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________________ jauna kalA : vikAsa aura paramparA - DaoN zivakumAra nAmadeva prAdhyApaka, prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa zAsakIya gRha vijJAna mahAvidyAlaya, hozaMgAbAda 461002 (ma0pra0) jaina dharma kA krAntidarzI vikAsa chaThavIM zatI I0 pU0 se huA, jaba isa dharma ke 24veM evaM antima tIrtha kara bhagavAna mahAvIra svAmI ne apane naye vicAroM evaM kAryoM se ise nayA jIvanadAna diyA / jaina matAnuyAyiyoM ke anusAra isa dharma kI prAcInatA prAgaitihAsika hai / unake anusAra mohanajodar3o se prApta yogI kI mUrti isake Adi pravartaka prathama tIrthakara RSabhadeva kI hai| yahI nahIM vedoM meM ullikhita katipaya nAmoM ko jaina tIrtha karoM ke nAmoM se jor3A gayA hai / sAhityika evaM purAtAttvika sAkSyoM se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki jaina dharma vizva kA eka prAcIna dharma hai / prastuta lekha meM jaina dharma kI prAcInatA evaM vikAsa kA jaina mUrtikalA, vAstukalA evaM citrakalA ke mAdhyama se nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| bhArata kI prAcya saMskRti ke lie jahA~ jaina sAhitya kA adhyayana Avazyaka hai, vahIM jaina kalA kA adhyayana bhI mahattvapUrNa hai / vibhinna lalita kalAoM ke kSetra meM jaina dharma kI dena rahI hai| I0pU0 dUsarI sadI se jaina dharma ke prasAra meM kalA kA vyApaka rUpa se pracAra kiyA gayA / mUrtikalA mUrtikalA ke kSetra meM jaina kalA ne arhantoM kI agaNita kAyotsarga tathA padmAsana dhyAna-magna mUtiyoM kA nirmANa kiyA hai| ina mUrtiyoM meM kitanI hI to caturmukha evaM kitanI hI sarvatobhadra haiN| bhArata kI prAcInatama mUrtiyA~ sindhu sabhyatA ke utkhanana se upalabdha huI haiN| isa sabhyatA meM prApta mohanajodar3o ke pazapati ko yadi zaiva dharma kA deva mAneM to har3appA se prApta nagna dhar3a ko digambara mata kI khaNDita murti mAnane meM Apatti nahIM honI caahie| sindhu sabhyatA ke pazuoM meM eka vizAla skaMdhayukta vRSabha tathA eka jaTAjUTadhArI kA aMkana hai / vRSabha tathA jaTAjUTa ke kAraNa ise prathama jaina tIrtha kara AdinAtha kA anumAna kara sakate haiM / har3appA se prApta mudrA kramAMka 300, 317 evaM 318 meM aMkita pratimA AjAnulambita bAhudvaya sahita kAyotsarga mudrA meM hai| har3appA ke atirikta uparyukta sAkSya hameM mohanajodar3o meM bhI upalabdha hotA hai| 1 sTaDIja ina jaina ArTa-yU0pI0 zAha, citra phalaka kramAMka 1. 2 saravAivala Apha di har3appA kalcara-TI0 jI0 arbhU thana, pR0 55. 3 ema0 esa0 vatsa, har3appA, grantha 1, pR0 126-30, phalaka 63. 4 vahI, pR0 26, mArzala-mohanajodar3o eNDa iTsa sivilAijezana, grantha 1, phalaka 12, AkRti 13, 14, 18, 16, 22.
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________________ 156 karmayogI zrI kesarImalajI surANA abhinandana grantha : SaSTha khaNDa bhAratIya kalA kA kramabaddha itihAsa mauryakAla se prApta hotA hai| mauryakAla meM magadha jaina dharma kA eka pramukha kendra thaa| isa kAla kI tIrthakara kI eka pratimA lohAnIpura' (paTanA) se upalabdha huI hai| pratimA para mauryakAlIna uttama opa hai / baiThA vakSasthala tathA kSINa zarIra jainoM ke tapasyArata zarIra kA uttama namUnA hai| pArzvanAtha kI eka kAMsya mUrti jo isI kAla kI mAnI jAtI hai, kAyotsargAsana meM hai| yaha pratimA samprati bambaI ke saMgrahAlaya meM saMrakSita hai| zugakAla meM jaina dharma ke astitva kI dyotaka katipaya pratimAyeM upalabdha huI haiN| lakhanaU-saMgrahAlaya meM surakSita eka zuga-yugIna kavATa para RSabhadeva ke sammukha apsarA nIlAMjanA kA nRtya citrita hai| isa kAla ke AyAgapaTTa kaMkAlI TIlA se upalabdha hue haiM / vivecyayugIna kalA kA eka mahattvapUrNa racanA-kendra ur3IsA meM thaa| bhuvanezvara se 5 mIla u0pa0 meM udayagiri khaNDagiri pahAr3iyoM meM jaina dharma kI guphAye utkIrNa haiM / udayagiri kI hAthIguphA meM kaliMga nareza khAravela kA eka lekha utkIrNa hai, jisase dvitIya zatI I0 pU0 meM jaina tIrtha kara pratimAoM kA astitva siddha karatA hai| zuga-kuSANayuga meM mathurA jaina dharma kA pramukha kendra thA / yahA~ ke kaMkAlI TIle ke utkhanana se bahusaMkhyaka mUrtiyA~ prApta huI haiN| inameM arhata naMdyAvarta kI pratimA pramukha hai, jinakA samaya 86 I0 hai / yahA~ se upalabdha jaina mUrtiyoM kA bauddha mUrtiyoM se itanA sAdRzya hai ki yadi zrIvatsa para dhyAna kendrita na kiyA jAya to donoM meM bheda karanA sahaja nahIM hai| kuSANa yuga ke aneka kalAtmaka namUne mathurA ke kaMkAlI Tole se prApta hue haiN| inameM lakhanaU saMgrahAlaya meM saMrakSita AyAgapaTTa (kramAMka je0 246) mahatvapUrNa hai / isakI sthApanA siMhanAdika ne arhata pUjA ke lie kI thii| kuSANa saMvat 54 meM sthApita devI sarasvatI kI pratimA bhI pratimA-vijJAna kI dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa hai / jaina paramparA meM sarasvatI kI mUrtiyoM kA nirmANa kuSANa-yuga se nirantara madhyayuga (12vIM zatI) taka sabhI kSetroM meM lokapriya rahA hai| vivecya yuga meM mukhyata: tIrthakara pratimAyeM nirmita kI gaI jo kAyotsarga evaM padmAsana meM haiN| kaMkAlI TIle ke dUsare stupa se upalabdha tIrthaMkara mUrtiyoM kI saMkhyA adhika hai| inakI caukiyoM para kuSANa saMvat 5 se 15 taka ke lekha haiM / pratimAeM 4 prakAra kI haiM 1. khar3I yA kAyotsarga mudrA meM jinameM digambaratva lakSaNa spaSTa hai| 2. padmAsana meM AsIna mUrtiyAM / 3. pratimA sarvatobhadrikA athavA khar3I mudrA meM caumukhI mUrtiyAM, ye bhI nagna haiN| 4. sarvatobhadrikA pratimA baiThI huI mudrA meM / mathurA-saMgrahAlaya meM ekatrita 47 jaina mUtiyoM kA vyavasthita paricaya DaoN. vAsudevazaraNa agravAla ne vahAM kI sUcI ke tRtIya bhAga meM karAyA hai| inameM mahArAja vAsudeva kAlIna saMvatsara 84 kI AdinAtha kI mUti (bI4),. pArzvanAtha kI mUrti (bI0 62) evaM neminAtha kI pratimA (2502) mahattvapUrNa haiM / kuSANakAlIna mathurA kalA meM tIrthakaroM ke lAMchana nahIM pAye jAte haiN| 1 nihAraraMjana re, maurya eNDa zuga ArTa, citraphalaka 28, kamprihenasiva hisTrI Apha iNDiyA-saM0 ke0 e0 nIlakaNTha zAstrI, citraphalaka 38. 2 sTaDIja ina jaina ArTa-citraphalaka 2, AkRti 5. 3 jarnala Apha bihAra eNDa ur3IsA risarca sosAyaTI, bhAga 2, pR0 13. 4 bhAratIya kalA-vAsudevazaraNa agravAla, pa0 282-83, citra kramAMka 318.
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________________ jaina kalA : vikAsa aura paramparA bhAratIya itihAsa meM svarNa-kAla ke nAma se anihita guptakAla meM kalA praur3hatA ko prApta ho cukI thii| ina yuga meM bhI hameM tIrthaMkaroM ke sAmAnya lakSaNa mUrtiyoM meM ve hI prApta hote haiM jo kuSANakAla meM vikasita ho cuke the, kintu unake parikaroM meM kucha vaiziSTya dRSTigocara hotA hai| pratimAoM kA uSNISa kucha adhika saundarya va ghuMgharAlepana ko lie hue pAyA jAtA hai| prabhAvali meM vizeSa sajAvaTa dikhAI detI hai| dharmacakra va usake upAsakoM kA citraNa hote hue bhI kahIM-kahIM usake pAyoM meM mRga bhI utkIrNa dikhAI dete haiN| adhovastra tathA zrIvatyaye vizeSatAeM isa yuga meM parilakSita hotI haiN| guptayugIna jaina pratimAoM meM yakSa-yakSiNI, mAnAvAhI gandharva Adi devatulya mUrtiyoM ko bhI sthAna diyA gayA thA / 157 - prAcIna bhArata ke pramukha nagara vidizA ke nikaTa durjanapura grAma se rAmaguptakAlIna tIna abhilekhayukta jaina mUrtiyA~ prApta huI haiN| inameM se do pratimAyeM candraprabha evaM eka arhata puSpadanta kI hai| ina pratimAoM kI prApti se bhAratIya itihAsa meM arddhazatI se cale A rahe isa vivAda kA nirAkaraNa saMbhava ho sakA ki rAmagupta, gupta zAsaka thA yA nhiiN| baksara ke nikaTa causA (bihAra) se upalabdha kucha kAMsya pratimAyeM paTanA saMgrahAlaya meM haiM / rAmagiri kI vaibhAra pahAr3I kI yaha neminAtha mUrti bhI dhyAna dene yogya hai jisameM siMhAsana ke madhya meM dharmacakra ko pITha para dhAraNa kie hue eka puzya aura usake donoM pAvoM meM zaMkoM kI AkRtiyAM pAyI jAtI haiN| isa mUrti para ke khaNDita lekha meM candragupta kA nAma pAyA jAtA hai, jo lipi ke AdhAra para candragupta dvitIya kA vAcI anumAna kiyA jAtA hai / kumAragupta prathama ke kAla meM gupta saMvat 106 meM nirmita vidizA ke nikaTa udayagiri kI guphA meM utkIrNa pArzvanAtha kI pratimA kA nAgaphaNa apane bhayaMkara dA~toM se bar3A prabhAvazAlI aura apane deva kI rakSA ke lie tatpara dikhAI detA hai / uttara pradeza ke kahAU~ nAmaka sthAna se prApta gupta saMvat 141 ke lekha sahita stambha para pArzvanAtha tathA anya cAra tIrthaMkaroM kI pratimAyeM utkIrNa haiM / isa kAla kI anya pratimAyeM besanagara, bUr3hI caMderI, devagar3ha, sAranAtha Adi se upalabdha huI haiM / sAranAtha se prApta ajitanAtha kI pratimA ko DaoN0 sAhanI ne gupta saMvat 61 kI mAnA hai, jo yahA~ kAzI saMgrahAlaya meM hai / BICIC sIrA pahAr3a kI jaina guphA meM tathA usameM utkIrNa manohara tIrthaMkara pratimAoM kA nirmANa usI kAla meM huA / vardhamAna mahAvIra ko dIkSA grahaNa karane ke pUrva jIvantasvAmI ke nAma se jAnA jAtA thA / jIvanta svAmI kI isa kAla kI do pratimAyeM bar3audA saMgrahAlaya' meM haiM / chaThI sadI ke tRtIya caraNa meM pAMDuvaMziyoM ne zarabhapurIya rAjavaMza ko samApta kara dakSiNa kauzala ko apane Adhipatya meM kara zrIpura (sirapura rAyapura jilA, ma0 pra0) ko apanI rAjadhAnI bnaayaa| isa kAla kI eka pratimA sirapura se upalabdha huI hai, jo tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha kI hai| uttara guptakAla meM kalA ke aneka kendra the / kalA tAntrika bhAvanA se ota-prota thii| isa kAla kI eka pramukha vizeSatA hai-- kalA meM caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM kI yakSa-yakSiNI ko sthAna pradAna kiyA jAnA / madhyakAla meM jaina pratimAoM meM caukI para ATha grahoM kI AkRti kA aMkana hai, jo hinduoM ke navagrahoM kA hI anukaraNa hai / madhyakAla meM madhyapradeza meM jaina dharma kI pratimAyeM bahulatA se upalabdha hotI haiN| madhyapradeza meM yazasvI rAjavaMza kalacuri, candela evaM paramAra narezoM ke kAla meM yaha dharma bhI isa bhUbhAga meM puSpita evaM pallavita huaa| bhAratIya jaina kalA meM madhyapradeza kA yogadAna mahatvapUrNa hai| akhila bhAratIya paramparAoM ke sAtha-sAtha madhyapradeza kI apanI vizeSatAoM ko bhI yahA~ kI kalA ne ucita sthAna diyA / kalacurikAlIna tIrthakaroM kI pratimAyeM Asana evaM sthAnaka mudrA meM prApta huI haiN| kucha saMyukta pratimAyeM bhI 1. vidizA se prApta jaina pratimAyeM evaM rAmagupta zivakumAra nAmadeva, anekAMta, maI, 1674, vidizA se prApta jaina pratimAyeM evaM rAmagupta kI aitihAsikatA, zivakumAra nAmadeva, bhramaNa, apraila, 1974. 2. akoTA bronja, pU0 pI0 zAha, pR0 26-26 .
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________________ 158 karmayogI zrI kesarImalajI surANA abhinandana grantha : SaSTha khaNDa upalabdha huI haiM / vivecyakAlIna bhagavAna RSabhanAtha kI sarvAdhika pratimA kArItalAI se prApta huI haiN| kArItalAI ke atirikta tevara (jabalapura), malhAra evaM ratanapura (bilAsapura) se bhI AdinAtha kI pratimAyeM prApta huI haiN| inake atirikta ajitanAtha, candaprabha, zAMtinAtha, neminAtha, pArzvanAtha tathA mahAvIra kI bhI Asana-pratimAyeM milI haiN| isa kAla meM bAIsaveM tIrthakara neminAtha kI eka sundara pratimA dhubelA ke saMgrahAlaya meM hai| kArItalAI se prApta tIrthakaroM kI dvimUrtikA pratimAyeM rAyapura saMgrahAlaya meM saMrakSita hai| __ kalacuri kAlIna jaina zAsana5 deviyoM kI mUrtiyA~ bahutAyata se milI haiN| ye sthAnaka evaM Asana donoM taraha kI haiN| kalacuri narezoM ke kAla meM nirmita adhikAMza pratimAyeM 10vIM se 12vIM sadI ke madhya kI haiN| madhyapradeza ke vizvaprasiddha kalAtIrtha khajurAho meM caMdela narezoM ke kAla meM nirmita nAgara zailI ke devAlaya apanI vAstU evaM mUrti saMpadA ke kAraNa gauravazAlI haiN| yahA~ ke jaina mandiroM meM jina-mUrtiyA~ pratiSThita haiM evaM praveza dvAra tathA rathikAoM meM vividha jaina deviyA~ / pratihAroM ke patana ke pazcAt mAlavA meM paramAroM kA rAjya sthApita huA / inake samaya meM jaina dharma mAlavA meM apane svaNima kAla meM thaa| nimAr3a meM Una nAmaka sthAna ke avazeSoM meM lagabhaga eka darjana mandira paramAra rAjAoM ke sthApatya ke uttama namUne haiM / yahA~ ke jaina mandiroM meM sabase bar3A caubAraDerA nAmaka mandira hai| mandiroM meM aneka sundara mUrtiyAM sthApita haiM / kendrIya saMgrahAlaya indaura meM paramArakAlIna tIrthaMkaroM kI lekhayukta pratimAyeM haiM / madhyakAla meM madhyapradeza ke sUhAniyA, paDhAvalI, tirAsI, indaura, TUDA, dhaMsaura, barahaTA, murAra, nAgaura eva jaso, sAMcI, dhAra, dazapura, badanAvara, kAnavana, baDanagara, ujaina,deg jAvarA, bar3avAnI Adi aise kalAkendra haiM jahA~ jaina pratimAyeM avasthita haiN| uttara pradeza meM madhyakAlIna jaina pratimAyeM bahulatA se prApta huI haiM, jo pradeza ke vibhinna saMgrahAlayoM, devAlayoM evaM yatra-tatra avasthita haiM / prayAga-saMgrahAlaya meM adhikAMza jaina pratimAyeM saMrakSita haiM / uttara pradeza ke adhikAMza sthaloM se jaina yakSI padmAvatI kI pratimAyeM upalabdha huI haiM / jhA~sI jile ke canderI meM bhagavAna mahAvIra kI lAvaNyamayI pratimA AbhA se paripUrNa hai| zrAvastI ke pazcima meM jaina avazeSa pracura mAtrA meM milate haiN| yahIM para bhagavAna saMbhavanAtha kA jIrNa-zIrNa mandira hai / bhoMDA jile ke maheta meM AdinAtha kI sundara pratimA milI hai| barelI jile ke ahicchatra se aneka prati. mAyeM milI haiM / yahA~ se upalabdha pArzvanAtha kI eka sAtizaya pratimA atyanta saumya evaM prabhAvazAlI hai| 1. kArItalAI ko advitIya bhagavAna RSabhanAtha kI pratimAyeM-zivakumAra nAmadeva, anekAnta, akTUbara-disambara, 1673 2. kalacurikAlIna bhagavAna zAMtinAtha kI pratimAyeM- zivakumAra nAmadeva, zramaNa, agasta, 1972 3. dhrubelA saMgrahAlaya kI jaina pratimAyeM-zivakumAra nAmadeva, zramaNa, jana, 1674 4. kArItalAI kI dvimUrtikA jaina pratimAyeM-zivakumAra nAmadeva, zramaNa, sitambara, 1975 5. kalacurikalA meM jaina zAsana deviyoM kI mUrtiyA~-zivakumAra nAmadeva, zramaNa, agasta, 1974 6. bhAratIya jaina zilpakalA ko kalacuri narezoM kI dena, zivakumAra nAmadeva, jaina pracAraka, sitambara-akTUbara, 1974 7. jaina kalAtIrtha khajurAho-zivakumAra nAmadeva, zramaNa, akTUbara, 1674 8. khajurAho kI advitIya jaina pratimAyeM-zivakumAra nAmadeva, anekAMta, pharavarI, 1974 6 madhyapradeza meM jaina dharma evaM kalA, zivakumAra nAmadeva, sanmati saMdeza, aprela-maI, 1975; bhAratIya jaina kalA ko madhyapradeza kI dena-zivakumAra nAmadeva, sanmati vANI, maI-jUna, 1975 10 jaina dharma evaM ujjayinI-zivakumAra nAmadeva, sanmativANI, julAI, 1975.
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________________ jaina kalA : vikAsa aura paramparA ................................................................. 156 . ...... karnATaka meM jaina dharma kA astitva prathama sadI I0 pU0 se 11vIM sadI taka jJAta hotA hai / hoyazala nareza isa mata ke prabala poSaka the| isa kAla kI bRhatAkAra pratimAyeM zratraNa belagola, kArkala evaM belUra meM sthApita hai| karnATaka meM devAlaya evaM guphAyeM-aihola, bAdAmI, paTTaDakala, lakuNDI, baMkapura, belagAma, balligave Adi meM hai--jo devapratimAoM meM vibhUSita haiN| karnATaka meM padmAvatI sarvAdhika lokapriya yakSI rahI hai| karnATaka meM gommaTa kI aneka mUrtiyA~ haiM / I0 san 650 kI gommaTa kI eka pratimA bIjApura jile ke bAdAmI kI hai| baMgAla meM jaina dharma kA astitva prAcIna kAla meM rahA hai| yahA~ ke dharApAta ke eka pratimAvihIna devAlaya ke tInoM ora tAkoM meM vizAla pratimAye thIM, jinameM pRSThabhAga vAlI meM RSabhadeva, vAma pakSa se pradakSiNA karate zAMtinAtha Adi the| ye mUrtiyA~ sambhavata: AThavIM sadI kI haiM / bahulArA ke eka mandira ke sAmane vedI para tIna pratimAyeM haiN| madhyavartI pratimA bhagavAna zAMtinAtha kI hai| isake atirikta bAMkur3A jile ke hADamAsarA ke nikaTa jaMgala meM eka pArzvanAtha kI pratimA tathA pAkabeDarA meM anekoM pratimA saMrakSita haiM / tAmilanADu se bhI aneka pratimAyeM upalabdha huI haiM / kalagumalAI se caturbhuja padmAvatI kI lalitamudrA meM (10-11 vIM) sadI kI mUrti prApta huI hai| madurA tamilanADu kA mahatvapUrNa nagara hai| yahA~ para jaina saMskRti kI gaurava-garimA meM abhivRddhi karane vAlI kalAtmaka sAmagrI vidyamAna hai / bihAra pradeza se upalabdha anekoM pratimAyeM paTanA saMgrahAlaya meM haiN| sagrahAlaya meM causA ke zAhAbAda se prApta jaina dhAtu mUrtiyA~ bhI surakSita haiN| nAlandA saMgrahAlaya meM bhI aneka mUrtiyA~ saMrakSita haiN| rAjasthAna ke osiyAM nAmaka sthala meM mahAvIra kA eka prAcIna mandira hai, jo havIM sadI kA hai / mandira meM mahAvIra kI eka vizAlakAya mUrti hai / isa sthAna se upalabdha pArzvanAtha kI dhAtumUrti kalakattA saMgrahAlaya meM hai| jayapura ke nikaTa cAMdanagA~va eka atizaya kSetra hai| yahA~ mahAbIra ke mandira meM mahAvIra kI bhavya sundara mUrti hai| jodhapura ke nikaTa gAMdhANI tIrtha meM bhagavAna RSabhanAtha kI dhAtu mUrti 637 I0 kI hai| delavAr3A meM sthita hindU evaM jaina mandira prasiddha hai| isI prakAra rANakapura ke mandira bhI sundara haiN| ____ mahArASTra pradeza meM jaina pratimAyeM bahusaMkhyA meM upalabdha huI haiN| elorA (6vIM sadI) kI guphAe~ tIrthakara pratimAoM se bharI par3I haiM / choTA kailAza (guhA saMkhyA 30 lekara guhA kramAMka 34 taka) kI guhAyeM jaina-dharma se sambandhita haiM / aMkAI-taMkAI meM jainoM kI sAta guphAyeM haiM jahA~ jaina-pratimAyeM bhI haiN| gujarAta jaina zilpakalA kI dRSTi se samRddha rAjya rahA hai / gujarAta ke cAlukya narezoM ke kAla meM aneka jaina mandiroM kA nirmANa huaa| kumAriyA eka prAcIna jaina tIrtha hai| bar3anagara meM cAlukya nareza mUlarAja (942-667) ke kAla kA AdinAtha kA mandira hai| gujarAta ke anya jaina devAlayoM meM jaina mata kI pratimAyeM haiN| isake atirikta vibhinna sthaloM se prApta mUrtiyA~ vibhinna saMgrahAlayoM kI zrIvRddhi ke sAtha-sAtha isa pradeza meM jaina dharma ke pracAra kA dyotana bhI kara rahI haiN| uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa hai ki bhArata meM jaina-mUrti nirmANa kalA kA prArambha cAra hajAra varSa I0 pU0 meM ho cakA thA / sindhu sabhyatA se upalabdha pratimAyeM isa mata kI sAkSI haiN| taba se lekara Aja taka yaha paramparA akSaNNa banI huI haiM / deza ke vibhinna bhAgoM meM upalabdha pratimAyeM isa dharma kI prAcInatA evaM vikAsa kI ora iMgita karatI haiN| vAstukalA bhAratIya vAstukalA kA itihAsa mAnava-vikAsa ke yuga sambaddha hai, parantu aitihAsika dRSTi se isakA itihAsa 1 jainijma ina sAutha iMDiyA-desAI, pI0 bI0, pR0 163. 2 jainijma ija sAutha iMDiyA-desAI, pI0 bI0, pa0 65.
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________________ 160 karmayogI zrI kesarImalajI surANA abhinandana grantha : SaSTha khaNDa sindhu-sabhyatA se prArambha hotA hai| bhAratIya jaina vAstukalA kA pravAha samaya kI gati aura zakti ke anurUpa bahatA gayA / samaya-samaya para kalAvidoM ne isameM navIna tatvoM ko praviSTa karAyA / vAstu-niveza va mAnonmAna sambandhI apanI paramparAoM meM jaina kalA, jaina dharma kI trailokya sambandhI mAnyatAoM se prabhAvita huI pAI jAtI hai / jaina kalA ke vidyamAna dRSTAnta utkRSTa kalA ke pratIka haiN| jaina guphAyeM bhArata kI sabase prAcIna va prasiddha jaina guphAyeM bArAbara aura nAgArjuna pahAr3iyoM para sthita haiM / bArAbara pahAr3I (gayA se uttara meM 13 mIla) meM 4 evaM nAgArjana pahAr3I (bArAbara ke uttara-pUrva meM lagabhaga 1 mIla) meM tIna guphAyeM haiM / bArAbara pahAr3I kI lomasa RSi evaM sudAmA tathA nAgArjuna pahAr3I kI gopI guphA darzanIya haiN| ina guphAoM kA nirmANa maurya samrATa azoka evaM usake pautra dazaratha ne AjIvika sampradAya ke sAdhuoM ke lie karAyA thaa| AjIvika yadyapi mauryakAla meM eka pathak sampradAya thA tathApi aitihAsika pramANoM se usakI utpatti va vilaya jaina sampradAya meM hI huA siddha hotA hai| ata: ina guphAoM kA jaina aitihAsika paramparA meM hI ullekha kiyA jAtA hai| ur3IsA meM bhuvanezvara se 5 mIla uttara pazcima meM khaNDagiri-udayagiri kI pahAr3iyA~ haiN| vahA~ adhikAMza zailagRhoM kA nirmANa sAdhuoM ke nivAsa ke lie kiyA gayA hai / ina guphAoM kA nirmANa I0 pU0 dUsarI sadI meM huA thaa| udayagiri kI hAthIguphA nAmaka guhA meM I0 pU0 dUsarI zatI kA eka lekha hai| usameM kaliMga ke jaina zAsaka khAravela kA jIvana carita va upalabdhiyA~ vistAra se vaNita haiN| lekha kA Arambha arhatoM ke evaM sarvasiddhoM ke prati namaskAra ke sAtha prArambha huA hai / udayagiri kI pahAr3I meM 16 evaM khaNDagiri meM 16 guphAyeM haiN| ukta guphAoM meM se aneka kA nirmANa jaina sAdhuoM ke nivAsa ke lie, khAravela ke kAla meM huA thaa| isakI rAnI (agramahiSI) ne maMcapurI guhA kI uparalI maMjila kA nirmANa karAyA thaa| rAjagiri kI pahAr3I meM sthita sonamaMDAra nAmaka guhA hai, jisakA kAla sambhavataH I0 pU0 prathama zatI ke lagabhaga hai| prayAga tathA prAcIna kauzAmbI (kosama) ke nikaTa sthita pabhosA meM do jaina guphAyeM haiM / lekha se jJAta hotA hai ki inakA nirmANa ahintra ke ASATasena ne kAzyapIya arhantoM ke lie (I0 pU0 dUsarI sadI) meM karAyA thaa| jUnAgar3ha (kAThiyAvAr3a) ke bAbA pyArAmaTha ke nikaTa kucha guphAyeM haiM / katipaya guphAoM meM jaina cihna pAye jAye haiM / inakA nirmANa kAla kSatrapa rAjAoM (I. dvitIya zatI) ke samaya meM huA thaa| inhIM ke kAla kI kucha guphAyeM DhaMka nAmaka sthAna para bhI vidyamAna haiN| madhyapradeza meM vidizA ke nikaTa, besanagara se do mIla dakSiNa-pazcima tathA sAMcI se 5 mIla para sthita lagabhaga Der3ha mIla lambI parvata zrRMkhalA hai| isI parvata zrRMkhalA para udayagiri kI 20 guhAyeM evaM mandira haiM / inameM se do gaphAyeM jaina dharma se sambandhita haiN| inameM se eka guphA meM gupta samrATa candragupta dvitIya evaM dUsarI meM kumAragapta prathama kA lekha hai| aitihAsika paramparAnusAra dakSiNa bhArata meM jaina dharma kA praveza I0 pU0 cauthI zatI meM huA thaa| karnATaka pradeza ke hasana jilA meM sthita candragiri pahAr3I para eka choTI bhadrabAhu nAmaka guphA hai| dakSiNa bhArata meM yahI sabase prAcIna guphA hai / madrAsa meM taMjora ke nikaTa sittanavAsala nAmaka sthAna meM eka jaina guphA hai| bambaI ke aihola nAmaka sthAna ke pAsa bAdAmI kI jaina guphA ullekhanIya hai| isakA nirmANa kAla lagabhaga 650 I0 hai / bIjApura jile meM sthita aihola ke samIpa pUrva evaM uttara kI ora guhAyeM haiM, jinameM bhI jaina mUrtiyAM sthApita haiN| guphAoM se pUrva meM medharI 1 jaina vAstukalA-saMkSipta vivecana, zivakumAra nAmadeva, zramaNa, disambara, 76. 2 bhArata meM prAcIna jaina guphAyeM-zivakumAra nAmadeva, zramaNa, akTUbara, 76.
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________________ jaina kalA vikAsa aura paramparA 161. nAmaka jaina mandira hai / ajantA se lagabhaga 50 mIla kI dUrI para elaurA kA zilA parvata aneka guhA-mandiroM se alaMkRta hai| yahA~ para pA~ca jaina guphAyeM haiM jinakA nirmANa kAla 800 I0 ke lagabhaga hai / mahArASTra pradeza meM usmAnAbAda se lagabhaga 12 mIla para sthita parvata meM bhI guphAyeM haiN| tIna guphAoM meM jinapratimAe~ vidyamAna haiN| ina guphAoM kA nirmANa kAla bargesa ke mata meM 500-650 I0 ke madhya meM huA thA / 11vIM zatI kI kucha jaina guphAe~ aMkAI-TaMkAI meM haiN| madhyapradeza ke gvAliyara nagara meM 15vIM sadI meM nirmita tomara rAjavaMza ke kAla kI jaina guphAeM haiN| uparyukta guphAoM ke atirikta bhArata ke vibhinna bhUbhAgoM para jaina guphAe~ vidyamAna haiN| stUpa- caitya, mAnastambha evaM kIrtistambha prAcIna jaina stUpa surakSita avasthA meM vidyamAna nahIM haiN| mathurA jo jaina dharma kA eka mahattvapUrNa kendra thA, vahA~ aneka stUpoM evaM vihAroM kA nirmANa huA thaa| mathurA meM do pramukha stUpoM kA nirmANa zuMga aura kuSANa kAla meM huA thA / madhyakAla meM bhArata meM jaina devAlaya ke sAmane vizAla stambhoM ke nirmANa kI paramparA thii| cittaur3a kA kIrtistambha kalA kI bhavyatA kA mUka sAkSI hai / kIrtistambha evaM mAnastambha ke bhI udAharaNa upalabdha haiM / mandira purAtana jaina avazeSoM meM mandiroM kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| bhAratavarSa meM sabase prAcIna jaina mandira jisakI rUparekhA surakSita hai, vaha hai aihola kA meguTI mandira / isakA nirmANa 634 I0 meM karAyA gayA thA / uttara pradeza ke jhA~sI jile meM sthita devagar3ha ke jaina mandiroM meM kevala kramAMka 12 evaM 15 hI adhika surakSita haiM, ina pratihArakAlIna mandiroM ke nirmANa kI tithi havIM zatI I0 hai / rAjasthAna ke mandiroM meM osiyAM (jilA jodhapura) ke mahAvIra mandira kA nirmANa pratihAranareza vatsarAja ( 783-12 ) ke samaya meM huA thA / abhilekhIya sAkSyoM se jAta hotA hai ki isa mandira kA praveza maNDapa 156 I0 meM punarnirmita kiyA gayA thA tathA 1056 I0 meM eka alaMkRta toraNa kA nirmANa huA thaa| ghAnerAva (jilA pAlI) ke mahAvIra mandira kA garbhagRha AkAra meM triratha hai / isa mandira kI tithi 10vIM sadI I0 hai udayapura ke nikaTa sthita ahAda kA mahAvIra mandira 10vIM sadI ke anta kI racanA hai / kubhAriyAjI ( jilA banAsakAMThA ) meM jaina mandiroM kA eka samUha hai, jinakA kAla 11vIM sadI hai| AbU parvata para bane hue jaina mandiroM kI apanI eka nirAsI zAna hai| yahA~ 4-5 hajAra phITa U~cI pahAr3I kI harI bharI pATI meM jaina mandira hai| ise delavAr3A kahate haiN| delavAr3A ke jaina mandiroM para solaMkI zailI kA prabhAva hai| ina mandiroM meM vimalavasahi evaM lUNavasahi pramukha haiN| prathama kA nirmANa 1031 I0 meM vimalazAha ne karAyA thaa| isa mandira meM vimalazAha ke vaMzaja pRthvIpAla ne 1150 I0 meM sabhAmaNDapa kI racanA karAyI thI / mandira AdinAtha ko samarpita kiyA gayA hai| dvitIya mandira kA nirmANa 1230 meM vastupAla-tejapAla bandhuoM ne jo gujarAta ke cAlukya nareza ke mantrI the, karAyA thA / gujarAta meM jaina mandira zatru jaya evaM giranAra kI pahAr3I para sthita haiN| giranAra ( jilA jUnAgar3ha) meM sthita AdinAtha mandira kA nirmANa eka jaina mantrI (vastupAla ne karAyA thaa| isI ke samakAlIna taraMga kA bahuta jaina mandira hai jisakA nirmANa kumArapAla ne karAyA thA / jainiyoM ne aneka tIrthasthAnoM meM vizAla kalAtmaka mandiroM kA nirmANa karAyA thaa| bihAra meM pArasanAtha, karnATaka meM zravaNabelagolA, madhyapradeza meM khajurAho, kuNDalapura, muktAgiri tathA dakSiNa bhArata meM mur3a-bidri evaM gurubAyakerI ke mandiroM meM mandira nirmANa kalA kA vikasita rUpa dRSTigocara hotA hai| madhyapradeza ke nimAr3a jile meM sthita Una meM do jaina mandira haiM jo bhUmija mandira varga samUha ke haiN| rAjasthAna meM bhUmija zailI kA prAcIna mandira pAlI jile meM sthita sevarI kA mahAvIra mandira hai, yaha mandira rUparekhA meM paMcazva hai| isakA kAla 1010 1020 I0 jJAta hotA hai| isa zailI kA eka anya prAcIna mandira madhyapradeza ke rAyapura jile meM sthita AraMga kA jaina mandira hai, 0.0 .
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________________ . 162 karmayogI zrI kesarImalajI surANA abhinandana grantha : SaSTha khaNDa jo mAMDadevala ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai, isakA nirmANa 11vIM sadI meM huA thaa| jagatavikhyAta vAstuzilpa kendra khajurAho ke mandiroM meM pArzvanAtha, AdinAtha evaM zAntinAtha ke mandira ullekhanIya haiM / citrakalA jaina citrakalA kI apanI viNiSTa paramparA rahI hai| tAr3apatroM, vastroM evaM kAgajoM para bane citra atyanta prANavAna, rocaka aura kalApUrNa haiN| jahA~ taka jaina bhitti-citrakalA kA prazna hai, isake sabase prAcIna udAharaNa taMjora ke samIpa sittanavAsala kI guphA meM milate haiN| inakA nirmANa pallavanareza mahendravarmA prathama ke rAjyakAla (625 I.) meM huA thaa| jahA~ taka tADapatrIya citroM kA sambandha hai, inakA kAla 11vIM zatI se 14vIM zatI taka rhaa| sabase prAcIna citrita tADapatra grantha karnATaka ke mur3abidri tathA pATana (gujarAta) ke jaina bhaNDAroM meM mile haiN| kAgaja kI sabase prAcIna citrita prati 1427 meM likhita kalpasUtra hai, jo samprati landana kI iNDiyA ophisa lAibrerI meM hai| jaina zAstra bhaNDAroM meM kASTha ke Upara citrakArI ke kucha namUne prApta hue haiN| isa prakAra citrakalA ke AdhAra para jaina dharma kI prAcInatA 7vIM sadI I. taka jJAta kara sakate haiN| parantu katipaya kalA-samIkSakoM ne jogImArA guphA (ma0pra0) meM citrita kucha citroM kA viSaya jaina dharma se sambandhita batAyA hai| yadi ise AdhAra mAneM do isa dharma kI citrakalA kI prAcInatA 300 I0 pU0 taka mAnI jA sakatI hai| uparyukta vivecana ke samyak parIkSaNa ke uparAnta isa niSkarSa para pahu~cA jA sakatA hai ki jaina dharma eka atyanta prAcIna dharma hai / sindhu sabhyatA se prApta dhar3a ke AdhAra para isa mata kI prAcInatA 4 hajAra varSa I0pU0 taka jAtI hai| avadha, tirahuta, bihAra ke prAntoM meM Arambha se hI jaina dharma pracalita ho gayA thaa| ur3IsA ke udayagiri evaM khaNDa giri kI sarvavidita guphAoM kA kAla I0pU0 dUsarI sadI hai| kuSANa kAla meM jaina mata mathurA meM bhalI bhA~ti pracalita thaa| rAjasthAna, kaThiyAvAr3a-gujarAta Adi meM vaha kAphI lokapriya thaa| 7vIM sadI meM baMgAla se lekara tamilanADu taka vaha phailA thaa| madhyayuga meM deza ke vibhinna-bhAgoM meM nirmita jaina kalA-kRtiyA~ isa mata ke vikAsa evaM prasAra ko sUcita karatI haiN| sArAMza yaha hai ki kalAtmaka sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki IsvI san kI pahalI zatAbdI taka jaina dharma kA pracAra, magadha, ur3IsA, vidarbha, gujarAta Adi pradezoM meM arthAt samasta uttara bhArata meM ho cukA thaa| dakSiNI bhArata meM jaina dharma kA pracAra IsA pUrva tIna sau varSa se Arambha huA aura IsA ke 1300 varSa bAda taka vahA~ isakA khUba pracAra rhaa| D00