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________________ ST jaina kathA sAhitya : eka paryavekSaNa jayantavijaya, "madhukara" jIvana meM kathA-kahAnI kA mahattva ___ satya to yaha hai ki pratyeka mAnava apane janma ke sAtha eka kathA lekara AyA hai| jisako vANI dvArA nahIM kintu apane aharniza ke kriyA-kalApoM dvArA kahatA huA samApta karatA hai| taba jIvana kA aisA koI kSetra nahIM jisameM kahAnI kI madhurimA abhivyaMjita nahIM huI ho, kathA ke prati mAnavamAtra kA sahaja AkarSaNa na ho| isalie vizva ke saMpUrNa sAhitya ko leM athavA kisI bhI deza, jAti yA bhASA kA sAhitya leM usakA bahubhAga evaM sarvAdhika janapriya aMza kisI na kisI rUpa meM racita usakA kathA sAhitya hI mAnA jAtA hai| yaha sthiti mAtra laukika sAhitya kI hI nahIM varan dhArmika sAhitya ke bAre meM bhI yahI bAta zata-pratizata satya hai ki loka dRSTi se sarvAdhika mahatvapUrNa rocaka va janapriya aMza usakA kathA sAhitya hI hai| ___ kathA sAhitya prAcIna paramparA kI pAvana gaMgA hai jo deza-kAla ke vistAra ke sAtha aneka kathA saritAoM kA saMgata hote jAne se vizAla rUpa dhAraNa kara jana mAnasa ko ullasita evaM udAna banane ke lie prerita karatI hai| kathAoM kA uddezya loka jIvana aura loka saMskRti kA unnayana evaM saMrakSaNa karane ke sAtha-sAtha jana sAmAnya ko sugama rIti se dhArmika niyamoM, naitika AcAra-vicAroM ke pracAra-prasAra karane evaM samajhAne ke lie kyA sAhitya se bar3hakara adhika prabhAvazAlI sAdhana dUsarA nahIM hai| jinake binA eka kadama calanA bhI asaMbhava hotA hai| aisI sthiti meM unakA sarala mArga kahAnI sAhitya hI hotA hai| kalA ke mAdhyama se darzana ke durUha prazna, saMskRti kA gaharA cintana va dharma ke vividha pahala saralatA se hRdayaMgama kiye va karAye jA sakate haiN| isameM sabhI boliyoM kI AtmA hotI hai| mitra sammata upadeza bhI isI mAdhyama se hotA hai, jo zruti se madhura, AcaraNa meM sukara va hRdaya chUne vAlA hotA hai| jaina kathA sAhitya uparyukta kathana se yaha bhalIbhAMti jJAta ho jAtA hai ki kahAnI, sAhitya, sAhitya kI eka pramakha vidhA hai jise sabase adhika loka priyatA prApta hai| usake prakAza meM aba hama jaina kathA sAhitya ke bAre meM vicAra karate haiN| sAhitya ke sAtha jaina vizeSaNa kI upasthiti isa bAta ko sUcita karatI hai ki yahAM jaina nAma se prasiddha dhArmika paramparA vizeSa kA sAhitya abhipreta hai jisakA uddezya vaiyaktika jIvana kA naitika evaM AdhyAtmika unnayana karanA hai| ata: usakI dRSTi kevala sAmUhika loka jIvana athavA kisI varga yA samAja vizeSa taka sImita nahIM hai varan pratyeka jIvAtmA ko sparza kiyA hai| yahI kAraNa hai / isa paramparA dvArA prerita, jita, saMrakSita evaM prabhArita sAhitya bhAratIya bhASAoM meM pracura mAtrA meM upalabdha hai aura una-una bhASAoM ke sAhitya bhaNDAra kI abhivRddhi kI hai| jaina sAhitya kevala tAtvika, dArzanika yA dhArmika AcAra vicAroM taka hI sImita nahIM hai| usameM jJAna vijJAna kI prAya: pratyeka zAkhA para racita racanAeM samAviSTa haiM, jinameM una siddhAMtoM kI saniHNa vyAkhyA kI gaI hai jinako Aja taka koI cunautI nahIM de sakA hai kintu loka dRSTi se sarvAdhika mahatvapUrNa, rocaka evaM janapriya aMza usakA kathA sAhitya hai| jaina AgamoM meM se nAyA dhamma kahA, uvAsagadasAoM, antagaDadazA, anuttaropapAtika, vipAka sUtra Adi to samagra rUpa se kathAtmaka haiM inake atirikta sUyagaDAMgasUtra, bhagavatIsUtra, ThANaMgasUtra, uttarAdhyayana sUtra Adi meM bhI aneka rUpaka va kathAeM haiM jo bhAva pUrNa hone ke sAtha prabhAvaka bhI haiN| jaina kathA sAhitya atyanta vizAla, vyaap| evaM vividha bhASA maya hai| usameM kAvya zAstra ke sabhI lakSaNoM, niyamoM kI saMpuSTi karane vAle paurANika mahAkAvya, caritra kAvya, sAmAnya kAvya, bI.ni.saM. 2503 Jain Education Intemational
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________________ zAstrIya kAvya ke atirikta janajIvana ke pratyeka kSetra ko sparza karane vAlI lokakathAeM, dastakAeM pAvikAeM. kathAeM, sAhityika kathAeM, upanyAsa, ramanyAsa dRSTAnta kathAe~ upalabdha haiN| inameM se aneka svataMtra kathAeM haiM aura kathAoM kI paramparA saMbaddha zrRMkhalAe~ bhI hai| kucha choTI-choTI kahAniyAM haiN| to kucha paryApta bdd'ii| jaina kathA sAhitya ke bAre meM itanA saMketa karanA hI paryApta hai ki yaha bahuta hI vizAla hai, isakI dRSTi vizAla hai aura mAnavIya jIvana kA aisA koI kSetra nahIM jisakA samAveza jaina kathA sAhitya meM na huA ho / jaina kathAoM ko vizeSatA jaina kathAoM kI nirmiti yathArthavAda ke dharAtala para huI hai| aura inakI rUparekhA AdarzavAda ke raMga se anuraMjita hai / apane Adarza ko naSTa karate hue eka bAra nahIM hajAra bAra batAyA hai ki mAnava jIvana kA zreya mokSa prApti hai aura usameM saphala hone ke lie saMsAra se virakta honA par3egA / yadyapi puNya sukhakara hai aura pApa kI tulanA meM isakI labdhi bhI zreyaskara hai phira bhI puNya kAmanA kA parityAgavizuddha Atma svarUpa kI prApti ke lie Avazyaka hai / jaina kathAoM meM varNanAtmaka zailI kI mukhyatA hai phira bhI unameM mAnavIya saMvedanAoM bhAvanAoM kA Aroha-avaroha jIvana kA kramika vikAsa evaM mAnavatA kA ucca saMdeza vidyamAna hai| jaina kathAeM bhAratIya sabhyatA saMskRti ke itihAsa meM atyanta mahatvapUrNa haiM evaM mAnava ko barbaratA evaM krUratA ke nAgapAza se mukta kara AdhyAtmika bhAva bhUmi para mahAna evaM naitikatA kA adhiSThAtA banAne meM sakSama hai| jaina kathAnaka vizuddha bhAratIya hai aura aneka bAra zuddha dezaja hai tathA paryApta rUpa se maulika / inameM loka saMskRti kI jhalaka dekhane ke sAtha usa pradeza va yuga meM bolI jAne vAlI bhASA kA bhI yathArtha rUpa dekhane ko milatA hai / bhASA kA pravAha aisA hai ki par3hane meM mastiSka para kisI prakAra kA bhAra nahIM par3atA hai / jaina kathAoM meM karma siddhAnta ke nirUpaNa dvArA puNya-pApa kI vizada vyAkhyA huI hai ki pratyeka jIva ko svakarmoM kA phala avazya bhoganA par3atA hai| isa aTala siddhAnta kI paridhi ke bAhara saMsAra kA koI bhI prANI nahIM jA sakatA hai| apane apane kRtyoM ke zubhAzubha pariNAmoM kA anubhava karanA par3atA hai / yaha bAta dUsarI hai ki puNyavAna pAna karma ke phalasvarUpa svarga sukha bhoge aura pazu bhI sAmAnya vratoM kA pAlana karake deva bana sakatA hai| jaina dharma punarjanma siddhAnta meM pUrNa AsthAvAna hai isalie karmavAda kI abhivyakti adhika prabhAvazAlI bana jAtI hai / yadi kAraNa vizeSa se koI jIva apane vartamAna jIvana meM svakRta karmoM kA phala bhoga nahIM pAtA hai to use dUsare janmoM meM avazya bhoganA par3atA hai / jaima kathAoM meM vartamAna mukhya hai aura bhUtanA vartamAna sukha dukha kI vyAkhyA yA kAraNa nideza ke rUpa meM AtA hai| bhUta gauNa hai bhUta ko vartamAna se sambaddha rakhatI hai tathA apane siddhAnta kA sIdhA upadeza na dekara kathAnathoM ke mAdhyama se uddezya prakaTa karatI hai / 174 jaina kathAnakoM meM samasta prANiyoM kI cintA karane vAle jaina dharma ke AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke siddhAntoM kA digdarzana karAne ke sAtha-sAtha sarvabhUtahitAya kI bhAvanA sadaiva spandita rahI hai, jAti bheda yA varga bheda kI kalpanA ke liye yahAM sthAna hI nahIM hai| jaina kathAoM meM virakti vrata, saMyama, sadAcAra ko vizeSataH pratiphalita kiyA hai| jIvana meM vratoM kI AvazyakatA, unake prayoga, unakI upayogitA Adi para aneka kahAniyAM haiM jo jIvana ke ujjvala pakSa ko pradarzita karatI hai aura kahAniyoM ke cintana manana se preraNA pAkara mAnava AdhyAtmikatA evaM pavitratA kI ora agrasara hotA hai| jaina kathAoM meM kucha aisI vizeSatAeM haiM kucha aise haiM jo sArvabhauma hone ke kAraNa vizva ke kathAkAroM ko vividha rUpoM se prabhAvita kara sake aura unhoMne pratyakSa va parokSa rUpa se inheM apanAyA hai / ina kalyANadAyinI kahAniyoM meM kevala pAralaukika athavA adhyAtmavAda kI hI pramukhatA nahIM hai apitu laukika jIvana ke sabhya susaMskRta gauravazAlI dharAtala ko bhI abhivyaMjita kiyA hai| yahAM donoM kA samanvayAtmaka rUpa dRSTavya hai / saMkSepa meM una vizeSatAoM ko nimna prakAra se Akalita kiyA jA sakatA hai / 1. vizva kalyANa kI bhAvanA kA prAdhAnya / 2. jIvana ke carama lakSya evaM karma siddhAnta kA nirUpaNa / sAMsArika vaibhava kI kSaNabhaMguratA kA manorama citraNa / 3. 4. AdarzavAda aura yathArthavAda ke samanvayAtmaka dRSTikoNa kA saMtulita nirUpaNa / puNya-pApa kI rocaka vyAkhyA / kahAnI sukhada parisamApti evaM varNana kI rocakatA / AdhyAtmika ciMtana kI pracuratA / 8. loka pracalita udAharaNa ke mAdhyama se saiddhAMtika gahana viSayoM kA sugama vivecana / 9. jaina dharma kI udAratA ko pramANita karane hetu jAti baMdhana ke zaithilya kA varNana | 5. 6. 7. 10. bhArata ke prAcIna vaibhava kI anupama abhivyakti evaM aitihAsika tathyoM kI niSpakSa evaM samucita vyAkhyA / 11. sUktiyoM aura kalpanA kA ucita upayoga tathA rUpakoM va pratIkoM kA vividha prakAra se prayoga / 12. vibhinna bhASAoM aura boliyoM kI zabdAvalI kA udAratApUrvaka prayoga / 13. paramparAoM, utsavoM aura maMgalamaya AcAra vyavahAroM kA sahaja ullekha aura vivaraNa / 14. mAnavIya naisargika vRttiyoM aura pravRttiyoM kA citraNa / 15. kRtrimatA kA abhAva evaM zAMta rasa kI pracuratA / 16. atIta ke sAtha vartamAna kAla kI abhivRddhi kI kAmanA / 17. mAnavIya puruSArthaM ko jAgRta karane kI preraNA / 18. kaSTa sahiSNu banane kA saMdeza / 19. jaina dharma ke AcAra-vicAra mUlaka siddhAnta kI samucita vyAkhyA | rAjendra- jyoti
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________________ 20. varga vizeSa kI saMskRti ke sAtha-sAtha vizAla saMskRti kA suhAvanI abhivyaMjanApUrvaka gatizIla varNana / 21. bhAratIya gaurava aura vaibhava kI anupama abhivyakti Adi / abhiprAya yaha hai ki jaina kathA sAhitya kI apanI vizeSatAeMmaulikatAeM hai| isaliye vizva sAhitya ke vizAla bhaNDAra kI bahumUlya nidhi mAnI jAtI hai / jaina kathAkAroM kI udAratA jaina kathAkAroM kI yaha udAratA rahI hai ki kisI bhI kSetra se kyA srota grahaNa kiye hoM, koI bhI kathAnaka ho, koI aura kaise bhI pAtra ho yA kaisI bhI ghaTanA krama yA sthiti kA citraNa ho ve apanI kahAnI ko eka rocaka evaM vastuparaka DhaMga se kahate calate haiN| jaina dharma kA pracAra aura prasAra karane ke liye jainAcAryoM ne apUrva preraNAprada aura prAMjala naitika kathAoM kI paramparAoM kA anusaraNa kiyA hai| ve pracAra-prasAra ke liye kathAoM ko sabase sulabha aura prabhAvazAlI sAdhana mAnate haiN| unakI kathAeM dainika jIvana kI sarala se sarala bhASA meM hotI haiN| isaliye unhoMne apane samaya kI pracalita loka bhASAoM meM yaha gadya yA padya athavA donoM ke saMyukta rUpa dvArA kathA kalA ko carama vikAsa kI sImA taka pahuMcAyA / jaina kathAkAroM kI kathA karane kI praNAlI anyoM kI apekSA vizeSatApUrNa hai / ve kyA ke prArambha se apane prasiddha dharma vAkya yA padAMza dvArA maMgalAcaraNa karake phira bAda meM kyA karanA prArambha kara ke kathA ke prArambhika bhAga meM pramukha pAtra athavA pAtroM ke nAma, unake nivAsa sthAna kA ullekha niyamita rUpa se hotA hai sAtha hI puNyavAna rAjA-rAnI zAsaka ke nAma kA bhI ullekha kara diyA jAtA hai / unakI zAsana vyavasthA kI prazaMsA karake kSetra kI bhaugolika ramaNIyatA, vahAM ke nivAsiyoM kI vRtti kA bhI ullekha kara diyA jAtA hai| kathA ke pAtra varNya viSaya meM aisA tAlamela baiThAyA jAtA hai ki zrotA yA pAThaka apane jIvana ko bhI unameM jhAkane lagate haiM / vaha itanA tanmaya ho jAtA hai ki yaha kathA mere jIvana kI hI kahAnI hai| kathA ke aMta meM zrotAoM yA pAThakoM ko sanmArga para calane kA upadeza dete haiM / kathA pAtra para vizeSa Adarza, bhakti, tapasyA Adi kA prabhAva prakaTa ho jAne se vaha saMsAra se chuTakArA prApta karane kA upAya pUchatA hai, pratyuttara meM jaina dharma ke mukhya-mukhya siddhAntoM ko yA prasaMgopayogI kisI eka siddhAnta ke prarUpaNa ke prasaMga meM batAyA jAtA hai ki pUrva kRta karmoM ke phalasvarUpa hI vaha saba ghaTanA banI, sukha-duHkha kI prApti huI hai aura apane kathana ke udAharaNa meM saMkSipta rUpa se kahAnI ke pAtroM ke jIvana meM ghaTita ghaTanAoM ke varNana dvArA use spaSTatayA samajhAte haiM jisase vaha kutsita mArga ko chor3akara mokSa mArga kA pathika bana jAtA hai / sAMsArika baMdhanoM se nAtA chor3a AtmA se nAtA jor3a letA hai, isa prakAra kathA kA anta upadezAtmaka paMktiyoM ke sAtha sukhada dRSTigocara hotA hai / jaina kathAoM meM loka saMskRti aura samAja hamAre deza kI loka saMskRti dharma parAyaNa hai aura mAnanIya AdarzoM ko nirantara apanAtI rahatI hai| usameM virakti, karuNA, udAratA, vI. ni. saM. 2503 sevA, tyAga, ahiMsA Adi ke aise svara gUMja rahe haiM jo parivartana kI mAMga mukhara hone para bhI koI unameM kisI bhI prakAra ke parivartana ke liye svIkRti nahIM detA hai| unameM mAnavatA kI rakSA ke darzana karatA hai| isaliye yaha mAnatA hai ki saMskRti ke maulika upAdAnoM meM pherabadala karanA apane astitva kA nakArA karanA hai| jaina kathAoM meM loka saMskRti kA yathArtha rUpa meM citraNa milatA hai / vastutaH loka saMskRti ko apanAne ke kAraNa hI ye kathAyeM lokapriya banI haiN| saMskRti aura antara bAhya jIvana kI abhivyakti hai jisameM hamAre jIvana ke sabhI bhautika, sAmAjika AdhyAtmika mUlya usameM samAhita ho jAte haiN| samAja nirmANa ke mUla se kucha naitika vizvAsa, saMskAra, niyama aura kriyAkalApa hote haiM, jinako usa samudAya meM rahane vAle AbAla-vRddha sabhI vyakti kI svIkRti prApta hotI hai yAnI unheM sabhI aMgIkAra karate haiN| yadyapi loka saMskRti kA koI paMktibaddha lekhA nahIM hotA hai vaha na kinhIM niyamaupaniyama se bhI baMdhI rahatI hai / sAmayika AcAra-vicAra sabhyatA se kucha rUpAntaraNa huA avazya pratIta hotA hai lekina vyakti kI mAnasika dharohara aura vizvAsa hone ke kAraNa vaha loka mAnava kI se par3ho dara pIr3hI virAsata ke rUpa meM milatI rahatI hai| parivartana hote jAte haiM para usake maulika rUpa meM kucha vikAra nahIM AtA hai / usameM sthAyitva rahatA hai / jaina kathAoM ke Atma vikAsonmukhI hone ke kAraNa yadyapi unakA lakSya sAmAjika rahana-sahana athavA rAjanItika vAtAvaraNa aMkita karanA nahIM rakhA hai| phira bhI unameM aise aneka saMvedanazIla AkhyAna upalabdha haiM jinameM aitihAsika tathyoM kI pratIti hone ke sAtha pAThaka tatkAlIna sAmAjika rahana-sahana, AcAra-vicAra, vyApAra-vyavahAra kA yathArtha evaM savistAra paricaya prApta kara letA hai / jaise ki arthopArjana aura AjIvikA ke aneka sAdhana haiM phira bhI prAcInakAla se vyApAra aura khetI kI mukhyatA kA ullekha hai, naukarI ke prati janatA kA AkarSaNa nahIM thaa| vyApAra ke nimitta eka dUsare prAnta meM hI nahIM samudrapAra sudUra dezoM meM pahuMcate the| pArasparika vastuoM kA vinimaya karanA vyApAra kA AdhAra thA / dhana kamAkara dAna meM usakA upayoga karanA evaM dhArmika kAryoM meM jI kholakara vyaya karanA pratyeka vyakti apanA kartavya samajhate the / samAja vyavasthA sugaThita thI aura eka dUsare ko sahAyatA denA, gurujanoM kA Adara-satkAra karanA eka sAdhAraNa sI bAta thI / loka jIvana vizeSa samRddha aura sukhamaya thA / kRSi se paryApta Aya hotI thI tathA khAdya padArtha alpa mUlya meM sulabhatA se prApta ho jAte the / sarvatra samRddhi parilakSita hotI thii| strI aura puruSoM meM AbhUSaNa pahanane kA Ama rivAja thaa| dUdha, dahI, ghI, vividha dAleM, sugaMdhita cAvala, miSThAnna Adi bhojana ke pramukha aMga the / manovinodArtha kaI taraha ke khela khele jAte the| sAmAjika tyauhAroM evaM viziSTha parvoM ko bar3e ullAsapUrvaka manAyA jAtA thA / rAjya vyavasthA kaThora thii| rAjA aparAdhI ko kaThora daNDa dete yahAM taka ki corI ke aparAdha meM sUlI kI sajA de dI jAtI thI / 175
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________________ mahilAoM ko sammAnanIya sthAna prApta thA / bahupani prathA kA bhI pracalana thA / kanyAeM vividha kalAoM kA adhyayana karatI thii| ve apanI icchAnusAra jIvana sAthI ko cunane ke liye svataMtra thiiN| ve kaThina parIkSAoM meM uttIrNa puruSa ko apanA pati banAnA pasanda karatI thii| sampanna vyakti putrI ke vivAha ke samaya dAmAda ko bahuta kucha dhana saMpatti diyA karate the| svayaMbara prathA thI lekina vaha mAtA-pitA, gurujanoM kI dekharekha aura sAkSI meM sampanna hotI thii| isa prakAra se ye kathAeM samasAmayika sabhyatA aura samAja vyavasthA kA eka suhAvanA citra upasthita karatI haiN| jaina kathAoM kA dezATana manuSya vividha dezoM aura darzanIya sthAnoM ko dekhane yA arthopArjana Adi ke nimitta deza-videza kI yAtrA karatA hai, vahAM ke nivAsiyoM se milatA hai, unakI sunatA aura kucha apanI kahatA hai / isa samaya apanI bolI, vezabhUSA, saMskAra ke Adi ke sAtha kucha na kucha kaMThastha sAhitya bhI usake pAsa hotA hai| upadezaka to paribhramaNazIla hotA hai aura upadezArtha dUsare prAnta meM jAne para usake mAdhyama se kaMThastha sAhitya bhI una dezoM kI dharatI ke nivAsiyoM kA sparza karatA hai aura zrotAgaNa sunakara apanI dRSTi apanI vicAradhArA ke anusAra use anuraMjita karate haiM / bhArata ke vibhinna prAntoM aura videzoM meM jo jaina kathAyeM pahuMcI aura vahAM unakA svAgata huA to usakA kAraNa pUrvokta hai| ___ isakA pariNAma yaha huA ki zanaiH-zanaiH kathAoM meM parivartana AyA, pAtra nAma badale aura usa deza kI sAMskRtika dhArA ne unheM prabhAvita kiyA lekina mUla abhiprAya meM parivartana nahIM AyA, vaha jyoM kA tyoM rhaa| meksa mUlara, herTala, Adi aneka vidvAnoM ne yaha siddha kara dikhAyA hai ki bhAratIya kathAoM kA yaha aTuTa prahAra ati prAcInakAla se pazcima kI ora pravAhita ho rahA hai aura ve vahAM ke vAtAvaraNa ke anukUla heraphera sahita pracalita huI haiN| suprasiddha yUropIya vidvAna bI. sI. eca.TAne apane grantha "TrejharI oNpha sTorIja' kI bhUmikA meM svIkAra kiyA hai ki jainoM ke kathAkoSoM meM saMgrahita kathAoM va yUropIya kathAoM kA atyanta nikaTa kA sAmya hai| ___kathAoM ke dezATana kA mUla kAraNa aura unake mUla rUpa kA anusaMdhAna tabhI lagAyA jA sakatA hai jaba unakA tulanAtmaka adhyayana kiyA jaaye| abhI to saMkSepa meM yahI kahA jA sakatA hai ki kathAeM deza-videza meM ghUma kara vahAM ke nivAsiyoM kA manoraMjana aura jJAnavardhana kara rahI haiN| kartavya kathAkozoM kA paricaya pUrva meM vaha saMketa kiyA jA cakA hai ki jainAcAryoM ne jana sAmAnya meM jaina dharma ke siddhAntoM kA pracAra karane ke liye kathAoM ko mAdhyama bnaayaa| AgamoM meM bhI aneka choTI-bar3I sabhI prakAra kI kathAeM milatI haiM, unake bAda AgamoM kI niyukti, bhASya, cUNi evaM TIkA granthoM meM to apekSAkRta vika sita kathA sAhitya ke darzana hote haiM jisameM aneka dhArmika, laukika, aitihAsika Adi kaI prakAra kI kathAeM saMgrahita haiN| aisI parampara) kA anusaraNa karate hue uttaravartI kAla meM jainAcAryoM ne kathAoM ke pRthak-pRthaka granthoM kA bar3I saMkhyA meM praNayana kiyaa| ye grantha kathA koSa ke nAma se prakhyAta haiN| unameM se kucha eka kathA koSoM kA saMkSepa meM paricaya dete haiN| 1. bRhatkathA koSa __isake racayitA hariSeNa haiM aura racanA kAThiyAvAr3a ke vaTamANa vardhamAnapura meM vi.saM. 955 meM huI thii| isameM choTI bar3I milAkara 147 kathAyeM haiN| grantha parimANa sAr3he bAraha hajAra zloka pramANa hai| bhASA dekhane se mAlUma par3atA hai ki isakA kucha aMza prAta bhASA se bhI anUdita hai| 2. kathA koSa isameM cAra ArAdhanAoM kA phala pAne vAle dharmAtmA puruSoM kI kathAeM dI gaI haiN| bhASA sarala saMskRta gadya meM hai| bIca meM saMskRta prAkRta ke uddharaNa diye gaye haiN| grantha do bhAgoM meM hai| pahale bhAga meM aura dUsare bhAga meM 32 kathAeM haiN| isake racayitA AcArya prabhAcanda haiM jinakA samaya vi.saM. 1037 taka mAnA jAtA hai| ye paramAra nareza bhoja ke utarAdhikArI jayasiMha deva ke samakAlIna the aura dhArAnagara vartamAna dhAra meM rahate the| 3. kathA koSa prakaraNa yaha grantha mUla aura vRtti ke rUpa meM hai| mUla meM kevala 30 gAthAeM haiM aura gAthAoM meM jina kathAoM kA ullekha haiM ve hI prAkRta vRtti ke rUpa meM vistAra ke sAtha gadya meM likhI gaI haiN| mukhya kathAyeM 36 aura avAntara kathAyeM 4-5 haiN| bhASA prAkRta gadya hai| isake racayitA jinezvarasUri haiM aura racanA vi. saM. 1108 mArgazIrSa paMcamI ravivAra ko pUrNa huii| 4. kathAnaka koSa yaha prAkRta grantha hai, isameM 239 gAthAyeM haiN| kathAkAra ne isameM Agama vAkya tathA saMskRta prAkRta, aura apabhraMza ke kucha padyoM ko uddhRta kiyA hai| yaha grantha 11vIM sadI ke utarArddha meM 'racA gayA aura racayitA vardhamAnasUri ke ziSya jinezvara suri haiN| 5. kathAnaka koSa yaha gadya-padya mayI racanA jisameM gadya saMsta meM aura padya saMskRta meM aura kahIM-kahIM prAkRta meM haiN| isameM zrAvakoM ke dAna, pUjA, zIla, kaSAya, dUSaNa, juA Adi para 27 kathAoM kA saMgraha hai| prArambha meM dhanada kI ora aMta meM nala kI kathA hai| isakI racanA 11vIM sadI IsvI ke aMtima caturtha meM huI hai| 6. mahArayaNa koSa (kathAratna koSa), isameM 50 kathAeM haiM, do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita pahale bhAga meM 9 samyaktva paTala kI tathA 24 sAmAnya guNoM kI kula 33 kathAeM haiN| dUsare bhAga meM bAraha vrata, vaMdana, pratikramaNa Adi ke rAjendra-jyoti Jain Education Intemational
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________________ 17 kathAeM haiN| yaha koza adhikoSa prAkRta padyoM meM likhita hai kahIM-kahIM kucha aMza meM bhI hai| isake racayitA devendra sUri haiM aura racanA vi. saM. 1958 meM bharukaccha nagara bhar3auca meM samApta ke anusAra kathAoM ke vargIkaraNa karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai / sAdhAraNa jaina kathAoM ko nimnalikhita cAra bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai 1. dharma saMbaMdhI kathAeM, 2. artha saMbaMdhI kathAeM, 3. kAma saMbaMdhI kathAeM, 4. mokSa saMbaMdhI kathAeM / isa vargIkaraNa meM jo kAma aura artha saMbaMdhI kathAoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai unameM lakSya mokSa bhAvanA pradhAna hai / jaina kathAoM meM virakti, tyAga, tapasyA Adi dhArmika kRtyoM ko pramukhatA dI gaI hai kyoMki jaina kathAoM kA lakSya AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke sAdhanoM aura jaina dharma pratipAdita AdhAra para pracAra karanA hai| pAtroM para AdhArita isa prakAra ho sakatA hai-- 1. rAjA-rAnI saMbaMdhI kathAeM, 5 2. rAjakumAra-rAjakumArI saMbaMdhI kathAeM, 3. AbhijAtya varga kI kathAeM, 4. pazu-pakSI saMbaMdhI kathAeM, 7. AkhyAna maNikoza yaha 127 upadezaprada kathAoM kA saMgraha hai, mUla kRti meM prAkRta kI 52 gAthAeM haiN| maMgalAcaraNa Adi kI do gAthAoM ko chor3akara 50 gAthAoM meM 127 kathAeM haiN| racayitA AcArya devendragaNi haiN| racanA kAla vi. saM. 1129 hai| 8. kayA mahodadhi choTI-bar3I kula milAkara 150 kathAeM haiN| ise karpUra kathA mahodadhi bhI kahate haiN| racayitA somacandra gaNi haiM aura racanA kAla vi. saM. 1504 hai| 9. kathAkoSa (bharatezvara bAhubali vRtti) mUla meM 13 gAthAoM meM prAkRta bhASA kI racanA hai isameM 100 dharmAtmA ginAye haiM jinameM 53 puruSa (pahalA bharata aura aMtima meghakumAra) aura 47 striyAM (pahalI sulasA aura aMtima reNA) haiN| isameM gadya-padya mizrita kathAyeM dI gaI haiN| yatra-tatra prAkRta ke bhI udAharaNa haiM / TIkA meM saba kathAeM hI haiM isaliye ise kathAkoza bhI kahA jAtA hai| isake racayitA zubha zIlamaNi haiN| racanA vi. saM. 1509 meM huI hai| 10. kathAkoSa ise vRtta kathAkoza bhI kahate haiM isameM vratoM saMbaMdhI kathAoM kA saMgraha hai| isake racayitA bhaTTAraka sakalakIrti haiM / ___ ina kathAkozoM ke atirikta aura kaI AcAryoM ne kathA koSoM kI racanA kI hai jinameM pUrva pracalita kathAoM ke atirikta samakAlIna vibhinna kathAoM kA saMgraha kiyA gayA hai| isake atirikta prabaMdha paMcazatI, dRSTAntazatakam bhI dRSTavya kathA grantha hai|dhny kumAra caritram, jayAnanda kevalI caritram, vikrama caritram, samarAicca kahA, sirisirivAla kahA, jambU caritra ityAdi eka hI pAtra lekara bahuta hI rocaka evaM sundara varNana karake racayitAoM ne pAThakoM evaM zrotAoM ke manomaMdira meM praveza pAyA hai| yaha kathAoM ke lekhana kI paramparA 14 vI. sadI taka barAbara calatI rhii| bhASAoM meM prAkRta, saMskRta, apabhraMza, dezI Adi haiM / pUrvokta kathAkoSa prAyaH durvyasana tyAga Adi upadeza pradhAna hai| inake atirikta aitihAsika, nIti saMbaMdhI vividha prakAra kI kathAoM ke saMgraha haiN| yadi vidhivat jJAna bhaNDAroM ke granthoM kI sUcI taiyAra kI jAye to aura dUsare aneka granthoM kA patA laga sakatA hai| jaina kathAoM kA vargIkaraNa Upara diye kucha eka kathAkozoM ke saMkSipta itihAsa se yaha spaSTa hai ki jaina kathAoM kA eka vizAla maMdira hai jise nizcita rUpoM meM vibhakta karanA sarala nahIM hai phira bhI siddhAMtoM ne pAtroM aura uddezyoM prakArAntara se viSayAnusAra jaina kathAoM kA isa prakAra bhI vargIkaraNa ho sakatA hai1. vrata 13. nIti 2. tyAga 14. pariSahajaya 3. dAna 15. vyavasAya - 4. sapta vyasana tyAga 16. buddhi parIkSaNa 5. bAraha bhAvanA 17. mAtrA Adi saMbaMdhI 6. ratnatraya 18. dhArmika 7. dezadharma 19. etihAsika 8. maMtra 20. sAmAjika 9. stotra 21. upadezAtmaka 10. tyauhAra 22. manoraMjanAtmaka 11. camatkAra 23. kAlpanika 12. zAstrArtha 24. prakIrNaka kintu isa vargIkaraNa ko pUrNa nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai, yaha to rUparekhA mAtra hai| Upara jaina kathA sAhitya ke bAre meM jo vicAra aMkita kiye gaye haiM ve saMketa mAtra haiM aura saMketa ko bhI saMkSipta kareM to kaheMge ki "jaina kathAoM meM jaina saMskRti aura sabhyatA vividha rUpoM meM mukharita huI hai|" ina AkhyAnoM meM mAnava-jIvana ke zveta aura zyAma donoM rUpoM kA digdarzana karAke AkhyAna kI parisamApti para zveta rUpa ko hI pradhAnatA dekara AdarzavAda ko sthApita kiyA hai| jainetara vidvAnoM ne loka bhASAoM ko gauNa mAnakara saMskRta bhASA ko pradhAnatA dI vahIM jaina vidvAnoM ne saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraMza evaM anya prAntIya bhASA se kathA sAhitya kA bhaNDAra paripUrNa kiyA hai| isa prakAra jaina kathAeM jaina saMskRti kA eka suhAvanA guladastA upasthita karatI haiN| bI.ni.saM. 2503 177 Jain Education Intemational