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________________ jaina nIti-darzana ke manovaijJAnika AdhAra naitika-darzana kA pramukha kArya jIvana ke sAdhya kA nirdhAraNa kara aprabhAvita hai| saccA jIvana to jAgRti hai, apramatta cetanA hai| usa sandarbha meM hamAre AcaraNa kA mUlyAGkana karanA hai| naitika-darzana jaina-darzana ise hI jIva yA AtmA kA svarUpa kahatA hai| aura manovijJAna donoM ke adhyayana kI viSaya-vastu prANIya-vyavahAra hai| manovijJAna kA kArya vyavahAra kI tathyAtmaka prakRti kA adhyayana cetanA ke tIna pakSa aura jaina-darzana hai tathA naitika darzana kA kArya vyavahAra ke Adarza (sAdhya) kA nirdhAraNa manovaijJAnikoM ne cetanA kA vizleSaNa kara usake tIna pakSa mAne evaM vyavahAra kA mUlyAGkana hai, kintu Adarza kA nirdhAraNa tathyoM kI haiM- jJAna, anubhUti aura sngklp| cetanA ko apane ina tIna pakSoM avahelanA karake nahIM ho sakatA hai| hameM kyA honA cAhie? yaha bahuta se bhinna kahIM dekhA nahIM jA sakatA hai| cetanA ina tIna prakriyAoM kucha isa bAta para nirbhara karatA hai ki hama kyA haiM? hamArI kSamatAe~ ke rUpa meM hI abhivyakta hotI hai| cetana-jIva jJAna, anubhUti aura kyA haiM? aisA sAdhya yA Adarza jise upalabdha karane kI kSamatAe~ hamameM saGkalpa kI kSamatAoM ke vikAsa ke rUpa meM parilakSita hotA hai| jaina na hoM, eka chalanA hI hogaa| jaina-darzana ne isa manovaijJAnika tathya vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM cetanA ke ye tInoM pakSa naitika Adarza evaM naitika ko adhika gambhIratA se samajhA hai aura apane naitika darzana ko Thosa sAdhanA-mArga se nikaTa rUpa se sambandhita haiN| jaina AcAra-darzana meM manovaijJAnika nIMva para khar3A kiyA hai| cetanA ke ina tIna pakSoM ke AdhAra para hI naitika Adarza kA nirdhAraNa kiyA gayA hai| jaina-darzana kA Adarza mokSa hai aura mokSa ananta catuSTaya naitika sAdhaka (Moral Agent) kA svarUpa arthAt ananta jJAna, ananta darzana, ananta saukhya aura ananta zakti jaina-darzana meM hameM mAnava-prakRti evaM prANIya-prakRti kA gahana kI upalabdhi hai| vastuta: mokSa cetanA ke ina tInoM pakSoM kI pUrNatA vizleSaNa prApta hotA hai| jaba mahAvIra se yaha pUchA gayA thA ki AtmA kA dyotaka hai| jIvana ke jJAnAtmaka pakSa kI pUrNatA ananta jJAna evaM kyA hai? aura AtmA kA sAdhya yA Adarza kyA hai? taba mahAvIra ananta darzana meM, jIvana ke bhAvAtmaka yA anubhUtyAtmaka pakSa kI pUrNatA ne isa prazna kA jo uttara diyA thA vaha Aja bhI manovaijJAnika dRSTi ananta saukhya meM aura saGkalpanAtmaka pakSa kI pUrNatA ananta zakti se satya hai| mahAvIra ne kahA thA- AtmA samatva rUpa hai aura samatva meM mAnI gayI hai| jaina naitika sAdhanA patha bhI cetanA ke inhIM tIna hI AtmA kA sAdhya hai| vastuta: jahA~-jahA~ bhI jIvana hai, cetanA hai, tattvoM- jJAna, bhAva aura saGkalpa ke sAtha samyak vizeSaNa kA prayoga vahA~-vahA~ samatva-saMsthApana ke anavarata prayAsa cala rahe haiN| parivezajanya karake nirmita kiyA gayA hai| jJAna se samyak jJAna, bhAva se samyak viSamatAoM ko dUrakara samatva ke lie prayAsazIla bane rahanA yaha jIvana darzana aura saGkalpa se samyakcAritra kA nirmANa huA hai| isa prakAra yA cetanA kA mUla svabhAva hai| zArIrika evaM mAnasika stara para samatva jaina-darzana meM sAdhya, sAdhaka aura sAdhanA patha tInoM para manovaijJAnika kA saMsthApana hI jIvana kA lakSya hai| DaoN0 rAdhAkRSNan ke zabdoM meM dRSTi se vicAra huA hai| jIvana gatizIla santulana hai'| spensara mAnatA hai ki pariveza meM nihita tathya hamAre santulana ko bhaGga karate rahate haiM aura jIvana apanI naitika jIvana kA sAdhyaH samatva kA saMsthApana kriyAzIlatA ke dvArA puna: isa santulana ko banAne kA prayAsa karatA hamAre naitika AcaraNa kA lakSya kyA hai? yaha prazna manovijJAna hai| yaha santulana banAne kA prayAsa hI jIvana kI prakriyA hai| aura naitika darzana donoM hI dRSTiyoM se mahattvapUrNa hai| jaina-darzana meM vikAsavAdiyoM ne ise hI astitva ke lie saMgharSa kahA hai, kintu merI ise mokSa kahakara abhivyakta kiyA gayA hai, kintu yadi hama jaina-darzana apanI dRSTi meM ise astitva ke lie saMgharSa kahane kI apekSA samatva ke anusAra mokSa kA vizleSaNa kareM to mokSa 'vItarAgatA kI avasthA ve saMsthApana kA prayAsa kahanA hI adhika ucita hai| samatva kA hai aura vItarAgatA 'cetanA ke pUrNa samatva kI avasthA hai| isa prakAra saMsthApana evaM samAyojana kI prakriyA hI jIvana kA mahattvapUrNa lakSaNa jaina-darzana meM samatva ko hI naitika jIvana kA Adarza mAnA gayA hai| hai| samAyojana aura saMtulana ke prayAsa kI upasthiti hI jIvana hai aura yaha bAta manovaijJAnika dRSTi se bhI sahI utaratI hai| saMgharSa nahIM, apitu usakA abhAva mRtyu hai| mRtyu anya kucha nahIM, mAtra zArIrika stara samatva hI mAnavIya jIvana kA Adarza ho sakatA hai, kyoMki yaha hI para santulana banAne kI isa prakriyA kA asaphala hokara TUTa jAnA hai| hamArA svabhAva hai aura jo svabhAva hai, vahI Adarza hai| svabhAva se adhyAtmazAstra ke anusAra jIvana na to janma hai aura na mRtyu| prathama bhinna Adarza kI kalpanA ayathArtha hai| spensara, DArvina, mArksa prabhRti usakA eka zarIra meM prArambha bindu hai to dUsarA usake abhAva kI udghoSaNA kucha vicAraka saMgharSa ko hI jIvana kA svabhAva mAnate haiM, lekina yaha karane vAlA tthy| jIvana donoM se Upara hai janma aura mRtyu to eka eka mithyA dhAraNA hai| Adhunika vijJAna ke anusAra vastu kA svabhAva zarIra meM usake Agamana aura cale jAne kI sUcanAe~ bhara haiM, vaha unase vaha hotA hai, jisakA nirAkaraNa nahIM kiyA jAtA hai| jaina-darzana ke
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________________ 238 jaina vidyA ke anusAra nitva aura nirapavAda vastu-dharma hI svabhAva hai| yadi hama isa kasauTI para kase to saMgharSa jIvana kA svabhAva siddha nahIM hotA hai| dvandvAtmaka bhautikavAda ke anusAra manuSya kA svabhAva saMgharSa hai, mAnavIya itihAsa varga saMgharSa kI kahAnI hai, saMgharSa hI jIvana kA niyama hai| kintu yaha eka mithyA dhAraNA hai| yadi saMgharSa hI jIvana kA niyama hai to phira indvAtmaka bhautikavAda saMgharSa kA nirAkaraNa kyoM karanA cAhatA hai? saMgharSa miTAne ke lie hotA hai| jo miTAne kI yA nirAkaraNa karane kI vastu hai, use svabhAva kaise kahA jA sakatA hai| 'saMgharSa' yadi mAnava itihAsa kA eka tathya hai to vaha usake doSoM kA, usake vibhAva kA itihAsa hai, usake svabhAva kA nhiiN| mAnava svabhAva saMgharSa nahIM, apitu saMgharSa kA nirAkaraNa yA samatva kI avasthA hai, kyoMki yugoM se mAnavIya prayAsa usI ke lie hote rahe haiM saccA mAnava itihAsa saMgharSa kI kahAnI nahIM, saMgharSo ke nirAkaraNa kI kahAnI hai| saMgharSa athavA asamatva se jIvana meM vicalana pAe jAte haiM lekina ve jIvana kA svabhAva nahIM haiM, kyoMki jIvana kI prakriyA unake samApta karane kI dizA meM hI prayAsazIla hai| samatva kI upalabdhi hI manovaijJAnika dRSTi se jIvana kA sAdhya hai samatva zubha hai aura viSamatA azubha hai| kAmanA, Asakti, rAga-dveSa, vitarka Adi sabhI jIvana kI viSamatA, asantulana evaM tanAva kI avasthA ko abhivyakta karate haiM, ataH jaina darzana meM inheM azubha mAnA gayA hai| isake viparIta vAsanA-zUnya, vitarka zUnya, niSkAma, anAsakta, vItarAga avasthA hI naitika hai, zubha hai, vahI jIvana kA Adarza hai, kyoMki vaha samatva kI sthiti hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra samatva eka AdhyAtmika santulana hai| rAga aura dveSa kI vRttiyA~ hamAre cetanA ke samatva ko bhaGga karatI haiN| ataH unase Upara uThakara vItarAgatA kI avasthA ko prApta kara lenA hI sacce samatva kI avasthA hai| vastuta samatva kI upalabdhi jaina darzana aura Adhunika manovijJAna donoM kI dRSTi se mAnava jIvana kA sAdhya mAnI jA sakatI hai| - naitika jIvana kA sAdhyaH AtmapUrNatA jaina darzana ke anusAra mokSa AtmapUrNatA kI avasthA bhI hai| pUrNa - samatva ke lie AtmapUrNatA bhI Avazyaka hai, kyoMki apUrNatA yA abhAva bhI eka mAnasika tanAva hai| hamAre vyAvahArika jIvana meM hamAre sampUrNa prayAsa hamArI cetanA ke jJAnAtmaka, bhAvAtmaka aura saGkalpAtmaka zaktiyoM ke vikAsa ke nimitta hote haiN| hamArI cetanA sadaiva isa dizA meM prayatnazIla hotI hai ki vaha apane ina tInoM pakSoM kI deza kAlagata sImAoM kA atikramaNa kara sake vyakti apanI jJAnAtmaka, bhAvAtmaka aura saGkalpAtmaka kSamatA kI pUrNatA cAhatA hai / yaha manovaijJAnika satya hai ki manuSya apanI sImitatA aura apUrNatA se chuTakArA pAnA cAhatA hai| vastutaH mAnava mana kI isa svAbhAvika icchA kI pUrti hI jaina darzana meM mokSa ke pratyaya ke rUpa meM abhivyakta huI hai| sImitatA aura apUrNatA, jIvana kI vaha pyAsa hai jo pUrNatA ke jala se parizAnta honA cAhatI hai hamArI cetanA meM jo apUrNatA AyAma khaNDa 6 kA bodha hai, vaha svayaM hI hamAre meM nihita pUrNatA kI cAha kA saGketa bhI hai| pAzcAtya vicAraka breDale kA kathana hai ki cetanA ananta hai, kyoMki vaha anubhava karatI hai ki usakI kSamatAe~ sAnta evaM sImita haiN| lekina sImA yA apUrNatA ko jAnane ke lie asIma evaM pUrNa kA bodha bhI Avazyaka hai jaba hamArI cetanA yaha jJAna rakhatI hai ki vaha sAnta, sImita evaM apUrNa hai, to usakA yaha sImita hone kA jJAna svayaM use isa sImA ke pare le jAtA hai| isa prakAra breDale sva meM nihita pUrNatA kI cAha kA saGketa karate haiN|" AtmA pUrNa hai arthAt ananta catuSTaya se yukta hai, yaha bAta jaina darzana ke eka vidyArthI ke lie navIna nahIM hai| vastutaH jaina darzana ke anusAra pUrNatA hamArI kSamatA hai, yogyatA nahIM pUrNatA ke prakAza meM hI hameM apanI apUrNatA kA bodha hotA hai, yaha apUrNatA kA bodha pUrNatA kI cAha kA saGketa avazya hai, lekina pUrNatA kI upalabdhi nhiiN| jaina darzana kI dRSTi se jJAna, bhAva aura saMkalpa kA ananta jJAna, ananta saukhya aura ananta zakti ke rUpa meM vikasita ho jAnA hI AtmapUrNatA hai Atma zaktiyoM kA anAvaraNa evaM unakI pUrNa abhivyakti meM hI AtmapUrNatA hai aura yahI naitika jIvana kA sAdhya hai| isa prakAra jaina darzana meM AtmapUrNatA kA naitika sAMdhya bhI mAnavIya cetanA ke manovaijJAnika vizleSaNa para AdhArita hai| sAdhya, sAdhaka aura sAdhanA kA pArasparika sambandha jaina AcAra-darzana meM sAdhya aura sAdhaka meM abheda mAnA gayA hai| samayasAra TIkA meM AcArya amRtacandra sUri likhate haiM ki para-dravya kA parihAra aura zuddha Atma-tattva kI upalabdhi hI siddhi hai|' AcArya hemacandra sAdhya aura sAdhyaka meM abheda batAte hue likhate haiM ki kaSAyoM aura indriyoM se parAjita AtmA hI saMsAra hai aura unako vijita karane vAlA AtmA hI mokSa hai|" adhyAtmatatvAloka meM muni nyAyavijayajI likhate haiM ki AtmA hI saMsAra hai aura AtmA hI mokSa hai jahA~ taka AtmA kaSAya aura indriyoM ke vazIbhUta hai, saMsAra hai aura unako hI jaba apane vazIbhUta kara letA hai, mokSa kahA jAtA hai|' isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina darzana kA naitika sAdhya aura sAdhaka donoM hI AtmA hai| donoM meM maulika antara yahI hai ki AtmA jaba taka viSaya aura kaSAyoM ke vazIbhUta hotA hai taba taka bandhana meM hotA hai aura jaba una para vijaya lAbha kara letA hai taba vahI mukta bana jAtA hai| AtmA kI viSaya-vAsanAoM ke mala se yukta avasthA hI usakA bandhana kahI jAtI hai aura Atma-tatva kI vizuddha avasthA hI mukti kahI jAtI hai| Asakti ko bandhana aura anAsakti ko mukti mAnanA eka manovaijJAnika satya hai| " jaina AcAra- darzana meM sAdhya aura sAdhaka donoM meM antara isa bAta ko lekara hai ki AtmA kI vibhAva avasthA hI sAdhaka avasthA hai aura AtmA kI svabhAva avasthA hI siddhAvasthA hai| jaina naitika sAdhanA kA lakSya athavA Adarza koI bAhya tattva nahIM, vaha to sAdhaka kA apanA hI nija rUpa hai| usakI hI apanI pUrNatA kI avasthA hai| sAdhaka kA Adarza usake bAhara nahIM varan usake andara hI hai| .
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________________ jaina nIti darzana ke sAdhaka ko use pAnA bhI nahIM hai, kyoMki pAyA to vaha jAtA hai, jo vyakti ke apane meM na ho athavA apane se bAhya ho naitika sAdhya bAhya-upalabdhi nahIM Antarika upalabdhi hai| dUsare zabdoM meM kaheM to vaha nija-guNoM kA pUrNa prakaTana hai| yahA~ bhI hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki AtmA ke nija guNa yA sva-lakSaNa to sadaiva hI usameM upasthita haiM, sAdhaka ko kevala unheM prakaTita karanA hai / hamArI kSamatAe~ sAdhaka avasthA aura siddha avasthA meM vahI haiN| sAdhaka aura siddha avasthA meM antara kSamatAoM kA hI nahIM, varan kSamatAoM ko yogyatAoM meM badala dene kA hai| jaise bIja hI vRkSa ke rUpa meM vikasita hotA hai vaise hI muktAvasthA meM AtmA ke nija guNa pUrNa rUpa se prakaTita ho jAte haiN| sAdhaka AtmA ke jJAna, bhAva (anubhUti), aura saGkalpa ke tattva hI mokSa kI avasthA meM ananta jJAna, ananta darzana, ananta saukhya aura ananta zakti ke rUpa meM prakaTa ho jAte haiN| vaha AtmA, jo kaSAya rUpa rAga-dveSa se yukta hai aura inase yukta hone ke kAraNa baddha, sImita aura apUrNa hai, vahI apane meM nihita ananta jJAna, ananta saukhya aura ananta zakti ko prakaTa kara mukta evaM pUrNa bana jAtA hai| upAdhyAya amara munijI kahate haiM ki jaina sAdhanA meM sva meM sva ko upalabdha karanA hai, nija meM nija kI zodha karanA hai, apane meM pUrNarUpeNa ramaNa karanA hai --- AtmA ke bAhara eka kaNa meM bhI sAdhanA kI unmukhatA nahIM hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina vicAraNA meM tAttvika dRSTi se sAdhya aura sAdhaka donoM eka hI haiN| paryAyArthika dRSTi yA vyavahAranaya se unameM bheda mAnA gayA hai| AtmA kI svabhAva-paryAya yA svabhAva- dazA sAdhya hai aura AtmA kI vibhAva paryAya kI avasthA hI sAdhaka hai, aura vibhAva se svabhAva kI ora AnA yahI sAdhanA hai jIva apanI vibhAva- paryAya meM AtmA hai svabhAva paryAya meM paramAtmA hai aura vibhAva se svabhAva kI ora jAne kI avasthA meM mahAtmA hai| * sAdhanA patha aura sAdhya jisa prakAra sAdhaka aura sAdhya meM abheda mAnA gayA hai, usI prakAra sAdhanA mArga aura sAdhya meM bhI abheda hai| jIvAtmA apane jJAna, anubhUti aura saGkalpa ke rUpa meM sAdhaka kahA jAtA hai, usake yahI jJAna, anubhUti aura saMkalpa samyak dizA meM niyojita hone para sAdhanApatha bana jAte haiM, vahI jaba apanI pUrNatA ko prApta kara lete haiM to siddhi bana jAte haiN| jaina darzana ke anusAra samyak jJAna, samyak darzana, samyak cAritra aura samyak tapa yaha sAdhanA patha hai aura jaba samyak jJAna, samyak darzana, samyak cAritra aura samyak tapa, ananta jJAna, ananta zakti arthAt ananta catuSTaya kI upalabdhi kara lete haiM to yahI avasthA siddhi bana jAtI hai| AtmA kA jJAnAtmaka pakSa samyak jJAna kI sAdhanA ke dvArA ananta jJAna ko prakaTa kara letA hai, AtmA kA anubhUtyAtmaka pakSa samyak darzana kI sAdhanA ke dvArA ananta darzana kI upalabdhi kara letA hai| AtmA kA saGkalpAtmaka samyaka cAritra kI sAdhanA ke dvArA ananta saukhya kI upalabdhi kara letA hai aura AtmA kI kriyAzakti samyak tapa kI sAdhanA ke dvArA ananta zakti ko upalabdha manovaijJAnika AdhAra 239 kara letI hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jo sAdhaka cetanA kA svarUpa hai vahI samyak banakara sAdhanA patha bana jAtA hai aura usI kI pUrNatA sAdhya hotI hai| jaina darzana meM mAnavIya vyavahAra ke preraka tattva jaina darzana meM rAga aura dveSa ye do karmabIja mAne gae haiM, kintu inameM bhI rAga hI pramukha hai| AcArAGga sUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki Asakti hI karma kA preraka tatva hai|" jaina darzana aura Adhunika manovijJAna donoM hI isa sambandha meM eka mata haiM ki mAnavIya vyavahAra kA mUlabhUta preraka tattva vAsanA yA kAma hai phira bhI jaina darzana aura Adhunika manovijJAna donoM meM vAsanA ke mUlabhUta prakAra kitane haiM? isa sambandha meM koI nizcita saMkhyA nahIM milatI hai| pAzcAtya manovijJAna meM jahA~ phrAyaDa kAma yA rAga ko hI ekamAtra mUla preraka mAnate haiM, vahA~ dUsare vicArakoM ne mUlabhUta prerakoM kI saMkhyA sau taka mAna lI hai phira bhI pAzcAtya manovijJAna meM sAmAnyatayA 14 nimna mUla pravRttiyA~ mAnI gayI haiM1. palAyanavRtti (bhaya), 2. ghRNA, 3. jijJAsA, 4. AkrAmakatA (krodha), 5. Atma- gaurava (mAna), 6. AtmahInatA, 7. mAtRtva kI saMpreraNA, 8. samUha bhAvanA, 9 saMgrahavRtti, 10 racanAtmakatA, 11. bhojanAnveSaNa 12. kAma 13. zaraNAgati aura 14 hAsya (aamod)| * jaina darzana meM vyavahAra ke preraka tattvoM (saMjJAoM) kA vargIkaraNa jahA~ taka jaina- vicAraNA kA prazna hai usameM bhI hameM inakI saMkhyA ke sambandha meM ekarUpatA nahIM milatI hai| jainAgamoM meM cetanAparaka zabda saMjJA ( saNNA) vyavahAra ke preraka tattvoM ke artha meM rUr3ha ho gayA hai| saMjJA zArIrika AvazyakatAoM evaM bhAvoM kI mAnasika cetanA hai, jo paravartI vyavahAra kI preraka banatI hai kisI sImA taka jaina darzana ke saMjJA zabda ko mUlapravRtti kA samAnArthaka mAnA jA sakatA hai| jainAgamoM meM saMjJA kA vargIkaraNa aneka prakAra se kiyA gayA hai, jinameM nimna tIna vargIkaraNa pramukha haiM - -- (a) caturvidha vargIkaraNa 1. AhAra saMjJA, 2. bhaya saMjJA, 3. parigraha saMjJA aura 4 maithuna saMjJA (ba) dazavidha vargIkaraNa- 1. AhAra, 2. bhaya, 3. parigraha, 4. maithuna, 5. krodha, 6. mAna, 7 mAyA, 8. lobha aura 10 ogha / 10 (sa) SoDazavidha vargIkaraNa- 1. AhAra, 2. bhaya, 3 parigraha, 4. maithuna, 5. sukha, 6. duHkha, 7. moha, 8. vicikitsA, 9. krodha, 10. mAna, 11. mAyA, 12. lobha, 13. zoka, 14. loka, 15. dharma aura 16. ogha / 19 uparyukta vargIkaraNoM meM prathama vargIkaraNa kevala zArIrika prerakoM kA vivecana prastuta karatA hai, jabaki antima vargIkaraNa meM zArIrika ke sAtha bauddhika, mAnasika evaM sAmAjika prerakoM kA bhI samAveza ho jAtA hai| dUsare evaM tIsare vargIkaraNa meM krodhAdi kucha kaSAyoM ko bhI saMjJA ke vargIkaraNa meM samAviSTa kara liyA gayA hai| saMjJA aura kaSAya meM antara ThIka usI AdhAra para kiyA jA sakatA hai jisa AdhAra para .
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________________ lie hotA hai, isalie jala kA niyA 240 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 pAzcAtya manovijJAna meM mUlapravRtti aura usake saMlagna saMvega meM kiyA yaha zakya nahIM hai ki A~khoM ke sAmane Ane vAlA acchA yA burA jAtA hai| krodha kI saMjJA krodha kaSAya se ThIka usI prakAra bhinna hai rUpa na dekhA jAe, ata: rUpa kA nahIM, apitu rUpa ke prati jAgrata jisa prakAra AkrAmakatA kI mUla pravRtti se krodha kA saMvega bhinna hai| hone vAle rAga-dveSa kA tyAga karanA caahie| yaha zakya nahIM ki nAsikA phira bhI tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra karane para jaina-darzana kI saMjJA evaM ke samakSa AyA huA sugandha sUMghane meM na Ae, ata: gandha kA nahIM, manovijJAna kI mUla pravRttiyoM ke vargIkaraNa meM bahuta kucha samarUpatA / kintu gandha ke prati jagane vAlI rAga-dveSa kI vRtti kA tyAga karanA pAyI jAtI hai| caahie| yaha zakya nahIM hai ki jIbha para AyA huA acchA yA burA rasa cakhane meM na Ae, ata: rasa kA nahIM, kintu rasa ke prati jagane , jaina-darzana kA sukhavAdI dRSTikoNa vAle rAga-dveSa kA tyAga karanA caahie| yaha zakya nahIM hai ki zarIra Adhunika manovijJAna hameM yaha bhI batAtA hai ki sukha sadaiva ke samparka se hone vAle acche yA bure sparza kI anubhUti na ho, ata: anukUla isalie hotA hai, ki usakA jIvanazakti ko banAe rakhane sparza kA nahIM, kintu sparza ke prati jagane vAle rAga-dveSa kA tyAga kI dRSTi se daihika mUlya hai aura duHkha isalie pratikUla hotA hai ki karanA caahie| 13 jaina-dArzanika kahate haiM ki indriyoM ke manojJa athavA vaha jIvana-zakti kA hrAsa karatA hai| yahI sukha-du:kha kA niyama amanojJa viSaya Asakta vyakti ke lie hI rAga-dveSa kA kAraNa banate samasta prANIya vyavahAra kA cAlaka hai| jaina-dArzanika bhI prANIya vyavahAra haiM, vItarAgI (anAsakta) ke lie ve rAga-dveSa kA karaNa nahIM hote haiN| ke cAlaka ke rUpa meM isI sukha-duHkha ke niyama ko svIkAra karate ye viSaya, rAgI puruSoM ke lie hI duHkha (bandhana) ke kAraNa hote haiM, haiN|12 anukUla ke prati AkarSaNa aura pratikUla ke prati vikarSaNa, yaha vItarAgiyoM ke lie bandhana yA duHkha kA kAraNa nahIM ho sakate haiN| indriya-svabhAva hai| anukUla viSayoM kI ora pravRtti aura pratikUla kAma-bhoga na kisI ko bandhana meM DAlate haiM aura na kisI ko mukta viSayoM se nivRtti yaha eka naisargika tathya hai, kyoMki sukha anukUla hI kara sakate haiM, kintu jo viSayoM meM rAga-dveSa karatA hai, vahI rAga-dveSa aura duHkha pratikUla hotA hai, isalie prANI sukha ko prApta karanA se vikRta hotA hai|14 cAhatA hai aura duHkha se bacanA cAhatA hai| vastuta: vAsanA hI apane jaina-darzana ke anusAra sAdhanA kA saccA mArga aupazamika nahIM vidhAnAtmaka rUpa meM sukha aura niSedhAtmaka rUpa meM duHkha kA rUpa le varan kSAyika hai| aupazamika-mArga kA artha vAsanAoM kA damana hai| letI hai jisase vAsanA kI pUrti ho vahI sukha aura jisase vAsanA icchAoM ke nirodha kA mArga hI aupazamika mArga hai| Adhunika kI pUrti na ho athavA vAsanA-pUrti meM bAdhA utpanna ho vaha duHkh| isa manovaijJAnika kI bhASA meM yaha damana kA mArga hai| jabaki kSAyika-mArga prakAra vAsanA se hI sukha-duHkha ke bhAva utpanna hokara prANIya vyavahAra vAsanAoM ke nirasana kA mArga hai, vaha vAsanAoM se Upara uThAtA hai| kA niyamana karane lagate haiN| kintu jaina-darzana meM bhautika sukhoM se yaha damana nahIM apitu citta-vizuddhi hai| damana to mAnasika gandagI bhinna eka AdhyAtmika sukha bhI mAnA gayA hai, jo vAsanA-kSaya se upalabdha ___ ko DhakanA mAtra hai aura jaina-darzana isa prakAra ke damana ko svIkAra hotA hai| nahIM krtaa| jaina-dArzanikoM ne guNasthAna prakaraNa meM spaSTa rUpa se yaha batAyA hai ki vAsanAoM ko dabAkara Age bar3hane vAlA sAdhaka vikAsa damana kA pratyaya aura jaina-darzana kI agrima kakSAoM se anivAryatayA padacyuta ho jAtA hai| jaina-vicAraNA jaina-darzana meM indriya-saMyama para kAphI bala diyA gayA hai| lekina ke anusAra yadi koI sAdhaka upazama yA damana ke AdhAra para naitika prazna yaha hai ki kyA indriya-nirodha sambhava hai? Adhunika manovijJAna evaM AdhyAtmika pragati karatA hai to vaha pUrNatA ke lakSya ke atyadhika kI dRSTi se indriya-vyApAroM kA nirodha eka asvAbhAvika tathya hai| nikaTa pahu~cakara bhI punaH patita ho jAtA hai| unakI pAribhASika zabdAvalI A~kha ke samakSa jaba usakA viSaya prastuta hotA hai to vaha usake meM aisA sAdhaka 11veM guNasthAna taka pahu~ca kara vahA~ se aisA patita saundarya-darzana se vaJcita nahIM raha sktii| bhojana karate samaya svAda hotA hai ki puna: nimnatama prathama mithyAtva guNasthAna meM A jAtA hai| ko asvIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| ata: yaha vicAraNIya prazna hai isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina-darzana bhI Adhunika manovijJAna ke ki indriya-damana ke sambandha meM jaina-darzana.kA dRSTikoNa kyA Adhunika samAna hI damana ko sAdhanA kA saccA mArga nahIM mAnatA hai| unake manovijJAnika dRSTikoNa se sahamata hai? jaina-darzana isa prazna kA uttara anusAra sAdhanA kA saccA mArga vAsanAoM kA damana nahIM apitu unake dete hue yahI kahatA hai ki indriya-vyApAroM ke nirodha kA artha indriyoM Upara uTha jAnA hai| vaha indriya-nigraha nahIM apitu aindrika anubhUtiyoM ko apane viSayoM se vimukha karanA nahIM, varan viSaya-sevana ke mUlya meM bhI mana kI vItarAgatA yA samatva kI avasthA hai| meM jo nihita rAga-dveSa hai use samApta karanA hai| isa sambandha meM jainAgama isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina-darzana apanI vivecanAoM meM AcArAGga sUtra meM jo manovaijJAnika dRSTikoNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai vaha manovaijJAnika AdhAroM para khar3A huA hai| usake kaSAya-siddhAnta aura vizeSa rUpa se draSTavya hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki yaha zakya nahIM ki lezyA-siddhAnta bhI usakI manovaijJAnika dRSTi ke paricAyaka haiN| yahA~ kAnoM meM par3ane vAle acche yA bure zabda sune na jAe~, ata: zabdoM una sabakI gaharAiyoM meM jAnA sambhava nahIM hai| ata: hama kevala unakA kA nahIM zabdoM ke prati jagane vAle rAga-dveSa kA tyAga karanA caahie| yaha nAma-nirdeza mAtra karake hI virAma karanA caaheNge|
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________________ 241 naitika-pratimAna : eka yA aneka? sandarbha : 6. samayasAra TIkA, gAthA 305 / 1. AyAe sAmAie AyA sAmAissa atttthe| - bhagavatIsUtra yogazAstra, 4/5 / 2. DaoN0 rAdhAkRSNan jIvana kI AdhyAtmika dRSTi, rAjapAla eNDa sansa, adhyAtmatattvAloka, 4/6 / dillI, pRSTha 259 / AcArAGga, 1/3/2 / 3. harbarTa spensara, pharsTa prinsapalsa, vATsa eNDa ko0, chaThA saMskaraNa 10. samavAyAGga 4-5, prajJApanA pada 8 / laMdana, pRSTha 66 / 11. abhidhAna-rAjendra, khaNDa 7, pR0 301 / C.D. Board, Five Types of Ethical Theories, p. 16. 12. AcArAGga, 1/2/3/81 / F.H. Bradley, Ethical Studies, Oxford University Publication, 13. AcArAGga, 2/3/15/101-105 / Chapter II. 14. uttarAdhyayana 32/100, 101 / naitika-pratimAna : eka yA aneka ? sAmAnyatayA eka vicArazIla prANI ke nAte manuSya ko svayaM hI jIvana meM do bhinna-bhinna paristhitiyoM meM bhinna-bhinna naitika pratimAnoM apane aura dUsare vyaktiyoM ke caritra evaM vyavahAra kI ucitatA tathA kA upayoga karatA hai| naitika pratimAna ke isa prazna para na kevala jana anucitatA ke sambandha meM athavA mAnava jIvana ke kisI sAdhya ke sAdhAraNa meM apitu nItivettAoM meM bhI gaharA matabheda hai| zubhatva aura azubhatva ke bAre meM nirNaya lene hote haiN| yugoM se manuSya naitika pratimAnoM (Moral Standards) kI isa vividhatA aura isa prakAra ke nirNaya letA rahA hai ki amuka zubha hai aura amuka parivartanazIlatA ko lekara aneka prazna upasthita hote haiN| kyA aise azubha hai| yaha karanA ucita hai aura yaha karanA anucita hai| phira sArvabhauma naitika pratimAna sambhava haiM jinheM sArvalaukika aura sArvakAlIna bhI mAnava-jIvana ke sAdhya evaM AcaraNa ke sambandha meM liye jAne mAnyatA prApta ho? yadyapi aneka nItivettAoM ne apane naitika pratimAna vAle ina nirNayoM ko lekara manuSyoM meM ekarUpatA nahIM dekhI jAtI kA sArvalaukika, sArvakAlIna evaM sArvajanIna siddha karane kA dAvA hai| eka hI prakAra ke AcaraNa ko kisI eka deza, kAla evaM sabhyatA avazya kiyA hai, kintu jaba ve hI Apasa meM eka mata nahIM haiM, to meM ucita ThaharAyA jAtA hai to dUsare meM anucit| mAtra yahI nahIM, eka phira unake isa dAve ko kaise mAnya kiyA jA sakatA hai? nItizAstra vyakti jise acchA (zubha) kahatA hai, dUsarA vyakti usI AcAra-vyavahAra ke itihAsa meM niyamavAdI siddhAntoM meM kabIle ke bAhyaniyamoM kI ko burA (azubha) kahatA hai| mUla prazna yaha hai ki naitikatA-sambandhI avadhAraNA se lekara antarAtmA ke Adeza taka, tathA sAdhyavAdI paramparA ina nirNayoM kI vividhatA kA kyA kAraNa hai- vastuta: manuSyoM kI meM sthUla svArthamUlaka sukhavAda se prArambha karake buddhivAda, pUrNatAvAda nIti-sambandhI avadhAraNAoM, mApadaNDoM yA pratimAnoM kI vividhatA aura mUlyavAda taka aneka naitika pratimAna prastuta kiye gaye haiN| hI naitika nirNayoM kI isa bhinnatA kA kAraNa mAnI jA sakatI hai| yadi hama naitika mUlyAGkana kA AdhAra naitika AvegoM (Moral jaba bhI hama naitika mUlyAGkana karate haiM to hamAre sAmane nIti sambandhI Sentiments) ko svIkAra karate haiM, to naitika mUlyAGkana sambhava hI koI mApadaNDa, pratimAna yA mAnaka (Moral Standard) avazya hotA nahIM hogA, unameM vividhatA svAbhAvika hai| naitika AvegoM kI isa hai, jisake AdhAra para hama kisI vyakti ke caritra, AcaraNa athavA vividhatA ko samakAlIna vicAraka eDavarDa vesTaramArka ne svayaM svIkAra karma kA naitika mUlyAMkana (Moral Valuation) karate haiN| vibhinna deza kiyA hai| unake anusAra isa vividhatA kA kAraNa vyaktiyoM ke pariveza, kAla, samAja aura saMskRtiyoM meM ye naitika mApadaNDa yA pratimAna dharma aura vizvAsoM meM pAyI jAne vAlI bhinnatA hai| jo vicAraka karma alaga-alaga rahe haiM aura samaya-samaya para inameM parivartana hotA rahA ke naitika aucitya evaM anaucitya ke nirdhAraNa ke liye vidhAnavAdI hai| prAcIna grIka saMskRti meM jahA~ sAhasa aura nyAya ko naitikatA kA pratimAna apanAte haiM aura jAti, samAja, rAjya yA dharma ke dvArA prastuta pratimAna mAnA jAtA thA, vahIM paravartI IsAI saMskRti meM sahanazIlatA vidhi-niSedha (yaha karo aura yaha mata karo) kI niyamAvaliyoM ko naitika aura tyAga ko naitikatA kA pratimAna mAnA jAne lgaa| yaha eka / pratimAna svIkAra karate haiM, unameM bhI prathama to isa prazna ko lekara hI vAstavikatA hai ki naitika pratimAna yA naitikatA ke mApadaNDa aneka matabheda hai ki jAti (samAja), rAjyazAsana aura dharmagranthoM dvArA prastuta rahe haiM tathA vibhinna vyakti aura vibhinna samAja alaga-alaga naitika aneka niyamAvaliyoM meM se kise svIkAra kiyA jAve? punaH pratyeka pratimAnoM kA upayoga karate rahe haiN| mAtra yahI nahIM eka hI vyakti apane jAti, rAjya aura dharmagrantha dvArA prastuta ye niyamAvaliyA~ bhI alaga-alaga