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________________ jaina - nyAya meM smRti, pratyabhijJAna tathA tarka jaina evaM jainetara - darzanoM meM smRti saMbaMdhI aneka carcAe~ milatI haiN| vyavahAra meM bhI smRti eka paricita viSaya ke rUpa meM dekhI jAtI hai / kintu yaha jJAna kA pramANa bana sakatI hai athavA nahIM? isake saMbaMdha meM vibhinna mata dekhe jAte haiN| kisI ne ise pramANa mAnA hai to kisI ne ise pramANa mAnanA doSapUrNa kahA hai| kahIM-kahIM dRSTikoNa-bheda se donoM bAteM mAnI gaI haiM, arthAt eka dRSTi se yaha pramANa ho sakatI hai, paraMtu dUsarI dRSTi se yaha apramANa hai| isa prakAra smRti eka samasyAjanaka viSaya hai| jo jaina-darzana meM parokSa pramANa ke pA~ca bhAga mAne gae haiMsmRti, pratyabhijJAna, tarka, anumAna tathA Agama / kintu vAdirAjasUra ke dvArA parokSa pramANa kA vibhAjana prastuta kiyA gayA hai vaha kucha bhinna hai| usake anusAra anumAna ke do bheda hote haiM - mukhya tathA gauNa / gauNa anumAna ke tIna prakAra hote haiMsmRti, pratyabhijJAna tathA trk| isake alAvA unhoMne yaha bhI mAnA hai ki smRti pratyabhijJAna kA kAraNa hai, pratyabhijJAna tarka kA kAraNa hai aura tarka anumAna kA kAraNa hai| saMbhavata: isIlie sUrijI ne inheM bhI anumAna kI koTi meM rakhA hai| unhoMne AcArya akalaMka kI racanA 'nyAya vinizcaya' para TIkA likhI hai| ataH una para akalaMka kA prabhAva rahA ho, aisA saMbhava hai| aisA hI socate hue unakI pramANa-vibhAjana-prakriyA ke saMbaMdha meM paM. kailAzacaMdra zAstrI ne likhA hai- 2 nyAyavinizcaya ke tIna paricchedoM meM akalaMka ne krama se pratyakSa, anumAna aura Agama pramANa kA hI kathana kiyA hai| ataH vAdirAjasUri ne parokSa ke anumAna aura Agama bheda karake zeSa tIna parokSa pramANoM ko anumAna meM garbhita kara liyA pratIta hotA hai| - DaoN. vaziSTha nArAyaNa sinhA vArANasI... jAne ke bAda bhI usake mAnasa paTala para pUrva anubhava kI rekhAe~ banI rahatI haiM aura vaha kaha baiThatA hai- daha daha zabda usake pUrva anubhava ko sUcita karatA hai| AcArya hemacandra ne bhI kahA hai-'vAsanodabodhahetukA tadityAkArA smRtiH / vaha jJAna jo vAsanA ke udbodha ke kAraNa utpanna hotA hai use smRti kahate haiN| saMskAra aura vAsanA donoM hI zabda usa chApa ko iMgita karate haiM jo vyakti para pUrva anubhava ke phalasvarUpa par3I hotI hai| koI vyakti AgarA jAtA hai aura tAjamahala dekhatA hai| usake mana para tAjamahala ke rUpa-raMga, AkAra-prakAra kI eka chApa par3a jAtI hai, jisake phalasvarUpa apane ghara Ane para, yadyapi tAjamahala usake sAmane nahIM hotA hai, vaha apane par3osiyoM ko usake viSaya meM sabhI bAteM sunAtA hai| do varSa, cAra varSa yA usase bhI adhika samaya vyatIta hone para jaba bhI vaha AgarA kI carcA sunatA hai usake mAnasa para tAjamahala kI rUparekhA camaka uThatI hai| use lagatA hai, jaise tAjamahala usake sAmane khar3A hai| yahI saMskAragata yA vAsanAgata jJAna hai| jise smRti kahate haiM / Adhunika manovijJAna meM bhI isakA vizleSaNa prApta hotA hai| manovaijJAnikoM ke anusAra pratyakSa anubhava kI dhAraNA, pratyasmaraNa tathA pratyabhijJA ke mAdhyama se smRti kI prakriyA sampanna hotI hai| jaina darzana smRti ke kAraNa svarUpa, saMskAra yA vAsanA para adhika bala detA hai jisakA udbodha samAnatA, virodha, AvazyakatA Adi vibhinna kAraNoM se hI hai| smRti ke rUpa-- bhAratIya darzana meM smRti ke do rUpa dekhe jAte haiM AcArya mANikyanandI ne smRti ko paribhASita karate hue kahA hai- saMskArodbodhanibandhanA tadityAkArA smRtiH / saMskAra ke udbodhita hone para prApta hone vAlA jJAna smRti hai / bhUtakAla meM vyakti ko jo anubhava prApta hote haiM ve usa para apanA saMskAra aMkita kara jAte haiM jisake kAraNa anubhava-kAla samApta ho 1. grantharUpa - vaidika sAhitya meM zruti aura smRti ko pramukha sthAna prApta hai| manusmRti, yAjJavalkyasmRti Adi aise grantha hai jinake adhyayana ke binA vaidika dharmadarzana kA jJAna adhUrA hI raha jAtA hai| ataH inake saMbaMdha meM bhI yaha samasyA uThatI hai ki inheM pramANa kI koTi meM rakhA jAe athavA apramANa kI koTi meM? cU~ki yaha samAja ke sAmane khule rUpa meM hai, isalie ise yadi smRti kA sAmAjika rUpa kaheM to anucita na hogaa| [ 47 ] ttp
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________________ -- yatIndra sUrismArakagrantha - jaina-sAdhanA evaM AcAra2. anubhavarUpa-yaha smRti kA vaha rUpa hai, jisake saMbaMdha ke kAraNa pramANa hai tathA smRti Aptokta hone ke kAraNa pramANa meM mANikyanandI, hemacandra Adi AcAryoM ne paribhASAe~ prastuta kI koTi meM AtI hai| kI haiN| yaha hamAre anubhava kA viSaya hai| yaha vyakti ke anubhava nyAya tathA bhATa mImAMsaka--anabhava rUpI smati ke para AdhArita hotA hai, isalie ise smRti kA vaiyaktika rUpa kaha saMbaMdha meM unake vicAra isa prakAra haiM-- sakate haiN| 1. smRti yadi yathArtha anubhava ko upasthita karatI hai to vaha jainetara mAnyatAe~ vaidika - smRti pramANa hai ki nahIM? pramANa hai| isakA samAdhAna karate samaya pahale grantha rUpa smRti sAmane AtI hai| isake saMbaMdha meM DaoN. mahendrakumAra jaina kI ukti hai--vaidika 2. smRti yadi ayathArtha anubhava ko prastuta karatI hai taba vaha apramANa hai| paraMparA meM smRti ko svataMtra pramANa na mAnane kA eka hI kAraNa hai| yadi eka jagaha bhI usakA prAmANya svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai, to 3. smRti yadi yathArtha anubhava kI anyathA upasthiti hai to vaha veda kI apaurUSeyatA aura usakA karma viSayaka nirbAdha aMtima pramANa nahIM ho sktii| prAmANya samApta ho jAtA hai| prAbhAkara mImAMsaka-inake anusAra koI bhI jJAna ayathArtha isa kathana se to aisA lagatA hai ki smRti sarvathA apramANa nahIM hotaa| smaraNa Adi jJAna bhI ayathArtha nahIM hote| hai| kintu Age ve yaha bhI prastuta karate haiM ki smRtiyA~ jahA~ taka bauddha-yaha kSaNabhaMgavAda kA pratipAdana karatA hai| isake zrutiyoM kA anugamana karatI hai vahA~ taka pramANa hai anyathA anusAra koI bhI vastu eka kSaNa se adhika nahIM rhtii| smRti apramANa hai| daraasala smRti kI pramANatA-apramANatA saMbaMdhI bhUta kI yAda dilAtI hai| yaha bauddhadarzana ke anusAra saMbhava nahIM cAra koTiyAM banatI haiM jo isa prakAra hai-- hai| kyoMki jisa samaya vastu kA pratyakSIkaraNa hotA hai vaha kSaNabhara 1. smRti yadi vedAnugamana karatI hai to vaha pramANa hai| bAda hI samApta ho jAtI hai aura jo kucha bhI hameM jJAna hotA hai, vaha anumAna ke rUpa meM hotA hai athavA anumAna ke mAdhyama se 2. smRti meM yadi koI siddhAnta pratipAdita hai kintu veda meM vaha hotA hai| ataH smRti alaga pramANa nahIM bana sktii| nahIM hai to bhI vaha pramANa kI koTi meM A sakatI hai| smRti ke saMbaMdha meM yaha samasyA AtI hai ki yaha anubhUta 3. smRti meM pratipAdita siddhAnta veda meM hai athavA nahIM, kintu jJAna ko prastuta karatI hai athavA jJAnamAtra isakA viSaya hai| yadi usase veda kA kisI prakAra se virodha nahIM ho rahA hai to use yaha anubhUta viSaya ko prastuta karatI hai to aisA dekhA jAtA hai pramANa kheNge| ki eka hI vastu yA viSaya kI anubhUti do vyaktiyoM ko hotI 4. veda meM jo kucha kahA gayA hai usakA virodha yadi smRti ke hai| aisI sthiti meM eka hI viSaya kisakI smati ke rUpa meM dvArA ho rahA hai to aisI sthiti meM smRti pramANa nahIM mAnI prastata hogaa| yadi smati jJAna mAtra ko grahaNa karatI hai taba smati jaaegii| ke sivA anya koI pramANa ho hI nahIM sktaa| smRti grantha rUpa meM pramANa hai usakI jAnakArI isa mAnyatA jainamata-smRti pramANa hai| isa bAta ko mAtra jaina darzana hI ke AdhAra para bhI hotI hai-- mAnatA hai| isake lie jainazAstra meM aneka vivecana milate haiN| vedaH smRtiH sadAcAraH svasya ca priymaatmnH| samakAlIna jaina-vidvAna paMDita kailAzacandra zAstrI ne smRti ko yatat caturvidham prAhuH sAkSAt dharmasya lkssnnm|| pramANa siddha karane ke lie isa para saMbhAvita sabhI AropoM ko arthAt, veda, smRti, sadAcAra tathA AtmA ko jo priya sAmana rakhA ha Ara unakA khaDana kiyA hai| smRti pramANa nahIM hai, lage, ye cAra dharma ke sAkSAta lakSaNa haiN|yhaaN para smati ko veda ke kyoMki isameM nimnalikhita doSoM kI saMbhAvanAe~ haiM-- samAna hI mAnyatA dI gaI hai| isake alAvA veda Izvarokta hone (1) gRhItagrAhI jJAna kA nirUpaNa-yaha koI nayA jJAna nahIM aniraniranirantarbadnaanird6d6dmiranirdsrid-id[48Hamriduridwaraniramidniardwardwordwordwordabrand
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________________ yatIndra sUri smArakagrantha detI hai / bhUtakAla meM jo jJAna prApta ho cuke haiM unhIM ko prastuta karatI hai| isalie ise pramANa kI koTi meM nahIM rakhA jA sktaa| (2) vizeSa viSaya kA abhAva- isameM koI vizeSa viSaya nahIM hotA, aisA bhI doSAropaNa isa para huA hai| (3) atIta kI vastu ko viSaya banAnA - atIta kI vastu jise vartamAna meM asat mAnA jAtA hai, smRti grahaNa karatI hai| jisakI sattA nahIM hai use grahaNa kaise kiyA jA sakatA hai ? (4) artha se utpanna nahIM honA - jisa samaya smRti hotI hai, usa samaya koI utpAdaka vastu nahIM hotii| yaha bhI eka doSa isake batAyA kiyA gayA hai| (5) smRti bhrAntipUrNa hai- kyoMki isase koI nizcita jJAna nahIM hotA hai| (6) saMzayadoSa ke khaNDana kI asamarthatA - yaha kisI saMzaya ko miTAne meM samarthana nahIM hotI hai| (7) prayojanahInatA- isase kisI prayojana kI siddhi nahIM hotI hai, aisA bhI ve loga mAnate haiM jo ise apramANa kI koTi meM rakhate haiN| smRti pramANa hai 9. gRhIta - grAhI honA apramANatA kA lakSaNa nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| yadi gRhIta-grAhI jJAna kI apramANatA kA lakSaNa mAnA jAegA taba to anumAna bhI apramANa kI koTi meM A jaaegaa| kyoMki anumAna bhI pUrva jJAna para hI AdhArita hotA hai / pUrva jJAna ke AdhAra para hI dhUma aura agni kA saMbaMdha mAnA jAtA jisake kAraNa hama dhUma ko dekhakara agni kA anumAna karate haiN| 2. smRti kA koI viSaya nahIM hotA, aisA kahanA bhI koI artha nahIM rkhtaa| kyoMki pUrva anubhUta vastu hI smRti kA viSaya banatI hai| 3. atIta kI vastu jise smRti apanA viSaya banAtI hai, bhale hI vartamAnakAla meM nahIM rahatI, lekina bhUtakAla meM to rahatI hai, anyathA usakA anubhava kaise hotA / yadi bhUtakAla kI vastuko pramANa kA kAraNa athavA AdhAra nahIM mAnA jAegA ta to pratyakSa pramANa bhI pramANa kI koTi meM nahIM A sakatA / kyoMki pratyakSa pramANa jisa vastu ko batAtA hai vaha eka kSaNa ke jaina-sAdhanA evaM AcAra bAda hI samApta ho gaI rahatI hai| jaisA ki bauddhadarzana mAnatA hai / 4. smRti para yaha doSAropaNa karake ki yaha kisI artha se utpanna nahIM hotI, ise apramANa kI koTi meM rakhanA bhI galata hai| kyoMki bauddha darzana meM pratyakSa jJAna kA artha bhI to kSaNabhara meM samApta ho jAtA hai| vartamAna kAla meM vaha nahIM dekhA jaataa| smRti ko bhI apramANa to nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai. yadi pratyakSa ko pramANa mAnA jAtA hai to / 5. smRti kA jo apanA viSaya hai usameM kisI prakAra kI bhrAnti nahIM hai| yadi kisI ko smRti meM koI bhrAnti dikhAI par3atI hai to vaha use smRti kA AbhAsa kaha sakatA hai| usa bhrAnti ke AdhAra para vaha smRti ko pramANa kI koTi se nikAla nahIM sakatA / 6. smRti saMzaya ko dUra nahIM karatI, yaha bhI galata Aropa hai| smRti yadi balavatI hai to vahA~ para saMzaya athavA viparIta Aropa kA prazna hI nahIM AtA / 7. smRti se prayojana kI siddhi nahIM hotI, aisA kahanA to mAtra dalIla hai| isameM koI bala nahIM hai, kyoMki smRti ke AdhAra para hI hamAre nAnA prakAra ke vyavahAra hote haiN| smRti para jo vibhinna Aropa haiM unameM pradhAna hai vartamAna meM usake AdhAra kA abhaav| vartamAna meM usakA koI AdhAra nahIM hai, isalie vaha pramANa nahIM hai / kintu isake virodha meM jainAcAryo ne spaSTa rUpa se mAnA hai ki jJAna kA prAmANya usakI vartamAnatA para nahIM balki yathArthatA para nirbhara karatA hai| vastu bhUta, vartamAna yA bhaviSya kisI bhI kAla kI kyoM na ho yadi jJAna use yathArtha rUpa meM grahaNa karatA hai to vaha pramANa hai ' / smRti ko apramANa mAnane vAloM ne dUsare DhaMga se prastuta kiyA hai ki smRti usa vastu ko apanA srota mAnatI hai jo naSTa ho cukI hai, jaisA ki Upara dekhA gayA hai| isa saMbaMdha meM DA. mehatA ne likhA hai / 'jaina darzana padArtha ko jJAnotpatti kA anivArya kAraNa nahIM maantaa...| jJAna apane kAraNoM se utpanna hotA hai| padArtha apane kAraNoM se utpanna hotA hai| jJAna meM aisI zakti hai ki vaha padArtha ko apanA viSaya banA sakatA hai| padArtha kA aisA svabhAva hai ki vaha jJAna kA viSaya bana sakatA hai| padArtha aura jJAna meM kAraNa aura kArya kA saMbaMdha nahIM hai| unameM jJeya aura jJAtA, prakAzya aura prakAzaka vyavasthApya aura vyavasthApaka kA saMbaMdha hai| ina Swanron [ 49 porn For Private Personal Use Only
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________________ -yatIndra sUri smArakagrantha - jaina-sAdhanA evaM AcAra - saba tathyoM ko dekhate hue smRti ko pramANa mAnanA yukti saMgata kI sAdRzyatA kA varNana bhUtakAla se smRti ke rUpa meM AtA hai| isa saMkalana meM sAdRzyatA AdhAra hai| isa taraha jaina-vicArakoM ne saba taraha se smRti ko pramANa (3) vaisAdRzya-ghor3e se hAthI vilakSaNa hotA hai| aisA mAnA hai| bhale hI ise pratyakSa pramANa kI koTi meM na rakhakara jAnane ke bAda koI vyakti jaba pazuzAlA meM jAtA hai aura ghor3e parokSa pramANa kI hI koTi meM kyoM na rakhA jaae| ke atirikta vaha kucha aise pazuoM ko bhI dekhatA hai jo ghor3e se vilakSaNa mAlUma par3ate haiM to vaha turaMta samajha jAtA hai ki pratyabhijJAna vilakSaNa dikhAI dene vAlA hAthI hI hai| isa saMkalana-jJAna meM ___saMkalana-jJAna ko pratyabhijJAna kahate haiN| isameM pratyakSa vaisAdRzyatA AdhAra hai| aura atIta se prApta jJAnoM kA saMkalana hotA hai| ise paribhASita (4) pratiyogI-abhI kisI ne vArANasI se ilAhAbAda kahate hue mANikyanandI ne kahA hai-- kI dUrI pAra kI hai| bahuta pahale vaha vArANasI se kalakattA gayA "darzanasmaraNakAraNakaM saMkalanaM pratyabhijJAnam" 3/5 thA, jisakI dUrI adhika hai aura isa samaya yAda A rahI hai| arthAt darzana aura smaraNa ke kAraNa jo jJAna sNklit| ataH vaha kahatA hai vaha isase dUra hai arthAt kalakattA se vArANasI rUpa meM prApta hotA hai vahI pratyabhijJAna hai| yahA~ darzana se matalaba kI dUrI vArANasI se ilAhAbAda kI dUrI se adhika hai| yaha hai pratyakSa bodh| isa saMkalana-jJAna ke mukhyataH cAra prakAra hote. usase choTA hai athavA yaha usase bar3A hai-aisA bhI. hama kahate haiN| ina sabhI meM pratiyogitA ko AdhAra mAnA gayA hai| 'tadevedaM tatsadRzaM tadvilakSaNaM tatpratiyogItyAdi-'3/5 muni nathamalajI ne likhA hai|4-- 'pratyabhijJAna meM do arthoM kA saMkalana hotA hai aura usake tIna rUpa hote haiM--(1) pratyakSa arthAt, ekatva, sAdRzya, vaisAdRzya, pratiyogI Adi tathA bhUtakAlIna jJAna kI smRti (2) do pratyakSa bodhoM kA pratyabhijJAna ke prakAra ke rUpa meM jAne jAte haiN| pramANa-mImAMsA saMkalana tathA (3) do smRtiyoM kA sNkln| ye rUpa isa prakAra meM bhI kahA gayA hai 13-- darzanasmaraNasaMbhavatadevedaM tatsadRzaM tadvilakSaNaM tatpratiyogItvAdisaMkalanaM pratyabhijJAnam' __ arthAt, AcArya hemacandra ne mANikyanandI ke pratyabhijJAna 1. pratyakSa-smRti-saMkalana-- saMbaMdhI vicAra ko akSarazaH mAna liyA hai| (ka) yaha vahI vyakti hai| pratyabhijJAna ke prakAra-- (kha) yaha usake samAna hai| (ga) yaha usase vilakSaNa hai, arthAt usake samAna nahIM hai| (1) ekatva-yaha vahI lar3akA hai, jise kAleja meM dekhA thaa| yaha vartamAna meM prApta hone vAle pratyakSa jJAna ko iMgita (gha) yaha usase choTA athavA moTA hai| karatA hai tathA vahI atIta kAla meM grahaNa hone vAle jJAna kI 2. pratyakSa-pratyakSa saMkalana-- yAda dilAtA hai| isa prakAra isameM vartamAna jJAna tathA bhUtajJAna kA (ka) yaha kalama isa kalama ke samAna hai| ekatva dekhA jAtA hai| (kha) yaha jAnavara isa jAnavara se vilakSaNa hai| (2) sAdRzya-gAya kI taraha hI nIlagAya hotI hai| isa jAnakArI ke bAda jaba koI vyakti jaMgala meM jAtA hai aura vahA~ (ga) yaha lar3akA isa lar3ake se choTA hai| eka aise pazu ko dekhatA hai jo gAya kI taraha hai to vaha samajha 3. smRti-smRti saMkalana-- jAtA hai ki yaha nIlagAya hai| yahA~ para dekhA jAne vAlA pazu (ka) vaha kapar3A usa kapaDe jaisA hai| pratyakSa arthAta vartamAna kA jJAna detA hai aura gAya aura nIlagAya Anitarianitariandedministraridabrdamiridi[5 06dmiriramidionorariandiridnironidadidnianitoria
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________________ - yatIndrasUri smArakagrantha-jaina-sAdhanA evaM AcAra(kha) vaha jAnavara usa jAnavara se vilakSaNa hai| usI ko sajA dI jAtI hai, jo baMdhana meM thA vahI sAdhanA karake (ga) vaha vyakti usa vyakti se choTA hai| mukta hotA hai| ina saba vyavahAroM meM bhUta aura vartamAna kA ekatva ina rUpoM meM prathama jisameM pratyakSa aura smRti ke saMkalana jJAna hotA hai| ye vyavahAra pratyabhijJAna ke samarthaka mAne jA sakate haiN| haiM pUrva mAnyatA kA samarthana karatA hai, kintu anya do rUpa jinameM nyAya aura mImAMsA ne pratyabhijJAna meM saMkalita bhUta aura kramazaH pratyakSa ke sAtha pratyakSa ke tathA smRti ke sAtha smRti ke vartamAna ke ekatva ko iMdriyajanya mAnakara use mAtra pratyakSa kA saMkalana hai, pUrva mAnyatA se bhinna pratIta hote haiN| aisA lagatA hai viSaya mAnA hai 16 / iMdriyA~ kevala apane viSaya ko grahaNa karatI ki ina donoM rUpoM meM saMkalita hone vAle do jJAnoM ke bIca mAtra haiN| iMdriyoM kA viSaya alaga-alaga hotA hai| kisI ke sahayoga pUrva aura para ko hI vicAra ke aMtargata rakhA gayA hai| se koI bhI iMdriya kisI aviSaya ko grahaNa nahIM kara sakatI hai| smaraNa kI sahAyatA se netra gandha ko grahaNa nahIM kara sakatA, jainetara mAnyatAe~ tvacA se rasa kA bodha nahIM ho sktaa| ataH nyAya tathA mImAMsA jainadarzana ke atirikta bauddha, nyAya, mImAMsA Adi darzanoM kA yaha mAnanA ki pratyabhijJAna mAtra pratyakSa hai galata hai| jayaMta meM bhI pratyabhijJAna para kisI na kisI rUpa meM vicAra kiyA gayA bhaTTa ne to ise eka svataMtra mAnasa jJAna mAnA hI hai|17 hai, jo isa prakAra hai itanA hI nahIM balki nyAya aura mImAMsA donoM ne hI upamAna bauddha darzana-isa darzana meM kSaNabhaMgavAda kI jo mAnyatA hai ko eka svataMtra pramANa mAnA hai| gAya kI taraha nIlagAya hotI usase hama loga paricita haiN| jaba pratyeka vastu hara kSaNa badalatI hai aisI jAnakArI ke bAda koI vyakti jaMgala meM jAtA hai aura rahatI hai to yaha vahI hai ise kaise grahaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai| aisA koI jAnavara vaha dekhatA hai jo gAya kI taraha hI hai to vaha isake alAvA yaha aura vaha do jJAnoM kA pratinidhitva karate haiN| samajha jAtA hai yaha nIlagAya hai| jainamata meM yaha sAdRzyayaha vartamAna ke pratyakSa jJAna ko batAtA hai tathA vaha bhUtakAlIna pratyabhijJAna hai| yadi nyAya tathA mImAMsA darzana sAdRzya-pratyabhijJAna jJAna ko iMgita karatA hai| ye donoM jJAna ke alaga-alaga prakAra ko svataMtra pramANa ke rUpa meM pratiSThita kara sakateM haiM to unakA haiN| phira donoM ko saMkalita karake eka nAma ke aMtargata kaise pratyabhijJAna ke anya prakAroM ke prati bhI koI virodha nahIM honA lAyA jA sakatA hai ? caahie| kintu pratyabhijJAna jJAna ke sabhI prakAroM ko alaganyAya tathA mImAMsA-ye donoM hI darzana pratyabhijJAna ko alaga nAmoM se nirUpita karane ke bajAya acchA hai ki sabako pratyakSa pramANa ke aMtargata sthAna dete haiN| yaha vahI hai| isameM yaha / eka nAma ke aMtargata mAnyatA dI jAe aura pratyabhijJAna ko eka vartamAna ko batAtA hai tathA vaha bhUta ko prastuta karatA hai| kintu svataMtra pramANa mAna liyA jaae| donoM ke bIca jo ekatva hai vaha smaraNa ke saMyoga se jAnA jAtA hai| tarka usa ekatva kA bodha bhI to iMdriya se hI hotA hai| ata: yaha pratyakSa bodha hai| yadyapi jayaMta bhaTTa ne yaha mAnA hai ki smaraNa aura pratyakSa tarka (tarka + ac) zabda ke lie prAyaH yukti, vAdake bIca jo ekatva kA saMkalana karatA hai vaha eka svataMtra mAnasa vivAda, saMdeha, AkAMkSA, kAraNa Adi zabda prayogadekhe jAte haiN| jJAna hai, kintu unhoMne bhI ise alaga se pramANa nahIM mAnA hai|15 abhidhAnarAjendra koSa19 meM tarka, tarkanA, vicAra, vimarza, paryAvalocanA Adi zabdoM ko paryAyavAcI batAyA gayA hai| jainamata- jaina-darzana una vicAroM kA khaNDana karatA hai jo halAyudhakoSa20 meM tarka, AkAMkSA, hetu, jJAna Adi zabdoM ko pratyabhijJAna ke virodha meM die gae haiN| bauddha darzana ne kSaNabhaMgavAda samAnArthaka samajhA gayA hai| upaniSad, manusmRti, mahAbhArata, ko mAnane ke kAraNa pratyabhijJAna kA khaMNDana kiyA hai| kinta AcArAMga Adi prAcIna graMthoM meM tarka zabda ke prayoga milate haiN| isake lie jaina-ciMtakoM kA kathana hai ki mAtra kSaNabhaMgavAda ko / kaThopaniSada-- naiSA tarkeNa matipaneyA ti||.....dvitiiyaavllii|' mAnakara calane se koI bhI vyavahAra saMbhava nahIM hai| jisane karja liyA thA, usI se karja vasalI hotI hai| jisane galatI kI thI, manusmRti-- ArSadharmopadezaM ca vedazAstra virodhinaa|
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________________ - yatIndra sUri smArakagrantha - jaina-sAdhanA evaM AcAra - yastarkeNanusandhate sa dharmaM veda netrm||12/106 mImAMsA-isa darzana meM tarka ke lie Uha zabda kA prayoga jo manuSya RSidRSTa veda tathA tanmalaka smatizAstroM ko huA hai|" Uha ke tIna prakAra hote haiM--(1) maMtra-saMbaMdhI. (2) sAma-saMbaMdhI tathA (3) sNskaarsNbNdhii| nyAyadarzana kI taraha vedAnukUla tarka se vicAratA hai, vaha dharmajJa hai, dUsarA nhiiN| mImAMsAdarzana bhI mAnatA hai ki UhakI gaNanA pramANoM meM nahIM ho mahAbhArata3- zuSkatarka parityajya Azrayasva zruti sakatI, yadyapi yaha pramANoM kA sahAyaka hai| tarka ke viSaya meM -smRti m-- jayanta bhaTTa ne kahA hai ki do virodhI pakSoM meM se eka ko zithila -zuSka tarka ko tyAgakara zruti evaM smRti kA anugamana karake dUsare ko anukUla kAraNa ke AdhAra para sudRr3ha banAnA hI karanA caahie| tarka kA kAma hai 29 / jaina-grantha tattvArthAdhigamabhASya meM bhI Uha zabda kA prayoga huA hai| usameM kahA gayA hai20- IhA UhaH tarkaH AcArAMga -- takkA jattha va vijjii| parIkSA vicAraNA jijJAsA itynrthaantrm| 1/15 kaThopaniSad kI ukti se aisA lagatA hai ki tarkavAda arthAt-IhA, Uha, tarka, parIkSA, vicAraNA tathA jijJAsA vivAda hai jisake AdhAra para kisI mata kA khaMDana ho sakatA hai, ha, meM koI bhI aMtara nahIM hai| use tyAgA jA sakatA hai| smRti meM usa tarka ko mAnyatA dI gaI hai jo vedAnukUla ho| mahAbhArata meM jo kucha bhI kahA gayA hai usase pAzcAtya darzana-pAzcAtya darzana meM tarka ke lie laoNjika yaha jAta hotA hai ki jo vicAra yA tarka vyakti ko ati aura (Logic) zabda AyA hai| tarka ko zAstra ke rUpa meM pratiSThita karane smRti se alaga rakhatA hai vaha zuSka hai aura tyAjya hai| kA zreya grIka dArzanika arastU ko prApta hai| tarka ko buddhi kA vijJAna (Science of Reasoning) athavA ciMtana kI vidhiyoM bauddha darzana - isake anusAra tarka pramANa kI koTi meM / kA vijJAna (Science of the Lows of Thought) kahate haiM / nahIM AtA, kyoMki vaha pratyakSapRSThabhAvI hai| yadyapi vaha vyAptigrAhaka arastu ke anusAra tarka kA pramukha siddhAnta hai - nigamana (DehotA hai, kintu pratyakSa dvArA grahaNa kie hue jJAna ko grahaNa karatA ductive) hai| isalie pramANa nahIM mAnA jA sktaa|25 jainadarzana-tarka ko paribhASita karate hue AcArya nyAya - nyAya-darzana ne apanI tattvamImAMsA meM solaha mANikyanandI tathA AcArya hemacandra ne kahA hai32 - padArthoM ko mAnyatA dI hai| unameM se AThavA~ padArtha tarka hai| isake upalambhAnupalambhanimittaM vyaaptijnyaansmuuhH| upalambha tathA viSaya meM kahA gayA hai--tarka usa ukti ko kahate haiM jisameM anupalambha ke nimitta se jo vyAptijJAna prApta hotA hai, use kisI pratipAdya viSaya kI siddhi ke lie usakI viparIta kalpanA tarka kahate haiN| usakI dUsarI saMjJA Uha bhI hai| ke doSa dikhalAe jAte haiN| yaha eka prakAra kA Uha (kalpanA) hai| isalie yaha pramANoM ke aMdara nahIM aataa| lekina yathArtha (1) upalambha-liMga ke sadbhAva se sAdhya kA sdbhaav| jJAna kI prApti meM yaha baDA sahAyaka hotA hai 26 / nyAyabhASya meM dhUma liga hai tathA agni saadhy| dhUma ke hone se agni kA honA spaSTa likhA hai-- jAnA jAtA hai| arthAt dhUma dekhane se agni kA jJAna hotA hai| 'tarko na pramANasaMgRhIto na pramANAntaraM prabhANAnAmanugrAhakastatvajJAnAya kalpate' 27-1/1/9 (2) anupalambha-sAdhya ke asadbhAva se liMga kA asdbhaav| agni ke na rahane para dhUma kA na rhnaa| arthAt, tarka pramANa meM saMgrahIta nahIM hai aura na to ise pramANAntara hI mAna sakate haiM, balki yaha pramANoM kA anugrAhaka avinAbhAvaH-do vastuoM ke bIca jo avinAbhAva saMbaMdha hai aura tattvajJAna ke lie upayogI hai| tarka pramANoM kA anagrAhaka hotA hai, use tarka grahaNa karatA hai| avinAbhAva para prakAza DAlate isalie mAnA jAtA hai ki isase hI anumAna Adi pramANoM kI hue AcArya hemacandra ne kahA hai - bhUmikA taiyAra hotI hai| sahakramabhAvino sahakrabhAvaniyamo'vinAbhAva:UhAt tannizcayaH -2/10-11- arthAt do vastuoM meM jo.sahabhAva aura redadarsansarodaisarowaridroidrodarod 5 2drinidinsioritorioritoriridroidsraordinarooran
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________________ yatIndra sUri smArakagrantha kramabhAva hote haiM unheM hI avinAbhAva kahate haiN| sahabhAva use kaha.. haiM jaba do vastue~ hamezA eka sAtha dekhI jAtI haiM aura kramabhAva use kahate haiM jaba do ghaTanAe~ hamezA hI krama meM dekhI jAtI haiM arthAt eka ke hone para dUsarI usake bAda avazya ghaTatI hai / sahabhAva ke do prakAra hote haiM -- (1) sahakArI saMbaMdha- jaise rUpa rasa kA eka sAtha pAyA jAnA / (2) vyApata aura vyApaka saMbaMdha jaise chAtratva aura manuSyatva / kramabhAva ke bhI do prakAra hote haiM -- (1) pUrvavartI aura paravartI ke bIca kA kramabhAva jaise- ravivAra ke bAda somavAra kA aanaa| (2) kArya-kAraNa saMbaMdha jaise dhUma aura agni kA saMbaMdha | vyApya ke rahane para vyApaka kA rahanA tathA vyApaka ke rahane para hI vyApya kA rahanA hI vyApti-saMbaMdha hai| dhUma aura agni meM vyApya aura vyApaka kA saMbaMdha hai| ataH jaba dhUma rahatA hai to agni rahatI hai aura jaba agni rahatI hai to dhUma rahatA hai| dhUma ke binA agni ke nahIM ho sakatA yadyapi kabhI-kabhI agni hotI hai para dhUma nahIM hotA / kintu dhUma hone kA matalaba hI hotA hai ki agni hai| isa prakAra upalambha, anupalambha, avinAbhAva tathA vyApti saMbaMdha eka hI hai, yadyapi samajhane, samajhAne meM inheM vibhinna nAmoM se prastuta kiyA jAtA hai| ye hI tarka athavA tarka ke viSaya haiN| yaha vyApti sArvakAlika tathA sArvalaukika hotI hai| dhUma aura agni ke saMbaMdha ko yadyapi koI vyaktivizeSa kisI samaya athavA sthAna vizeSa para dekhakara usakA jJAna prApta karatA hai, kintu yaha saMbaMdha taba se hai jabase dhUma aura agni haiM aura jahA~ kahIM bhI dhUma tathA agni hogI vahA~ yaha saMbaMdha dekhA jaaegaa| ataH yaha sabhI samaya aura sabhI sthAna ke lie hai| ise kisI samaya vizeSa tathA sthAna vizeSa ke aMtargata sImita nahIM kara skte| jaina-sAdhanA evaM AcAra vyApti aura pratyakSa - vyApti saMbaMdha ko pratyakSa se grahaNa nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / pratyakSa kisI sImita viSaya ko grahaNa karatA hai| isakA saMbaMdha vartamAna se hotA hai| kintu vyApti sArvakAlika hotI hai| isalie vyApti kA pratyakSIkaraNa nahIM ho sakatA / vyApti-vyAptijJAna ko jainadarzana meM tarka kahA gayA hai| 34 / ataH yaha samasyA uThatI hai ki vyApti kyA hai| vyApya aura vyApaka ke bIca pAyA jAne vAlA saMbaMdha vyApti ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| isake saMbaMdha meM AcArya hemacandra ne kahA hai 35__ vyAptirvyApakasya vyApye satibhAva eva, vyApyasya vA tatraiva bhAvaH / vyApti aura anumAna anumAna se bhI vyApti kA bodha nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki anumAna to svayaM tarka para AdhArita hotA hai| tarka dvArA pratiSThita vyApti saMbaMdha hI anumAna kI AdhArazilA hai| ataH tarka ko pratyakSa aura anumAna ke aMtargata samAhita nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, yaha eka svataMtra pramANa hai, aisA jaina ciMtaka mAnate haiN| jaina vicArakoM ke mata meM tarka kA kauna sA svarUpa hai aura kitanA isakA mahattva hai, use hama saMkSipta meM DA. sAgaramala jaina ke zabdoM meM samajha sakate haiM " vastutaH tarka ko antarbodhAtmaka jJAna arthAt prAtibhajJAna kahanA isalie Avazyaka hai ki usakI prakRti iMdriyAnubhAvAtmaka jJAna arthAt laukika pratyakSa (Empirical Knowledge or Pereception) se aura bauddhika nigamanAtmaka (Deductive inference) donoM se bhinna hai| tarka atIndriya (Non-Empirical) aura ati bauddhika (Super Rational) hai kyoMki vaha atIndriya evaM amUrta saMbaMdhoM (Non-empirical Relations) ko apane jJAna kA viSaya banAtA hai| usake viSaya haiM--jAti-upajAti saMbaMdha, jAti-vyakti saMbaMdha, sAmAnya- vizeSa saMbaMdha, kArya-kAraNa saMbaMdha aadi| vaha ApAdAna (Implication), anuvartitA (Entailment), varga sadasyatA (Class - Membership), kArya-kAraNatA (Causality) aura sAmAnyatA (Universality) kA jJAna hai / " jaina darzana meM tarka tathA vyApti kI eka aura vizeSatA yaha batAI gaI hai - "vyApti grahaNa karane vAle yogIva pramAtA / " arthAt jisa samaya pramAtA vyApti kA bodha karatA hai, vaha yogI ke samAna ho jAtA hai, kyoMki sArvakAlika aura sArvalaukika vastu ko yogI ke sivA anya koI grahaNa nahIM kara sakatA / ataH vyApti grahaNa kI avasthA yogAvasthA hai| sttttittmitte53 samIkSA - smRti, pratyabhijJAna tathA tarka-saMbaMdhI vibhinna vicAra-vimarzo ko dekhane ke bAda jaina-darzana ke saMbaMdha meM jo sAmAnya dhAraNA banatI hai, vaha isa prakAra hai--anya darzana smRti For Private Personal Use Only PEMESANA
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________________ - yatIndra sUri smArakagrantha - jaina-sAdhanA evaM AcAra - ko pramANa kI koTi meM nahIM rakhate haiN| kintu jaina-darzana ise 8. jainadharmadarzana- DA. mohanalAla mehatA, pR. 319 pramANa mAnatA hai| apane mata kI paSTi ke lie jaina-darzana jo 9. vahI kucha kahatA hai usameM vyAvahArikatA bhI eka hai| vyavahAra meM 10. jainadharmadarzana, pRSTha 320 smRti ko acchA sthAna prApta hai| smRti ke binA vyavahAra nahIM 11. parIkSAmukha- mANikyanandI, 3/5 cala sakatA aura jo siddhAnta vyavahAra ko chor3akara calegA, vaha 12. vahI- 3/5 13. pramANamImAMsA-AcArya hemacandrasUtra, 1/2/4 nizcita hI kamajora hogaa| ataH smRti kI prAmANikatA kI 14. jainadarzana : manana aura mImAMsA-muni nathamala, pRSTa 580 siddhi ke lie vyavahAra ko AdhAra mAnanA ucita jAna par3atA hai| nyAyAvatAra, tAtparyaTIkA, pRSTha 139 . pratyabhijJAna bhI eka svataMtra pramANa hai| isakI AMzika puSTi to 16. nyAyamaJjarI papa 4ER nyAya, mImAMsA Adi karate hI haiN| jaba ve upamAna ko pramANa 17. jainadarzana--mahendra kumAra jaina, pRSTha 228 mAna lete haiN| vivecana ke AdhAra para yaha jJAta hotA hai ki 18. prasiddhArthasAdhArtha sAdhyasAdhanamupamAnampratyabhijJAna kA hI sAdRzya lakSaNa upamAna ke nAma se jainetara -nyAyasUtra 1/1/6 / darzanoM meM pratiSThita hai| ataH prayabhijJAna ko pUrNarUpeNa pramANa 19. abhidhAnarAjendrakoza, bhAga-4, pR. 2169 mAnanA galata nahIM kahA jA sktaa| tarka ke viSaya meM jaina evaM 20. halAyudhakoza-jayazaMkara jozI, pR. 322 jainetara sabhI darzana adhika jAgaruka mAlama par3ate haiN| jainamata meM 21. kaThopaniSad-dvitIyAvallI-9 vyAptijJAna hI tarka hai| vyAptijJAna kI prApti ke samaya jJAnI 22. manusmRti-12/106 yogI kI taraha ho jAtA hai| aisA kahakara, jaina vicArakoM ne tarka 23. mahAbhArata 3/199/108 24. AcArAMgasUtra-- ko jJAna aura pramANa ke sAmAnya dharAtala se Upara uThA diyA hai| 25. jainadarzana-mahendra kumAra jaina, pRSTha 232 pramANa kI AvazyakatA sAdhAraNa vyaktiyoM ke lie hotI hai|| 26. bhAratIya darzana-caTTopAdhyAya evaM datta, pRSTha 175 yogaja jJAna aura yogiyoM ke lie nhiiN| yadi isa rUpa meM hI taka 27. nyAyadarzana (bhASya) - 1/1/9 ko pramANa mAnanA hai taba to vaha nyAya-darzana kA yogaja pratyakSa 28. mImAMsA darzana-zAbabhASya- 9/1/1 hai hii| ataH aisA pratIta hotA hai ki jaina-vicArakoM ne tarka yA 29. nyAyamaJcarI, pRSTha 586 vyApti-jJAna ko yogaja stara para lAkara isake sAtha nyAya nahIM 30. tatvArthAdhigamabhASya-1/15 kiyA hai| 31. Elementary Lessoons in Logic - W.S. Jevons, Page-1 saMdarbha sUcI 32. parIkSAmukha- 3/11 tathA pramANamImAMsA- 1/2/5 pramANanirNaya, pRSTha 331 33. pramANamImAMsA--AcArya hemacandra- 2/10-11 jainanyAya- paMDita kailAzacandra zAstrI, pR. 193 34. jainadharmadarzana- DA. mohanalAla mehatA, pR. 323 3. parIkSAmukha- 3/3 35. pramANamImAMsA- 1/2/6 pramANamImAMsA-AcArya hemacandra-1/2/3 36. (a) jainadarzana meM tarkapramANa kA Adhunika sandarbho meM mUlyAMkana- DA. sAgaramala jaina, dArzanika traimAsika, 5. Adhunika manovijJAna, lAlajI rAma zukla 6. jaina-darzana- DaoN. mahendrakumAra jaina, pRSTha 224 varSa 24, akTUbara 1978, aMka-4, pR. 193-194, jainanyAya- paM. kailAzacandra zAstrI, pRSTha 194-196 A modern Introduction of Indian logic-SS Barlinga Page-123-125