ko tyAga karake unhoMne ahiMsA aura karane lge| hara-eka ke pIche jo Azaya aura racanA tyAgamaya naitika jIvanayukta tatvajJAna kA upadeza kA DhaMga thA, usake pIche thor3I-sI bhinna (alaga) preraNA lokabhASA meM diyaa| itanA hI nahIM unhoMne mokSa kA thI paraMtu kalAmUlya aura kalA mAdhyama kI dRSTi se una dvAra janasAdhAraNa ke lie khola diyaa| yajJa kAMDa saba meM eka vilakSaNa sAmya pratIta hotA hai| gupta pracura brAhmaNI varcasva aura jAtiniSTha paraMparA se kAlottara banAe hue jaina aura hindU mandira sthApatya janatA ko nikAlakara mukti kA eka prazasta mArga aura kalA kI dRSTi se alaga nahIM haiN| viSaya alaga dikhAyA / unhoMne brAhmaNa kI vyAkhyA hI badala ho sakate haiM lekina unakA kalAtmaka rUpa sampUrNa DAlIekAtmaka evaM bhAratIya hai| isa pArzvabhUmi meM bhAratIya kalA meM jainoM kA yogadAna kyA rahA hai ? isakA na hi muDie samaNo, na oMkAreNe bambhaNo / na maNI raNavAseNa, kasacIreNa, na taavso|| sAmAnya paricaya isa saMkSipta lekha meM diyA jA rahA hai| paraMtu isase pahale jaina dharma ke udgama aura vikAsa samayAe samaNo hoI, bambhacAreNa bambhaNo : nANeNa ca muNI hoI, taveNa hoi taavso|| para dRSTipAta karanA upayukta hogaa| (uttarAdhyayanasUtra) zrI varddhamAna mahAvIra svAmI jainoM ke caubIsaveM tIrthakara mAne jAte haiN| isa varSa hama unake mahAnirvANa ___ arthAt muDana karane se koI zramaNa nahIM hotA, kI 25 vIM zatAbdI manA rahe haiM / unase pahale oMkAra kA japa karane se koI brAhmaNa nahIM hotA, paraMparA ke anusAra 23 tIrthakara ho cuke the| unameM araNyavAsa karane se koI muni nahIM hotA aura kuzavastra se teIsaveM tIrtha kara pArzvanAtha the, jo mahAvIra svAmI pahanane se koI tapasvI nahIM hotaa| apitu samabhAva se ke mahAnirvANa se 250 varSa pUrva ho cuke the| aise zramaNa; brahmacarya pAlana karane se brAhmaNa, jJAna se muni vizvasanIya pramANa milate haiM ki ve eka zreSTha aiti aura tapa se tapasvI hotA hai| hAsika puruSa the| unhoMne "cAujjAma dhamma" (cAra vratoM kA dharma) pratipAdita kiyaa| usI ko "paMca bhagavAna mahAvIra lokAbhimukha netRtva se sAmAnya sikhkhio" (paMca mahAvratayukta) banAkara mahAvIra jI ne janoM ko tarkapradhAna vicAra karane meM baDI sahAyatA punaH pratipAdita kiyA aisA ullekha uttarAdhyayana sUtra milii| isa prakAra IsA pUrva 6vIM zatAbdI meM lagAyA meM milatA hai| "cAujjamoM yA jo dhammo, jo imo gayA nava vicAra aura navadharma kA nanhA-sA paudhA aba paca sikkhio / desio baddhamANeNa pAseNa ya mahAmunI" mahAvakSa bana gayA hai aura usake puSpaparimala se Asetu yaha caturyAma dharma hai, jisakA pratipAdana mahAmuni himAcala paryanta kI bhArata bhUmi sugandhita ho gayI hai| pArzvanAtha ne kiyA thA aura yaha paMcazikhA yukta dharma hai jisakA pratipAdana varddhamAna mahAvIra jI ne kiyaa| prAkRta (ardha-mAgadhI bhASA) meM racita Agama bhagavAna mahAvIrajI kI sabase bar3I vizeSatA yaha thI sAhitya, zvetAmbara aura digambara jaina sAhitya, ki unhoMne isa dharma kA upadeza loka bhASA meM kiyA, mahArASTrI apabhraMza meM aura saMskRta bhASA ke antargata "savvANugAmiNIe sakkara madhurAe bhASAe" arthAt vividha TIkA sAhitya paitRka daina ke rUpa meM bhArata kI sabako sahajarUpa se samajha meM AnevAlI zarkarA ke saba bhASAoM ko prApta huA hai| isa sAhitya sampadA samAna madhura bhASA kA sahArA liyaa| ucca varga kI kA parIkSaNa bhAratIya saMskRti ke vikAsa ke sabhI 156
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________________ srotoM para prakAza DAlatA hai, jaise sAhitya, sthApatya, kSetra meM atyanta mahatva kA kArya kiyA hai, yaha eka kalA, tatvajJAna, sAmAjika jIvana, dharmAcaraNa aura bar3A virodhAbhAsa hai| lekina vastusthiti aisI hai ki eka bhAratIya bhASAoM kA kramika bikAsa ityAdi / isa dharma tarapha zramaNoM ne apane jIvana meM asidhArA jaise vratI ke vikAsa meM cedi kaliMga napati khAravela se kuSANa, jIvana kA Adarza sa~bhAlA aura sAtha-hI-sAtha sAhitya gupta, cAlukya, rASTrakUTa, cola, pAMDya, gaMga, paramAra, aura kalApremI zrAvaka-zrAvikAoM ne apane svAbhAvika candela, yAdava, hoyasala, vijayanagara Adi aneka kalA prema se isa dharma ke tatvajJAna ke sAtha-sAtha susaMgata rAjavaMza napatiyoM aura ghanika zreSThiyoM tathA zrAvaka- kalA sAdhanA bhI Arambha kii| jaina dharmAvalambI dhanika zrAvikAoM kA ullekhanIya yogadAna rahA hai| itanA zreSThiyoM ne sthApatya kalA meM agragaNya mAne jAne vAle hI nahIM mugala samrATa akabara ke vicAroM para bhI jaina jina-devAlaya banAye aura bhAratIya sthApatya kalA ko mata kA prabhAva par3A thaa| mahAtmA gAMdhIjI kI vicAra- samaddha bnaayaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra jI kI pramukha kAryadhArA para bhI jaina dharma aura AcAra kA gaharA prabhAva bhami bihAra rAjya thii| unakA janma vaizAlI ke nikaTa dikhAI par3atA hai| kuDalapura grAma meM huA thA aura kevala jJAna kI prApti ke uparAMta mahAvIra jI ne magadha deza kI rAjadhAnI prAcIna bhArata meM isa dharma kI nIMva samaNa (zramaNa) rAjagaha meM aMgadeza kI rAjadhAnI campA meM, videha ke nAma se saMbaMdhita kiye jAnevAle aura eka sthAna se antargata mithilA meM tathA zrAvastI meM apane varSAvAsa dUsare sthAna para akhaMDa paribhramaNa karanevAle atyanta / kaThina vratadhArI sAdhuoM ne DAlI thii| zramaNoM kI eka bahuta prAcIna paraMparA hai| prAcIna jaina aura bauddha jaina kalA kA pahalA AviSkAra bAGamaya meM aise zramaNa samudAyoM kA ullekha milatA hai: jaina mUrtikalA kA pahalA AviSkAra yathArtha rUpa se hamako bihAra meM dikhAI detA hai| paTanA saMgrahAlaya meM "saMbahulA nAnAtiththiyA nAnA diThiThakA, rakhI eka mastakahIna digambara tIrthakara pratimA, jo nAnA rucikA, nAnAdiThinissanissitA," nissathAnassitA," lohAnIpura se prApta huI thI, maurya bhUrtizilpa kI taraha camakadAra pAlizayukta hai / bihAra meM baksara ke nikaTa arthAt "bahuta bar3I saMkhyA meM aneka guruoM ko causA grAma meM pAI gaI eka zatAbdI IsA pUrva kI, mAnanevAle, vividha AcAra-vicAra, vividha yoga, kaSANakAlIna RSabha va pArzvanAtha kI kAMsya pratimAe~ pravRti ke vividha rucivAle aura vividha dArzanika atyanta prAcIna mAnI jAtI haiM / vicAradhArA meM vizvAsa karane vAle aise vividha ye donoM pratimAe~ paTanA saMgrahAlaya meM surakSita haiN| sampradAya vAle bhAratasamAja kI pArzvabhUmi para buddha aura mahAbIra dIpastambha jaise dikhAI dete haiN| unhoMne kaliMga, saurASTra aura mahArASTra kI prAcIna dIrgha aura gaharA vicAra maMthana karake apanI svatantra jaina guphAe~ anubhUti se navIna dharma kI nIMva ddaalii| bauddha dharma ko mAdhyama mArga (majjimA paTipadA) ke rUpa meM hama saba maurya varcasva ke pazcAtU kaliMga deza ke cedi jAnate haiN| jaina mata meM ugra tapasyA abhipreta hai| nRpati khAravela ne IsA pUrva kI dUsarI zatAbdI meM jaina parantu aise kaThora tapasyA mArgI paMtha ne bhI kalA ke dharmI zramaNoM ke lie kalAtmaka guphA-samUha utkIrNa karake 157.
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________________ rANI gumphA kA suvikhyAta dumaMjilA zailagRha, udayagiri (IsA pUrva, 2-rI zatAbdI) rANI gumphA meM utkIrNa zilpapaTTa udayagirI (IsA pUrva, 2-rI zatAbdI)
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________________ eka apratima kalA Adarza prastuta kiyaa| ye gUphA samUha saurASTra meM jUnAgar3ha ke nikaTa aura bhAvanagara ke bhuvanezvara nagara ke nikaTa khaMDagiri aura udayagiri pAsa talAjA meM jaina guphA samuha kSatrapoM ke kAla meM nAmaka pahAr3oM meM sthita haiN| udayagiri pahAr3a para hAthI utkINita mAnA jAtA hai| uparakoTa kI guphA meM sthita nAmaka guphA meM khAravela kA eka suprasiddha zilAlekha hai, stambha zIrSa vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya hai / jisakA prArambha hI "namo arihaMtANaM namo sabasidhAna" arthAt arhat aura siddha ke namaskAra se hI huA hai| mahArASTra meM sahayAdri parvata mAlA para IsA pUrva khAravela kI agramahiSI ne svapnapurI ke lekha meM likhA dUsarI zatAbdI se lekara 6vIM aura 7vIM zatAbdiyoM hai-"arahaMta pasAdAya kaliMgana samanAnaM leNasiri taka ke zaila mandira pAye jAte haiM / jisameM ajantA, khAravelasa agama mahisina kaariyaam'| udayagiri sthita elaurA kAralA, bhAjA, pitarakhorA, elIphainTA Adi rANI gumphA aura gaNeza gumphA nAma se suvikhyAta dumaMjile bauddha aura hiMdU, guphAeM suvikhyAta haiN| hAla hI meM zilAgRhoM meM sundara zilpapaTa utkIrNa kiye gaye haiN| pUnA ke pAsa kAralA aura bhAjA bauddha guphAoM ke pAsa inakA viSaya pArzvanAtha ke jIvana se sambaddha prasaMgoM se pAlegA~va kI eka guphA meM IsA pUrva prathama zatAbdI kA hogA, aisA kaI vidvAnoM kA mata hai| ye sundara zilApaTa zilAlekha milA hai| "namo arahaMtANaM' se yaha lekha zailI kI dRSTi se bhAjA aura bharahuta zilpakalA ke Arambha kiyA gayA hai / yaha prAcIna guphA jaina sAdhuoM samAna dikhAI dete haiN| khaMDagiri guphA samUha meM AThavIM ke nivAsa ke lie sAtavAhana rAjAoM ke varcasva kAla aura navamIM zatAbdI meM utkIrNa kaI jina-pratimAe~ meM banAI gaI hogI, aisI sambhAvanA hai| upalabdha huI haiN| pAlegAMva (pUnA) kI guphA meM prApta navIna zilAlekha 156
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________________ mathurA nagarI aura jaina kalA zilApaTTa para loNazodhikA nAma kI vaizyA kI putrI mathurA eka kalAnagarI ke rUpa meM prAcIna bhArata vasu dvArA arahata devakula ko dAna dene kA ullekha hai / meM aneka zatAbdiyoM taka vikhyAta rahI hai| kuSANa isa paTTa para eka stUpa va sopAnayukta toraNa aura aura guptakAla meM kalAvaMtoM ne isa nagarI ko devAlayoM, pradakSiNApatha bahuta hI kalAtmaka r3haga se citrita kiyA arhata AyatanoM, stapa aura matiyoM se suzobhita kiyaa| gayA ha / kuSANakAla gayA hai| kuSANakAlIna pArzvanAtha kI mUrti, jo mathurA yahA~ kI zilpa zAlAoM meM banAI huI lAla raMga saMgrahAlaya meM surakSita hai, eka utkRSTa kuSANakAlIna kI prastara mUrtiyA~ sAranAtha, baudhagayA Adi zilpakalA kA namUnA mAnI jAtI hai / mahAvIrajI kI sthAnoM para bhejI jAtI thIM / mathurA meM kaMkAlI janmakathA se saMbandhita hariNa-gamezI kI mUrtiyA~ bhI TIlA nAmaka eka prAcIna sthAna hai / aisA anumAna milI haiN| gae tIna sAla se kaMkAlI TIle para puna: lagAyA jAtA hai ki isa TIle ke sthAna para IsA pUrva utkhanana kArya ho rahA hai| isake phalasvarUpa yahA~ eka dvitIya zatAbdI meM eka jaina bastI rahI hogii| vartamAna atIva sundara pakkI IToM kI banI kUSANakAlIna zatAbdI ke Arambha meM yahA~ para khadAI karane para puSkariNI milI hai / isameM eka khaMDita pratimA jo kuSANakAlIna AyAgapaTTa milA, jisa para aSTamaMgala lekhAMkita hai, prApta huI hai| eka vizeSa ullekhanIya sahita madhyavartI jina pratimA utkIrNa hai / dUsare eka lekha kI upalabdhi, jo isa pUSkariNI se huI hai, usameM AyAgapaTra para maMgala cinha sahita madhyavartI jina pratimA (mathurA se prApta) dUsarI zatAbdI
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________________ mathurA se prApta dUsarA AyAgapaTTa sopAnayukta toraNa aura pradakSiNApatha sahita kuSANakAlIna stUpa (mathurA myUjiyama) kaniSka prathama ke paMcama varSa meM vizAkhamitrA dvArA guptakAlIna jaina kalA kiye dAna kA ullekha, kadAcita isI puSkariNI se sambandhita hai / dUsarI bhI kaI sundara jaina pratimAyeM sa guptakAla meM hindU mandiroM kA prAthamika svarUpa prApta huI haiN| nizcita hone lagA thaa| madhyapradeza meM sAMcI, devagaDha, 161
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________________ nAcanA kuthArA, tigovA Adi sthaloM para hindU maMdiroM akoTA (prAcIna aMkoTaka) nAmaka sthAna gujarAta kA nirmANa ho rahA thA / devagar3ha ke pAsa aneka jaina meM bar3audA ke nikaTa hai / yahA~ 1949 meM DA. yU. pI. devAlaya aura unake avazeSa maujUda haiM / unakA kAla zAha ke prayatnoM se eka advitIya 68 jaina dhAtu mUrtiyoM guptakAlottara 8 yA 9vIM zatAbdI kA batAyA kA saMgraha prakAza meM aayaa| yahA~ para aMkoTaka-vasati jAtA hai| yahA~ ke aneka zilpoM para guptakAla kA nAma kA jaina maMdira rahA hogA / isa saMgraha kI kAMsya prabhAva dikhAI detA hai / devagaDha, lalitapUra, caMderI, matiyoM para gUptazilpa kalA kA prabhAva dikhAI detA cA~dapura, Adi sthaloM para sahastroM kI saMkhyA meM jaina hai| RSabhanAtha kI kAyotsarga pratimA aura jIvanta pratimAoM kA nirmANa kiyA gayA aura tatkAlIna svAmI kI pratimA ke Upara guptakAla kA saundarya yathArtha maMdiroM meM unakI pratiSThApanA kI gii| isa pradeza rUpa se dikhAI detA hai| yahA~ 7, 8, 9, 10vIM zatAbdI meM guptakAlIna jaina maMdira milane kI saMbhAvanA kI kAMsya pratimAe~ bhI pAI gaI haiM, jo bar3audA ke hai| vidizA se do jina pratimAoM para rAmagupta saMgrahAlaya meM surakSita haiM / yaha mUrti saMgraha bar3audA kA ullekha milA hai isI upalabdhi para merA yaha anu- saMgrahAlaya kA alaMkAra mAnA jAtA hai| mAna hai ki guptakAla meM bhI jaina devAlaya madhyapradeza meM bane hoNge| ailorA sthita jaina guphA prAMgaNa meM ekAzya maMdira ( 9vIM,-10vIM zatAbdI) 162
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________________ elaurA ko jaina guphAeM meM lagabhaga 6vIM zatAbdI se eka akhaMDita kalA sAdhanA kA strota dikhAI detA hai / jahA~ hindu guphAe~ samApta cAlukya aura rASTrakUTa Adhipatya meM bhI mahAna hotI haiM vahA~ se hI jaina gaphA hotI haiM vahA~ se hI jaina guphAoM kA Arambha hotA haijaina-zaila-gRha karnATaka meM banAye gaye haiM / sAtavIM zatAbdI choTA kailAsa, jagannAtha sabhA aura indra sabhA jainoM kI pramukha meM badAmI aura aiholI meM cAlUkyakAlIna jaina guphAe~ guphAe~ haiM / ina jaina guphAoM kA kAla 9 aura 10vIM aura rASTrakUTakAlIna elaurA kI guphAe~ apanI zatAbdI kA mAnA jAtA hai aura ye guphAe~ jainamata premI vizeSatA rakhatI haiN| badAmI aura aiholI guphAoM meM rASTrakUTa nRpati govinda aura amodhavarSa ke zAsanakAla pArzvanAtha aura bAhubalI ke zilpapaTa utkIrNa haiN| meM khodI gii| inameM pArzvanAtha aura bAhubalI kI mUrti elorA kI guphAoM meM sthApatya, zilpa aura citrakArI kA zilpapaTa bahuta hI prekSaNIya hai / pArzvanAtha para kA manohara triveNI saMgama dRSTigocara hotA hai| elorA kamaTha kA kiyA gayA AkramaNa aura dharaNendra yakSa dvArA kiyA gayA saMrakSaNa bahuta hI AkarSaka hai| isa zilpapaTTa ko dekhakara buddha para mAra dvArA kiye AkramaNa kI yAda A jAtI hai jisako ajaMtA kI citrakalA aura zilpakalA paToM para sUndara DhaMga se dikhAyA gayA hai| yahA~ kI yakSa-yakSiNI kI mUrtiyA~ bhI prekSaNIya haiN| elorA kI jaina guphAoM ke bhitti citroM kA bhAratIya kalA meM pramukha sthAna mAnA jAtA hai| jaina guphAoM kI chatoM aura bhittiyoM para jo zeSa citrapaTala haiM, ve ajatA aura madhyayugI tADapatrIya aura hastalikhita citrakalA kI zrRkhalA kI eka kar3I mAnI gaI haiN| inhI bhitti citroM meM bhAratIya citrakalA kA akhaMDa vikAsa samajha meM AtA hai| pazcima bhAratIya jaina hastalikhita grantha jisameM kaI citra aMkita haiM, gujarAta ke pATana vora khaMbhAta meM aura rAjasthAna ke jaisalamera ke jJAna bhaNDAra meM upalabdha haiN| ina grantha ke saMrakSaNa ke lie, jo lakar3I ke paTala Upara aura nIce rakhe jAte the, ve bhI sundara citroM se alaMkRta haiN| yaha citra sampadA 12 vIM aura 16 vIM zatAbdI ke bIca kI hai| ina citra paTaloM para citra pradarzanoM meM nATyapUrNa gatimAnatA ke sAtha-sAtha citra aMkita kiye gaye haiN| supArzvanAtha svAmI kI pratimA (bAdAmI kI guphA) guphA kra. 4 (7vIM zatAbdI) karnATaka meM jaina kalA vAstu karnATaka meM jaina dharma kA pracAra ati prAcIna hai| mauryakAla meM uttarI bhArata meM jaba bhISaNa akAla par3A 163
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________________ thA, usase bacane ke lie bhadrabAha muni ke netRtva meM kaI karnATaka hI nahIM apitu samasta bhAratavarSa kA atyanta zramaNa dakSiNa kI ora cale gaye / bhadrabAhu muni ne anUThA bhavya zilpa jisako kahA jA sakatA hai vaha hai zramaNa-vela-gola ke nikaTa karnATaka rAjya meM candragirI gomeTezvara ko zrAvaNa belagola sthita zaila pratimA, yaha nAmaka parvata para tapasyA karate hue deha tyAga kiyaa| ekAzya zilpa rAchamalla satyavAka gagarAjA ke kAla meM aiholI meM megutI kA jaina maMdira 644 I0 meM cAlukya usake matrI cAmaNDaya rAya ne banavAyA thaa| isa pracaNDa nareza dvitIya pulakezI ke kAla meM banAyA gayA hai| mati kA samaya 983 I. mAnA jAtA hai| karnATaka meM gomadezvara (vAhubali) svAmI kI ekAzya zaila pratimA, zravaNa belagolA, (karnATaka),983 IsvI
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________________ cAlukya-Adhipatya ke uttara kAla meM aneka jaina mandiroM gujarAta-eka mahatvapUrNa jaina kalA kendra kA nirmANa huaa| lakaguDI, jilA dhAravAr3a meM bArahavIM zatAbdI kA pArzvanAtha kA mandira hai / isa mandira ___ gujarAta meM jaina dharma kA prabhAva bahuta hI gaharA aura prAcIna hai| talAjA aura giranAra kA ullekha to meM tathA anya mandiroM meM aneka sundara jina pratimAe~ haiM / belagA~va meM kamala bastI nAma kA eka jaina mandira maiMne pahale hI kiyA hai isake bAda ballabhI yA bllbhiihai| isa devAlaya kI chatoM kI kalA saundarya bahuta hI pura eka prasiddha jaina kendra rahA thaa| mahAvIra ke nirvANa preSaNIya hai / kAnarA jile ke bhaTakala gAMva meM aura ke pazcAt lagabhaga 980 varSa ke uparAnta yahA~ devadhimaMgalaura ke pAsa muDabinadrI sthaloM para jaina maMdiroM kI gaNI kSamA-zramaNa ke netatva meM eka jainamUni sammelana aisI viziSTa racanA hai jise dekhakara nepAlI sthApatya huA thA, jisameM zvetAmbara jaina Agama kA saMkalana kA AbhAsa hotA hai| bhaTakala ke mandira ke sAmane eka kiyA gayA / zvetAmbara paramparA ina Agama granthoM ko U~cA stambha hai jina para tIrtha karoM kI cahamakha prtimaaeN| pramANabhUta mAnatI hai / ballabhI meM jaina bastI ke avazeSa utkIrNa haiN| aura kAMsya pratimAe~ milI haiN| tAmila deza meM jaina prabhAva gujarAta meM cAlukyoM ke abhipatya kAla meM kumAratAmilanADu rAjya ke padakoTAI jile meM kaI pAla rAjA ne tAraMgA meM ajitanAtha kA maMdira prAcIna jana guphAaiM milI haiM / ina guphAoM meM jaina banavAyA, jo eka prasiddha jaina tIrtha hai, yaha jilA muniyoM ke lie pattharoM para tarAzI huI zayyAe~ milatI mehasAnA meM siddhapura ke nikaTa hai / saurASTra meM giranAra haiM aura yahAM pAye gaye brAhmaNI lekha IsA pUrva pahalI parvata para aura zatrujaya pahAr3I para aneka jaina maMdira zatAbdI ke haiN| tAmilanADu meM aura dUsare jaina sthA tya sthita haiM / ye donoM sthAna mahatvapUrNa jaina-tIrtha mAne kalA ke kendra sthAna haiM kintu inameM ullekhanIya haiM jAte hai| giranAra meM neminAtha ke bhavyamandira kA sittannavAsala kI jaina guphA meM ajantA zailI ke 7 vIM jIrNoddhAra 1278 I. meM kiyA gayA thaa| zatrujaya zatAbdI ke bhitti citra surakSita haiN| dUsarA mahatvapUrNa parvata para; jisako pAlitAnA bhI kahate haiM, gyAraha sthala kAMcIpurama, jise jina-kAMcI bhI karate haiN| prAkAroM ke bIca 500 jaina mandira haiM / inameM se 640 I. meM hayUena tsaMga ne likhA hai ki kAMcI meM kucha to 11 vIM zatAbdI ke haiM / parantu bahuta se mandira jainoM kI eka bar3I bastI thii| kAMcIpurama kI isa bastI 16 vIM zatAbdI ke bAda ke haiM / 1618 I. meM yahA~ ko tirupati kuNDam bhI kahate haiN| yahA~ cola rAjAoM eka 3 eka sundara zikhara yukta do maMjilA mandira ahamadAbAda ke Adhipatya kAla meM candraprabha-vardhamAna svAmI aura ke eka zreSThI ne banavAyA / isa mandira ke stambha trikUTa bastI nAma ke jaina mandiroM kA parivardhana kiyA / zIrSa para nartaka aura vAdaka vanda utkIrNa haiM / yahA~ gyaa| yahA~ saMgIta maMDapa nAma kA eka bhAga vijayA 19 vIM zatAbdI meM bhI ahamadAbAda ke eka nagara nagara rAjAoM ke Adhipatya meM citrAMkita kiyA gyaa| theSThI ne eka mandira banavAyA thA jisane pAMca tIrthoM kA mAnacitra bhI utkIrNa karAyA thaa| isa maMDapa aura mukhamaMDala kI chatoM para mahAvIra svAmI ke samavaraNa ke prasaMga citrita kie gaye haiM inake sAtha alAkika AbU hI RSabhadeva aura neminAtha Adi tIrthakaroM ke jIvana rAjasthAna ke AbU parvata ke atyanta prasaMga citrita kiye gaye haiM aura hara eka prasaMga ke nIce saramya sthala para cAra pramukha devAlaya haiM / ucita lekha bhI hai| inameM vimalazA aura tejapAla ne kramazaH 1032 I. 165
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________________ aura 1232 I. meM zubha saMgamaramara ke mandira banavAye jo apane vilakSaNa saundarya se darzakoM ko maMtramugdha kara dete haiN| yahA~ kA utkIrNa kalAkauzala bahuta hI komala aura bArIkI kA hai| aisA lagatA hai ki zubhra pASANa ko tarAza kara nirmANa kiyA gayA hai / yaha janazruti pracalita hai ki hathaur3A aura chainiyoM se patthara ko kATA nahIM gayA apitu choTe aujAroM dvArA tarAne se nikale hue cUrNa kI mApa ke anusAra kArIgaroM ko majadUrI dI jAtI thI / isake maMDapa kI chata para utphulla kalAkRti kA akana aura apsarAoM kA mUrti zilpa dekhakara aisA lagatA hai ki itanA komala aura kalApUrNa kAma kaise kiyA gayA hogaa| kalApUrNa cAturya ke caramotkarSa kI anubhUti isa mandira ke dRSTigocara se hotI hai| madhyapradeza meM khajurAho ke candela rAjAoM ne jo mandira banavAye haiM unameM eka jaina mandira samUha bhI hai / isameM se pArzvanAtha mandira candela nRpati baMga kI preraNA se eka jaina zrAvaka ne 955 I. meM banavAyA thaa| isakI racanA khajurAho ke mandira se thor3I alaga hai parantu isakA vAstu kauzala aura zilpa saundarya atyanta manohArI hai| bhAratIya zilpa kalA kA paramotkarSa yahAM ke mUrti zilpa meM parilakSita hotA hai / rAjasthAna meM aura kaI jaina sthApatya ke kendra haiM / jinameM se 3 yA 4 kA ullekha karanA anivArya hai / 1439 I. meM rANakapura kA 26 maMDapa aura 420 stambha yukta AdinAtha kA catumukha mandira sthApatya kalA kA utkRSTa namUnA hai| garbhagRha cartumukhI hai aura pratyeka dizA meM prAMgaNa yukta cAra maMdira haiM, jinakI racanA atyanta kauzala pUrNa hai / prAkAra meM 86 laghu deva kulikAeM hai| itanA saba hote hue bhI prakAza yojanA aisI hai ki mandira kA pratyeka konA prakAzita rahatA hai, jisase usake kalApUrNa stambhoM aura chatoM kI nakkAzI ke kAma ko mana bhara ke dekhA jA sake / cittaur3a kile para sthita caityAlaya ke sAmane kA 25 mITara U~cA mAnastambha sthApatya kalA kA utkRSTa namUnA hai, isa stambha para AdinAtha aura anya tIrthakaroM kI pratimAeM utkIrNa hai| jodhapura jile meM ambikA (sarasvatI) kI kalAtmaka saMgamaramara pratimA ( pallUgAMva - rAjasthAna se prApta ) 166
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________________ osiyA nAma ke grAma meM eka prekSaNIya mahAvIra mandira ko adhika prabhAvita karatI haiM / madhyayugIna jaina dharma hai| isa mandira ke stambhoM kI nakkAzI bahuta sundara zilpakalA kA sarvotkRSTa namUnA mAnane yogya rAjasthAna hai yaha mandira gurjara pratihAra nareza vatsarAja (770- ke pallU grAma se prApta sarasvatI kI mUrti hai jo dillI 840) ke samaya kA hai parantu isakA sabhA maMDala 10 ke rASTrIya saMgrahAlaya meM saMgrahIta hai| yaha mUrti bhAratIya vIM zatAbdI meM san 926 kA hai| jaisalamera meM 15 vIM kalA ko pradAna kI gaI amola bheMTa hai| yathAyogya rUpa, zatAbdI ke jaina mandira haiN| jaba bhArata varSa ke uttarI bheda pramANa baddhatA aura lAvaNya kA suyogya mizraNa pradezoM meM mandira sthApatya nirmANa samApta ho gayA thA isa mUrti meM dikhAI detA hai| taba yahA~ eka kalAtmaka jaina mandira samaha kA nirmANa huaa| jaina kalA sampadA kA maiMne vihaMgamAvalokana hI kiyA hai inake atirikta aneka vastu aura vAstu haiM / guphAoM aura zaila mandiroM kI nimiti meM lagabhaga jinakA maiMne ullekha hI nahIM kiyA / ina cIjoM kA aMtima prayoga gvAliyara ke durga ke parisara meM haa| adhyayana vidyA premI vidvAnoM ko karanA cAhie / merI yahA~ kI guphA meM utkIrNa vizAla jina pratimAeM tomara AzA hai ki 2500 vAM bhagavAna mahAvIra nirvANa rAjA DUMgara siMha aura kIti siMha ke jamAne meM banAI mahotsava ke nimitta se isa sundara viSaya kI aneka gaI / ina pratimAoM ke saundarya se unakI bhavyatA darzakoM chaTAaiM prakAza meM aaygii| 167