Jain Kala Ka Avdan

Author(s): Marutinandan Prasad Tiwari
Publisher: Z_Jain_Vidya_evam_Prakrit_014026_HR.pdf
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/212327/1

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jaina kalA kA avadAna DaoN. mArutinandana prasAda tivArI bhAratIya kalA tattvataH dhArmika hai| kalA ke vibhinna mAdhyamoM meM mukhyataH dhArmika bhAvanAoM evaM ArAdhya devoM ko hI sthUla abhivyakti pradAna kI gayI hai| ataH kAla evaM kSetra ke sandarbha meM sambandhita dharma yA sampradAya meM hone vAle parivartanoM evaM vikAsa se zilpa kI viSayavastu meM bhI tadanurUpa parivartana hue haiN| vibhinna dharmoM se sambandhita kalA hI apane samaSTirUpa meM bhAratIya kalA hai| Azaya yaha ki vibhinna dharmoM se sambandhita kalAe~ bhAratIya kalArUpI vRkSa kI alaga-alaga zAkhAe~ haiM / zailI kI daSTi se dhArmika kalAoM se bhinnatA dRSTigata nahIM hotI; unakA sAmpradAyika svarUpa kevala viSayavastu evaM mUrtiyoM ke vivaraNoM meM hI dekhA jA sakatA hai| jaina dharma bhArata ke pramukha prAcIna dharmoM meM eka hai| jaina dharma para paryApta kArya huA hai, para jaina kalA para abhI taka samucita vistAra se kArya nahIM huA hai| yahA~ hama saMkSepa meM jaina mUrtikalA ke yogadAna kI carcA kreNge| hamArA adhyayana mukhyataH uttara bhArata se saMdarbhita hai, aura isakI samaya sImA 12 vIM zatI I0 taka hai / prArambha meM hama jaina kalA ko prApta hone vAle rAjanItika evaM Arthika samarthana aura saMrakSaNa kI carcA kreNge| ___ jaina paramparA meM uttara bhArata ke kevala kucha hI zAsakoM ke jaina dharma svIkAra karane ke ullekha haiN| inameM candragupta maurya, samprati, khAravela, nAgabhaTa dvitIya evaM kumArapAla caulukya mukhya haiN| tathApi pAla zAsakoM ke atirikta bArahavIM zatI I. taka ke adhikAMza rAjavaMzoM ke zAsakoM kA jaina dharma ke prati dRSTikoNa udAra thaa| isake tIna mukhya kAraNa the, prathama bhAratIya zAsakoM kI dharma sahiSNu nIti, dUsarA, jaina dharma kA anya dharmoM ke prati Adara kA bhAva evaM usakI grahaNazIlatA aura tIsarA jaina dharma ko vyApAriyoM, vyavasAyiyoM evaM sAmAnya janoM ke madhya vizeSa lokapriyatA / jaina dharma evaM kalA ko zAsakoM se adhika vyApAriyoM, vyavasAyiyoM evaM sAmAnya janoM kA samarthana aura sahayoga milA / ___ mathurA ke kuSANa kAlIna mUrtilekhoM meM zreSThin, sArthavAha, gandhika, suvarNakAra, vardhakina (bar3haI), lauhakarmaka, prAtarika (nAvika), vaizyAoM, nartakoM Adi ke ullekha 'parisaMvAda-4

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jaina kalA kA avadAna haiM / ' sAtha hI osiyA, khajurAho, jAlora evaM madhyayugIna anya aneka sthaloM ke mUrtilekhoM se bhI isI bAta ko puSTi hotI hai / la. AThavIM se bArahavIM zatI I. ke madhya uttara bhArata meM jaina kalA ke prabhUta vikAsa ke mUla meM bhI isa kSetra kI sudRr3ha Arthika pRSThabhUmi kA hI mahattva thA / gujarAta ke bhar3auMca, kaiMbe aura somanAtha jaise vyApArika mahattva ke bandaragAhoM, rAjasthAna ke poravAr3a, zrImAla, moTheraka jaisI vyApArika jaina jAtiyoM evaM madhya pradeza aura uttara pradeza meM vidizA, ujjaina, mathurA, kauzAmbI, vArANasI jaise mahattvapUrNa vyApArika sthaloM ke kAraNa hI ina kSetroM meM aneka jaina mandira evaM vipula saMkhyA meM mUrtiyA~ bniiN| jaina kalA sthApatya evaM pratimAvijJAna kI dRSTi se kuSANa, gupta, pratihAra, candela aura caulukya rAjavaMzoM kA zAsana kAla vizeSa mahattvapUrNa thA / ina rAjavaMzoM ke kAla meM uttara bhArata ke vibhinna kSetroM meM mathurA, devagar3ha, akoTA, khajurAho, osiyA, gyArasapura, kumAriyA, AbU, jAlora, tAraMgA, navamuni - bArabhujI guphAe~ evaM anya mahattvapUrNa jaina kalAkendra pallavita aura puSpita hue / kalA kI dRSTi se uttara bhArata kA vividhatApUrNa agragAmI yogadAna rahA hai / jaina paramparA ke anusAra vartamAna avasarpiNI yuga ke sabhI 24 jinoM ne isI kSetra meM janma liyA, yahI unakI kAryasthalI thI, tathA yahIM unhoMne nirvANa bhI prApta kiyA / sambhavataH isI kAraNa prArambhika jaina granthoM kI racanA evaM kalAtmaka abhivyakti kA mukhya kSetra bhI uttara bhArata hI rahA / jaina AgamoM kA prArambhika saMkalana evaM lekhana yahIM huA tathA pratimAvijJAna kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa prArambhika grantha, jaise kalpasUtra, paumacariyaM, aMgavijjA, vasudevahiNDI Adi isI kSetra meM likhe gaye / jaina pratimAvijJAna ke pAramparika vikAsa kA pratyeka caraNa sarvaprathama isI kSetra meM parilakSita hotA hai / jaina kalA kA udaya bhI isI kSetra meM huA / prArambhikatama jina mUrtiyA~ bhI isI kSetra meM banIM / ye mUrtiyA~ lohAnIpura (paTanA) evaM causA (bhojapura) se milI haiM / RSabhanAtha kI laTakatI jaTAoM, pArzvanAtha ke sAta sarpaphaNa, jinoM ke vakSasthala meM zrIvatsa cihna aura zIrSa - bhAga meM uSgIsa tathA jina mUrtiyoM meM aSTapratihAryo aura donoM pAramparika mudrAoM ( kAyotsarga evaM dhyAnamudrA) kA pradarzana sarvaprathama isI kSetra meM huA / dakSiNa bhArata kI jina mUrtiyoM meM uSNISa nahIM pradarzita hai / zrIvatsa cihna bhI vakSasthala ke madhya meM na hokara sAmAnyataH dAhinI ora utkIrNa hai / jina mUrtiyoM meM lAchanoM evaM yakSayakSI yugaloM kA nirUpaNa bhI sarva prathama uttara bhArata meM hI huA / dakSiNa bhArata ke parisaMvAda 4

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jainavidyA evaM prAkRta : antarazAstrIya adhyayana mUrti avazeSoM meM mahAvidyAoM, 24 yakSiyoM, AyAgapaTa, jIvaMtasvAmI mahAvIra, jaina yugala Adi kI mUrtiyA~ nahIM prApta hotI haiM / jJAtavya hai ki uttara bhArata meM inakI aneka mUrtiyA~ haiM 40 uttara bhArata meM RSabhanAtha kI sarvAdhika mUrtiyA~ haiM / isake bAda pArzvanAtha, mahAvIra aura neminAtha kI mUrtiyA~ haiM / para dakSiNa bhArata meM mahAvIra aura pArzvanAtha kI sarvAdhika mUrtiyA~ banIM / RSabhanAtha kI mUrtiyA~ tulanAtmaka dRSTi se nagaNya haiM / uttara bhArata meM cakrezvarI, ambikA evaM padmAvatI yakSiyoM kI sarvAdhika mUrtiyA~ haiM / para dakSiNa bhArata meM cakrezvarI ke sthAna para caMdraprabha kI yakSI jvAlAmAlinI kI sarvAdhika mUrtiyA~ banIM / jvAlAmAlinI ke bAda ambikA evaM padmAvatI kI sarvAdhika mUrtiyA~ haiM / yakSoM meM dakSiNa bhArata meM gomukha, kubera, dharaNendra evaM mAtaga kI mUrtiyA~ milI haiN| uttara bhArata meM digambara aura zvetAMbara donoM hI paramparA kI mUrtiyA~ banIM, jabaki dakSiNa bhArata meM kevala digambara paramparA kI hI mUrtiyA~ haiM / jaina kalA kI carcA ke prArambha meM jaina dharma meM mUrti pUjana kI prAcInatA para vicAra karanA bhI prAsaMgika hogaa| bhArata kI prAcInatama sabhyatA saindhava sabhyatA hai, jisakA kAla la. 2500 I. pU. hai / saindhava sabhyatA ke avazeSa hameM mukhyataH har3appA aura mohanajodar3o se prApta hote haiM / mohanajodar3o se hameM 5 aisI muhareM milI haiM jina para kAyotsarga mudrA ke samAna hI donoM hAtha nIce laTakAkara khar3I puruSa AkRtiyA~ banIM haiM / har3appA se bhI eka puruSa AkRti ( kabandha ) milI hai / " uparyukta udAharaNa sindhu sabhyatA ke aise avazeSa haiM jo apanI nagnatA aura mudrA ( kAyotsarga ke samAna) ke sandarbha meM paravartI jina mUrtiyoM kA smaraNa karAte haiM / kintu sindhu lipi ke pUrI taraha par3ha jAne taka sambhavataH isa sambandha meM nizcayapUrvaka kucha bhI kahanA ucita nahIM hogA / jaina dharma meM mUrtipUjana kI prAcInatA para vicAra karate samaya hameM jaina graMthoM meM varNita jIvaMtasvAmI mUrti kI paraMparA para bhI vicAra karanA hogA, jisake anusAra mahAvIra ke jIvanakAla ( chaThIM zatI I. pU. 599-527 I. pU.) meM hI unakI eka pratimA kA nirmANa kiyA gayA thA / yahA~ jJAtavya hai ki mahAvIra se pUrva tIrthaMkara mUrtiyoM ke astitva kA koI bhI sAhityika yA purAtAtvika sAkSya upalabdha nahIM hai / jaina graMthoM meM mahAvIra kI yAtrA ke saMdarbha meM unake kisI jina-maMdira jAne, yA jina mUrti ke pUjana kA anullekha hai / isake viparIta mahAvIra ke yakSa- AyatanoM evaM yakSacaityoM (pUrNabhadra aura maNibhadra ) meM vizrAma karane ke ullekha prApta hote haiM / 7 parisaMvAda 4

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jaina kalA kA avadAna sAhityika paraMparA se jJAta hotA hai ki mahAvIra ke jIvana-kAla meM hI unakI candana kI eka pratimA kA nirmANa kiyA gayA thaa| isa mUrti meM mahAvIra ko dIkSA lene ke lagabhaga eka varSa pUrva rAjakumAra ke rUpa meM apane mahala meM hI tapasyA karate hue aMkita kiyA gayA hai| caMki yaha pratimA mahAvIra ke jIvanakAla meM hI nirmita huI, ataH use jIvaMtasvAmI yA jIvitasvAmI saMjJA dI gyii| mahAvIra ke samaya ke bAda kI bhI aisI mUrtiyoM ke lie jIvaMtasvAmI zabda kA hI prayoga hotA rhaa| sAhitya aura zilpa donoM meM hI jIvaMtasvAmI ko mukuTa, mekhalA Adi alaMkaraNoM se yukta eka rAjakumAra ke rUpa meM nirUpita kiyA gayA hai| jIvaMtasvAmI mUrtiyoM ko sarvaprathama prakAza meM lAne kA zreya yU. pI. zAha ko hai|' sAhityika paraMparA ko vizvasanIya mAnate hue zAha ne mahAvIra ke jIvanakAla se hI jIvaMtasvAmI mUrti kI paraMparA ko svIkAra kiyA hai| unhoMne sAhityika paraMparA kI puSTi meM akoTA (gujarAta) se prApta jIvaMtasvAmI kI do guptayugIna kAMsya pratimAoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| ina pratimAoM meM jIvaMtasvAmI ko kAyotsarga mudrA meM aura vastrAbhUSaNoM se sajjita darzAyA gayA hai| pahalI mUrti lagabhaga pAMcavIM zatI I. kI hai aura dUsarI lekha yukta mUrti la. chaThI zatI I. kI hai| dUsarI mUrti ke lekha meM 'jIvaMtasAmI' khudA hai| jainadharma meM mUrtinirmANa evaM pUjana kI prAcInatA ke nirdhAraNa ke lie jIvaMtasvAmI mUrti kI paraMparA kI prAcInatA kA nirdhAraNa Avazyaka hai| Agama sAhitya evaM 'kalpasUtra' jaise prAraMbhika graMthoM meM jIvaMtasvAmI mUrti kA ullekha nahIM prApta hotA hai / jIvaMtasvAmI mUrti ke prAcInatama ullekha Agama graMthoM se saMbaMdhita chaThI zatI I. ke bAda kI uttarakAlIna racanAoM, yathA-niyuktiyoM, TIkAoM, bhASyoM, cUrNiyoM Adi meM hI prApta hote haiM / 12 ina graMthoM meM kauzala, ujjaina, dazapura (maMdasora) vidizA, purI evaM vItabhayapaTTana meM jIvaMtasvAmI mUrtiyoM kI vidyamAnatA kI sUcanA prApta hotI hai| ___ jIvaMtasvAmI mUrti kA prAraMbhikatama ullekha vAcaka saMghadAsa gaNikRta vasudevahiNDI (610 I. yA la. eka yA do zatAbdI pUrva kI kRti)14 meM prApta hotA hai / graMtha meM AryA suvratA nAma kI eka gaNinI ke jIvaMtasvAmI mUrti ke pUjanArtha ujjaina jAne kA ullekha hai|" jinadAsa kRta AvazyakavUrNi (676 I0) meM jIvaMtasvAmI kI prathama mUrti kI kathA prApta hotI hai| jIvaMtasvAmI mUrti se saMbaMdhita vistRta kathA hemacaMdra (1169-72 I0) kRta triSaSTizalAkApuruSa caritra (parva 10, sarga 11) meM varNita hai| parisaMvAda-4

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jaina vidyA evaM prAkRta : antarazAstrIya adhyayana jIvaMtasvAmI mUrti ke lakSaNoM kA bhI ullekha sarvaprathama hemacaMdra ne hI kiyA hai / anya kisI jaina AcArya ne jIvaMtasvAmI mUrti ke lakSaNoM kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai / hemacaMdra ne yaha bhI ullekha kiyA hai ki caulukya zAsaka kumArapAla ne vItabhayapaTTana meM utkhanana karavAkara jIvaMtasvAmI kI pratimA prApta kI thii| hemacaMdra ne svayaM mahAvIra ke mukha se jIvaMtasvAmI mUrti ke nirmANa kA ullekha karAte hue likhA hai ki kSatriyakuNDa grAma meM dIkSA lene ke pUrva chadmastha kAla meM mahAvIra kA darzana vidyunmAlI ne kiyA thA / usa samaya unake AbhUSaNoM se susajjita hone ke kAraNa hI vidyunmAlI ne mahAvIra kI alaMkaraNa yukta pratimA kA nirmANa kiyA / 16 anya srotoM se bhI jJAta hotA hai ki dIkSA lene kA vicAra hote hue bhI apane jyeSTha bhrAtA ke Agraha ke kAraNa mahAvIra ko kucha samaya taka mahala meM hI dharma-dhyAna meM samaya vyatIta karanA par3A thaa| hemacaMdra ke anusAra vidyunmAlI dvArA nirmita mUla pratimA vidizA meM thii| ullekhanIya hai ki kisI digaMbara graMtha meM jIvaMtasvAmI mUrti kI paraMparA kA ullekha nahIM prApta hotA hai| tadanurUpa digaMbara sthaloM se jIvaMtasvAmI mUrti kA koI udAharaNa bhI nahIM milA hai| digaMbara paraMparA meM jIvaMtasvAmI mUrti ke anullekha kA eka saMbhAvita kAraNa pratimA kA vastrAbhUSaNoM se yukta honA ho sakatA hai| uparyukta adhyayana se spaSTa hai ki pAMcavIM-chaThIM zatI I. ke pUrva jIvatasvAmI ke saMbaMdha meM hameM kisI prakAra kI aitihAsika sUcanA nahIM prApta hotI hai / isa saMdarbha meM mahAvIra ke gaNadharoM dvArA racita Agama sAhitya meM jIvaMtasvAmI mUrti ke ullekha kA pUrNa abhAva jIvaMtasvAmI mUrti kI paravartI graMthoM dvArA pratipAdita mahAvIra kI samakAlikatA kI dhAraNA para eka svAbhAvika saMdeha utpanna karatA hai / kalpasUtra evaM I. pUrva ke anya graMthoM meM bhI jIvaMtasvAmI mUrti kA anullekha isI sandeha kI puSTi karatA hai| vartamAna sthiti meM jIvaMtasvAmI mUrti kI dhAraNA ko mahAvIra ke samaya taka le jAne kA hamAre pAsa koI aitihAsika pramANa nahIM hai| _vartamAna meM prAcInatama jJAta jaina mUrti mauryakAla kI hai| yaha mUrti paTanA ke samIpa lohAnIpura se milI hai aura saMprati paTanA saMgrahAlaya meM surakSita hai| mUrti kI nagnatA aura kAyotsarga mudrA isake jina mUrti hone kI sUcanA dete haiM / jJAtavya hai ki kAyotsarga mudrA kevala jinoM ke nirUpaNa meM hI prayukta huI hai| isa mUrti ke sira, bhujA aura jAnu ke nIce kA bhAga khaNDita hai| mUrti para mauryayugIna camakadAra Alepa hai| isa mUrti ke nirUpaNa meM yakSa mUrtiyoM kA prabhAva dRSTigata hotA hai| lohAnIpura se zuMgakAla yA kucha bAda kI eka anya jina mUrti bhI milI hai, . parisaMvAda-4

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jaina kalA kA avadAna jisameM nIce laTakatI donoM bhujAe~ bhI surakSita haiN| jaina paraMparA ke anusAra jaina dharma ko lagabhaga sabhI samartha maurya zAsakoM kA samarthana prApta thaa| candragupta maurya kA jaina dharmAnuyAyI honA tathA jIvana ke aMtima varSoM meM bhadrabAhu ke sAtha dakSiNa bhArata jAnA suvidita hai / 19 arthazAstra meM jayanta, vaijayanta, aparAjita evaM anya jaina devoM kI mUrtiyoM kA ullekha hai / 2. azoka ne bhI nirgranthoM evaM AjIvikoM ko dAna diye the|21 saMprati ko bhI jaina dharma kA anuyAyI kahA gayA hai / 22 / udayagiri (purI, ur3IsA) sthita hAthI gumphA ke evaM pahalI zatI I. pUrva ke khAravela ke lekha meM bhI jina pratimA kA ullekha AyA hai| lekha meM ullekha hai ki kaliMga kI jisa jina pratimA ko nandarAja 'tivasasata' varSa pUrva kaliMga se magadha le gayA thA, use khAravela punaH vApasa le aayaa| 'tivasasata' zabda kA artha adhikAMza vidvAna 300 varSa mAnate haiM / 23 ataH khAravela ke lekha ke AdhAra para bhI jina mUrti kI prAcInatA cauthI zatI I. pUrva taka jAtI hai / isa prakAra uparyukta pramANa mauryakAla meM nizcita rUpa se jaina dharma meM mUrtipUjana kI vidyamAnatA kI sUcanA dete haiN| lohAnIpura kI mauryakAlIna jina mUrti isakA pratyakSa pramANa hai / yaha bhI ullekhanIya hai ki uparyukta jina mUrti sabhI dharmoM meM ArAdhya devoM kI prAcInatama jJAta mUrti bhI hai| jaina dharma meM mauryakAla meM mUrti nirmANa kI jo paraMparA prAraMbha huI, usakA Age kI zatAbdiyoM meM pallavana aura puSpana huaa| dUsarI-pahalI zatI I. pU. kI kAyotsarga mudrA meM nirvastra pArzvanAtha kI do kAMsya mUrtiyAM milI haiM, prathama priMsa oNva velsa saMgrahAlaya, baMbaI meM aura dUsarI baksara ke causA grAma (bhojapura, bihAra) se prApta paTanA saMgrahAlaya meM surakSita hai / 24 ina mUrtiyoM meM pArzvanAtha ke sira para pAMca aura sAta sarpaphaNoM ke chatra haiN| mathurA se lagabhaga pahalI zatI I. pU. ke jaina AyAgapaToM ke udAharaNa mile haiN| AyAgapaTa usa saMkramaNa kAlakI zilpa sAmagrI hai, jaba upAsya devoM kA pUjana pratIka aura mAnavarUpa meM sAtha-sAtha ho rahA thA / 25 ina AyAgapaToM para jaina pratIkoM26 ke sAtha hI jina mUrti bhI utkIrNa hii| lagabhaga pahalI I. pU. ke eka AyAgapaTa (rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, kramAMka je. 253) para sAta sarpaphaNoM ke chatra yukta pArzvanAtha kI dhyAnastha mUrti banI hai| ___ causA (bihAra) aura mathurA (u. pra.) se zuMga-kuSANa kAla kI paryApta jaina mUrtiyA~ milI haiN| mathurA se la. 150 I. pU. se gyArahavIM zatI I. ke madhya kI prabhUta jaina mUrtiyA~ milI haiN| ye mUrtiyA~ Arambha se madhya yuga taka ke pratimA vijJAna kI parisaMvAda-4

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jainavidyA evaM prAkRta : antarazAstrIya adhyayana vikAsa-zrRMkhalA ko pradarzita karatI haiM / zuMga kuSANa kAla meM mathurA meM sarvaprathama jinoM ke vakSasthala para zrIvatsa cihna kA utkIrNana aura jinoM kA dhyAna mudrA meM nirUpaNa prArambha huA / tIsarI se pahalI zatI I. pU. kI Upara varNita jina mUrtiyA~ kAyotsarga mudrA meM nirUpita haiM / jJAtavya hai ki jinoM ke nirUpaNa meM sarvadA yahI do mudrAe~ prayukta huI haiN| 44 mathurA meM kuSANa kAla meM RSabhanAtha, sambhavanAtha, munisuvrata, neminAtha, pArzvanAtha evaM mahAvIra kI mUrtiyA~, RSabhanAtha evaM mahAvIra ke jIvana dRzya, AyAgapaTa, jina - caumukhI tathA sarasvatI evaM naigameSI kI mUrtiyA~ utkIrNa huIM / rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU (kramAMka je. 616) meM surakSita eka paTTa para mahAvIra ke garbhApaharaNa kA dRzya hai / 27 rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU (kramAMka je. 354 ) ke hI eka anya paTTa para indra sabhA kI nartakI nIlAMjanA ko RSabhanAtha kI sabhA meM nRtya karate hue dikhAyA gayA hai / jJAtavya hai ki nIlAMjanA ke kAraNa hI RSabhanAtha ko vairAgya prApta huA thA / 28 29 guptakAla meM mathurA evaM causA ke atirikta rAjagira, vidizA, vArANasI evaM akoTA (gujarAta) se bhI jaina mUrtiyA~ milI haiM / isa kAla meM kevala jinoM kI svatantra evaM jina - caumukhI mUrtiyA~ hI bniiN| inameM RSabhanAtha, candraprabha, puSpadaMta neminAtha, pArzvanAtha evaM mahAvIra kA nirUpaNa huA hai / zvetAMbara jina mUrtiyA~ (akoTA ) sarvaprathama isI kAla meM utkIrNa huIM / dasavIM se bArahavIM zatI I. ke madhya kI jaina pratimAvijJAna kI pracura graMtha evaM zilpa sAmagrI prApta hotI hai / sarvAdhika jaina maMdira aura phalataH mUrtiyA~ bhI isI kAla meM bniiN| gujarAta aura rAjasthAna meM zvetAMbara evaM anya kSetroM meM digambara sampradAya kI mUrtiyoM kI pradhAnatA hai / gujarAta aura rAjasthAna ke zvetAMbara jaina mandiroM meM 24 devakulikAoM ko saMyukta kara unameM 24 jinoM kI mUrtiyA~ sthApita karane kI paraMparA lokapriya huI / zvetAMbara sthaloM kI tulanA meM digambara sthaloM para jinoM kI adhika mUrtiyA~ utkIrNa huIM, jinameM svatantra tathA dvitIrthI, tritIrthI evaM caumukhI mUrtiyA~ haiM / tulanAtmaka dRSTi se jinoM ke nirUpaNa meM zvetAMbara sthaloM para ekarasatA aura digambara sthaloM para vividhatA dRSTigata hotI hai / digambara sthaloM kI jina mUrtiyoM meM navagrahoM, bAhubalI evaM pAramparika yakSayakSI yugaloM ke atirikta cakrezvarI, aMbikA evaM lakSmI jaisI kucha anya deviyoM kA bhI nirUpaNa huA hai / parisaMvAda -4

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jaina kalA kA avadAna zvetAMbara sthaloM para jina mUrtiyoM ke pIThikA lekhoM meM jinoM ke nAmollekha tathA digambara sthaloM para unake lAMchanoM ke aMkana kI paramparA dRSTigata hotI hai / jinoM ke jIvana dRzyoM evaM samavasaraNoM ke aMkana ke udAharaNa kevala zvetAMbara sthaloM para hI sulabha haiM / ye udAharaNa gyArahavI se terahavIM zatI I. ke madhya ke haiM, aura osiyA, kuMbhAriyA, AbU (vimalavasahI, lUNavasahI ) evaM jAlora se mile haiM / 45 zvetAMbara sthaloM para jinoM ke bAda 16 mahAvidyAoM aura digambara sthaloM para yakSa-yakSiyoM ke citraNa sarvAdhika lokapriya the / 16 mahAvidyAoM meM rohiNI, vajrAM - kuzI, vajrazrRMkhalA, apraticakrA, acchuptA evaM vairotyA kI hI sarvAdhika mUrtiyA~ milI haiM / zAMtidevI, brahmazAMti yakSa, jIvantasvAmI mahAvIra, gaNeza evaM 24 jinoM ke mAtA-pitA ke sAmUhika aMkana (10vIM - 12vIM zatI I.) bhI zvetAMbara sthaloM para hI lokapriya the / sarasvatI, balarAma, kRSNa, aSTa dikpAla, navagraha evaM kSetrapAla Adi kI mUrtiyA~ zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM hI sthaloM para utkIrNa huI / digambara sthaloM se mUrtiyA~ milI haiM / tritIrthI mUrtiyoM pUrva madhya yuga meM zvetAMbara sthaloM para aneka aisI deviyoM kI bhI mUrtiyA~ dRSTigata hotI haiM, jinakA jaina paramparA meM anullekha hai / inameM hindU zivA aura jaina sarvAnubhUti (yA kubera) ke lakSaNoM ke prabhAva vAlI deviyoM kI mUrtiyA~ sabase adhika haiM / jaina yugaloM aura rAma-sItA tathA rohiNI, manovegA, gaurI, gAMdhArI yakSiyoM aura garur3a yakSa kI mUrtiyA~ kevala digambara sthaloM se hI milI haiM / paramparA viruddha aura paramparA meM avaNita donoM prakAra kI kucha dvitIrthI aura tritIrthI jina mUrtiyoM kA aMkana aura do udAharaNoM meM meM sarasvatI aura bAhubalI kA aMkana, bAhubalI evaM aMbikA kI do mUrtiyoM meM yakSayakSI kA nirUpaNa tathA RSabhanAtha kI kucha mUrtiyoM meM pAramparika yakSa-yakSI, gomukhacakrezvarI, ke sAtha hI ambikA, lakSmI, sarasvatI Adi kA aMkana isa koTi ke kucha pramukha udAharaNa haiM / isa varga kI mUrtiyA~ mukhyataH devagar3ha evaM khajurAho se milI haiM / zvetAMbara aura digambara sthaloM kI zilpa - sAmagrI ke adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki puruSa devatAoM kI mUrtiyA~ deviyoM kI tulanA meM nagaNya haiN| jaina kalA meM deviyoM kI vizeSa lokapriyatA tAMtrika prabhAva kA pariNAma ho sakatI hai / jaina paramparA para tAntrika prabhAva ke adhyayana kI dRSTi se katipaya sandarbhoM kI ora vidvAnoM kA dhyAna AkRSTa karanA upayukta hogA / khajurAho ke pArzvanAtha mandira (950-70 I.) kI bhitti para cAroM tarapha zaktiyoM ke sAtha AliMgana mudrA meM devayugaloM kI kaI mUrtiyA~ haiM / inameM ziva, viSNu, brahmA, agni, kubera, rAma, balarAma Adi kI zakti sahita mUrtiyA~ haiM jo parisaMvAda- 4

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46 jainavidyA evaM prAkRta : antarazAstrIya adhyayana spaSTataH hindU prabhAva darazAtI haiN| isI mandira ke uttarI aura dakSiNI zikhara para kAmakriyA meM rata do yugala bhI AmUrtita haiN| kAma kriyA se sambandhita yA AliMgana mudrA meM sAdhuoM ke kucha aMkana bhI devagar3ha ke jaina mandiroM ke praveza dvAroM para upalabdha haiN| uparyukta digambara sthaloM ke atirikta nADalAI (pAlI, rAjasthAna) ke ke zAMtinAtha mandira (zvetAmbara) ke adhiSThAna para bhI kAmakriyA meM rata kaI yugaloM kA aMkana huA hai| jaina mandiroM para devatAoM kI zakti sahita AliMgana mUrtiyA~ evaM kAmakriyA se sambandhita aMkana paramparA sammata nahIM haiN| jaina dharma udAra dharma rahA hai| jisakI dhArmika mAnyatAoM meM samaya ke anurUpa kucha Avazyaka parivartana yA zithilana hote raheM haiN| madhya yuga tAMtrika prabhAva kA yuga thA / phalataH jaina dharma meM bhI usa prabhAva ko kiMcit niyantraNa ke sAtha svIkAra kiyA gayA, jise kalA meM bhI uparyukta sthaloM para abhivyakti milii| para isa prabhAva ko uddAma nahIM hone diyA gayA jaisA ki khajurAho aura ur3IsA ke hindU mandiroM para kAmakriyA se sambandhita aMkanoM ke sandarbha meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| jaina graMtha harivaMzapurANa (jinasena kRta, 783 I.) meM eka sthala para ullekha hai ki seTha kAmadatta ne eka jinamandira kA nirmANa kiyA aura sampUrNa prajA ke AkarSaNa ke lie isI mandira meM kAmadeva aura rati kI bhI mUrti bnvaayii| graMtha meM yaha bhI ullekha hai ki yaha jina mandira kAmadeva ke mandira ke nAma se prasiddha hai aura kautuka-vaza Aye logoM ko jina dharma kI prApti kA kAraNa hai| jina mUrtiyoM ke pUjana ke sAtha graMtha meM rati aura kAmadeva kI mUrtiyoM ke pUjana kA bhI ullekha hai / 1 harivaMzapurANa kA ullekha spaSTataH jaina dharma meM Aye zithilana aura usake uddezya ko spaSTa karatA hai| . pA~cavIM zatI I. ke anta taka jaina devakula kA mUla svarUpa nirdhArita ho gayA thA, jisameM 24 jina, yakSa aura yakSiyA~, vidyAe~, sarasvatI, lakSmI, kRSNa, balarAma, rAma, naigameSI evaM anya zalAkApuruSa tathA kucha devatA sammilita the| isa kAla taka jaina devakula ke sadasyoM ke kevala nAma aura kucha sAmAnya vizeSatAe~ hI nirdhArita huii| unakI lAkSaNika vizeSatAoM ke vistRta ullekha AThavIM se bArahavIM-terahavIM zatI I. ke madhya ke jaina graMthoM meM hI milate haiN| pUrNa vikasita jaina devakula meM 24 jinoM evaM anya zalAkApuruSoM33 sahita 24 yakSa-yakSI yugala, 16 mahAvidyAe~, dikpAla, navagraha, kSetrapAla, gaNeza, brahmazAMti yakSa, kapadi yakSa, bAhubalI, 64 yoginI, zAMtidevI, jinoM ke mAtA-pitA evaM paMca parameSThI Adi sammilita haiM / zvetAMbara aura digambara saMpradAyoM ke graMthoM meM jaina devakula kA vikAsa bAhya dRSTi se samarUpa hai / kevala devatAoM ke nAmoM parisaMvAda-4

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jaina kalA kA avadAna evaM lAkSaNika vizeSatAoM ke sandarbha meM hI donoM paramparAoM meM bhinnatA dRSTigata hotI hai| mahAvIra ke garbhApaharaNa, jIvantasvAmI mahAvIra kI mUrti evaM mallinAtha ke nArI tIrthakara hone ke ullekha kevala zvetAMbara graMthoM meM hI prApta hote haiN| 24 jinoM kI kalpanA jaina dharma kI dhurI hai / I. san ke prArambha se pUrva hI 24 jinoM kI sUcI nirdhArita ho gaI thii| 24 jinoM kI prArambhika sUciyA~ samavAyAMga sUtra, bhagavatI sUtra, kalpasUtra evaM paumacariyaM meM milatI haiN|34 zilpa meM jina mUrti kA utkIrNana lagabhaga tIsarI zatI I. pUrva meM prArambha huaa| kalpasUtra meM RSabhanAtha, neminAtha, pArzvanAtha aura mahAvIra ke jIvana-vRttoM ke vistAra se ullekha haiN| paravartI graMthoM meM bhI inhIM cAra jinoM kI sarvAdhika vistAra se carcA hai| zilpa meM bhI inhIM cAra jinoM kA nirUpaNa sabase pahale kuSANa kAla meM prArambha huA aura vibhinna sthaloM para Age bhI inhIM kI sarvAdhika mUrtiyA~ bniiN| mUtiyoM meM ina kI lokapriyatA kA krama isa prakAra rahA hai : RSabhanAtha, pArzvanAtha, mahAvIra aura neminAtha / jaina paramparA aura mUrtiyoM meM inhIM cAra jinoM ke yakSA-yakSI yugaloM ko bhI sarvAdhika lokapriyatA milI / uparyukta cAra jinoM ke bAda ajitanAtha, saMbhavanAtha, supArzvanAtha, candraprabha, zAMtinAtha evaM munisuvrata kI sarvAdhika mUrtiyA~ bniiN| anya jinoM kI mUrtiyA~ saMkhyA kI dRSTi se nagaNya haiN| tAtparya yaha ki uttara bhArata meM 24 meM se kevala 10 hI jinoM kA nirUpaNa lokapriya thaa| __ jina mUrtiyoM meM sarvaprathama pArzvanAtha kA lakSaNa niyata huaa| lagabhaga dUsarIpahalI zatI I. pU. kI mUrtiyoM meM pArzvanAtha ke sAtha zIrSabhAga meM sAta sarpaphaNoM kA chatra pradarzita huaa| isake bAda mathurA evaM causA kI pahalI zatI I. kI mUrtiyoM meM RSabhanAtha ke kandhoM para laTakatI huI jaTAoM kA pradarzana huaa| kuSANa kAla meM hI mathurA meM neminAtha ke sAtha balarAma aura kRSNa kA aMkana huaa| isa prakAra kuSANa kAla taka RSabhanAtha, neminAtha evaM pArzvanAtha ke lakSaNa nizcita hue| zuMga-kuSANakAla meM mathurA meM hI zrIvatsa aura dhyAna mudrA kA bhI aMkana prArambha huaa| mathurA meM hI kuSANa kAla meM sarvaprathama jina mUrtiyoM meM aSTa pratihAryoM, dharmacakra, mAMgalika cihnoM (svastika, matsyayugala, zrIvatsa, pUrNaghaTa) evaM upAsakoM Adi kA aMkana huaa| kuSANakAlIna jina mUrtiyoM ke pratihArya-siMhAsana, prabhAmaNDala, cAmaradhara sevaka, uDDIyamAna mAlAdhara, chatra, caityavRkSa evaM divyadhvani haiN| guptakAla meM jinoM ke sAtha sarvaprathama lAMchanoM, yakSa-yakSI yugaloM evaM aSTapratihAryoM kA aMkana prArambha huaa| rAjagira evaM bhAratakalA bhavana, vArANasI (kramAMka parisaMvAda 4

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48 jaina vidyA evaM prAkRta : antarazAstrIya adhyayana 161) kI neminAtha aura mahAvIra kI do mUrtiyoM meM pahalI bAra lAMchana kA, aura akoTA kI RSabhanAtha kI mUrti (lagabhaga chaThI zatI I.) meM yakSa-yakSI (sarvAnubhUti evaM aMbikA) kA citraNa huA / guptakAla meM siMhAsana ke choroM evaM parikara meM choTI jina mUrtiyoM kA bhI aMkana prArambha huaa| akoTA kI zvetAMbara jina mUrtiyoM meM pahalI bAra pIThikA ke madhya meM dharmacakra ke donoM ora do mRgoM kA citraNa kiyA gayA, jo sambhavataH bauddha kalA kA prabhAva hai| lagabhaga AThavIM-navIM zatI I0 meM 24 jinoM ke svatantra lAMchanoM kI sUcI banI, jo kahAvalo, pravacanasAroddhAra, evaM tiloyapaNNatti meM surakSita haiM / 37 zvetAMbara aura digambara paramparAoM meM supArzvanAtha, zItalanAtha, anantanAtha evaM aranAtha ke atirikta anya jinoM ke lAMchanoM meM koI bhinnatA nahIM hai| mUrtiyoM meM supArzvanAtha tathA pArzvanAtha ke sAtha kramazaH svastika aura sarpa lAMchanoM kA aMkana durlabha hai, kyoMki pA~ca aura sAta sarpaphaNoM ke chatroM ke pradarzana ke bAda jinoM kI pahacAna ke lie lAMchanoM kA pradarzana Avazyaka nahIM samajhA gayA / para laTakatI jaTAoM meM zobhita RSabhanAtha ke sAtha vRSabhalAMchana kA citraNa niyamita thA, kyoMki AThavIM zatI I. ke bAda ke digambara sthaloM (devagar3ha, khajurAho) meM RSabhanAtha ke sAtha-sAtha anya jina mUrtiyoM para bhI jaTAe~ pradarzita kI gayI haiN| mUrtivijJAna kI dRSTi se lagabhaga navIM-dasavIM zatI I. taka jina mUrtiyA~ pUrNataH vikasita ho giiN| pUrNa vikasita jina mUrtiyoM meM lAMchanoM, yakSa-yakSI yugaloM evaM aSTapratihAryoM ke sAtha hI parikara meM choTI jina mUrtiyoM, navagrahoM, gajAkRtiyoM, dharmacakra, vidyAoM evaM anya AkRtiyoM kA citraNa huaa| siMhAsana ke madhya meM padma se yukta zAMtidevI, gajoM evaM mRgoM tathA kalazadhArI gomukha evaM vINA aura veNuvAdana karatI AkRtiyoM kA citraNa kevala zvetAMbara sthaloM para lokapriya thA / zvetAMbara grantha vAstuvidyA ke jinaparikaralakSaNa (22.10-12, 33-39) meM ina vizeSatAoM ke ullekha haiM / gyArahavIM se terahavIM zatI I. ke madhya zvetAMbara sthaloM para RSabhanAtha, zAMtinAtha, munisuvrata, neminAtha, pArzvanAtha evaM mahAvIra ke jIvanadRzyoM kA vizada aMkana huaa| jisake udAharaNa osiyA kI devakulikAoM, kumbhAriyA ke zAMtinAtha evaM mahAvIra mandiroM, jAlora ke pArzvanAtha mandira aura AbU ke vimalavasahI aura lUNavasahI se mile haiN| inameM jinoM ke paMcakalyANakoM (cyavana, janma, dIkSA, kaivalya, 'nirvANa) evaM kucha anya mahattvapUrNa ghaTanAoM ko darazAyA gayA hai, jinameM bharata aura bAhubalI ke yuddha, zAMtinAtha ke pUrvajanma meM kapota kI prANarakSA kI kathA, neminAtha ke parisaMvAda-4

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'49 jaina kalA kA avadAna ke vivAha aura vairAgya, munisuvrata ke jIvana kI azvAvabodha aura zakunikA vihAra kI kathAe~ tathA pArzvanAtha evaM mahAvIra ke pUrvajanma kI kathAe~ aura tapasyA ke samaya upasthita upasarga mukhya haiN| uttara pradeza evaM madhya pradeza ke digambara sthaloM para madhyayuga meM neminAtha ke sAtha unake cacere bhAiyoM balarAma aura kRSNa (devagar3ha, mathurA), pArzvanAtha ke sAtha sarpaphaNoM ke chatra vAle cAmaradhArI dharaNa evaM chatradhAriNI padmAvatI, tathA jina mUrtiyoM ke parikara meM bAhubalI, jIvantasvAmI, kSetrapAla, sarasvatI, lakSmI Adi ke aMkana vizeSa lokapriya the| bihAra, ur3IsA evaM baMgAla kI jina mUrtiyoM meM yakSa-yakSI yugaloM, siMhAsana, dharmacakra, gajoM, dundubhivAdakoM Adi kA aMkana lokapriya nahIM thaa| lagabhaga dazavIM zatI I0 meM jina mUrtiyoM ke parikara meM 23 yA 24 choTI jina mUrtiyoM kA aMkana prArambha huA / baMgAla kI che.TI jina mUrtiyA~ adhikAMzataH lAMchanoM se yukta haiN| jena graMthoM meM dvitIrthI evaM tritIrthI jina mUrtiyoM ke ullekha nahIM haiN| para devagar3ha evaM khajurAho jaise digambara sthaloM para navIM se bArahavIM zatI I. ke madhya inakA utkIrNana huaa| ina mUrtiyoM meM do yA tIna alaga-alaga jinoM ko kAyotsarga mudrA meM eka sAtha nirUpita kiyA gayA hai| ina jinoM ke sAtha kabhI-kabhI lAMchanoM, yakSayakSI yugaloM evaM aSTaprAtihAryoM kA citraNa huA hai| jina caumukhI yA sarvatobhadrikA jina mUrtiyoM kA utkIrNana pahalI zatI. I. meM mathurA meM prArambha huA, aura Age kI zatAbdiyoM meM bhI sabhI kSetroM meM lokapriya rahA / pratimA sarvatobhadrikA yA sarvatobhadra pratimA kA artha hai vaha pratimA jo sabhI ora se zubha yA maMgalakArI hai|caumukhii mUrtiyoM meM cAra dizAoM meM cAra dhyAnastha yA kAyotsarga jina mUrtiyA~ utkIrNa hotI haiN| jina caumukhI kI dhAraNA ko vidvAnoM ne jina samavasaraNa kI prArambhika kalpanA para AdhArita aura usameM hue vikAsa kA sUcaka mAnA hai / 39 para isa prabhAva ko svIkAra karane meM kaI kaThinAiyA~ haiM / samavasaraNa vaha devanirmita sabhA hai, jahA~ kaivalya prApti ke bAda jina apanA upadeza dete haiN| samavasaraNa tIna prAcIroM vAlA bhavana hai, jisake UparI bhAga meM aSTaprAtihAryoM se yukta jina dhyAnamudrA meM (pUrvAbhimukha) virAjamAna hote haiN| sabhI dizAoM ke zrotA jina kA darzana kara sakeM, isa uddezya se vyaMtara devoM ne anya tIna dizAoM meM bhI usI jina kI pratimAe~ sthApita kii| yaha ullekha sarvaprathama AThavIMnavIM zatI I. ke jaina granthoM meM prApta hotA hai| prArambhika jaina granthoM meM cAra dizAoM parisaMvAda-4

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jainavidyA evaM prAkRta : antarazAstrIya adhyayana meM cAra jina mUrtiyoM ke nirUpaNa kA ullekha nahIM prApta hotA hai| aisI sthiti meM kuSANakAlIna jina caumukhI meM cAra alaga-alaga jinoM ke utkIrNana ko samavasaraNa kI dhAraNA se prabhAvita aura usameM hue kisI vikAsa kA sUcaka nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / AThavIM-navIM zatI I. ke granthoM meM bhI samavasaraNa meM kisI eka hI jina kI cAra mUrtiyoM ke nirUpaNa kA ullekha hai jaba ki kuSANakAlIna caumukhI meM cAra alagaalaga jinoM ko citrita kiyA gayA hai| mathurA kI 1023 I. kI eka caumukhI mUrti meM hI sarvaprathama samavasaraNa kI dhAraNA ko abhivyakti milii| pITikA lekha meM bhI ullekha hai ki yaha mahAvIra kI jina caumukhI hai| samavasaraNa meM jina sadaiva dhdAnamudrA meM AsIna hote haiM, jaba ki kuSANakAlIna caumukhI mUrtiyoM meM jina sadaiva kAyotsarga meM khar3e haiN| jahA~ hameM samakAlIna jaina graMthoM meM jina caumukhI mUrti kI kalpanA kA nizcita AdhAra nahIM prApta hotA hai, vahIM tatkAlIna evaM pUrvavartI zilpa meM aise eka mukha aura bahumukhI zivaliMga evaM yakSa-mUrtiyA~ prApta hotI haiM, jinase jina caumukhI kI dhAraNA ke prabhAvita hone kI sambhAvanA ho sakatI hai| jina caumukhI para svastika aura maurya zAsaka azoka ke siMha evaM vRSabha stambha-zIrSoM kA bhI prabhAva asambhava nahIM hai / 72 caumukhI jina mUrtiyoM ko mukhyataH do vargoM meM bA~TA jA sakatA hai| pahale varga meM aisI mUrtiyA~ haiM, jinameM eka hI jina kI cAra mUrtiyA~ banI haiN| dUsare varga kI mUrtiyoM meM cAroM ora cAra alaga-alaga jinoM kI mUrtiyA~ haiN| pahale varga kI mUrtiyoM kA utkIrNana lagabhaga sAtavIM-AThavIM zatI I. meM prArambha huA / kintu dUsare varga kI mUrtiyA~ pahalI zatI I. se hI banane lgiiN| mathurA kI kuSANakAlIna caumukhI mUrtiyA~ isI koTi kI haiN| pahale varga kI mUrtiyA~ tulanAtmaka dRSTi se saMkhyA meM bahuta kama haiM, aura inameM jinoM ke lAMchana sAmAnyataH nahIM pradarzita haiM / mathurA kI kuSANakAlIna caumukhI mUrtiyoM ke samAna hI dUsare varga kI mUrtiyoM meM adhikAMzataH kevala vRSabhanAtha aura pArzvanAtha kI hI pahacAna sambhava hai / kucha mUrtiyoM meM ajitanAtha, sambhavanAtha, supArzvanAtha, caMdraprabha, zAMtinAtha, neminAtha evaM mahAvIra kI bhI mUrtiyA~ banI haiN| baMgAla meM cAroM jinoM ke sAtha alaga-alaga lAMchanoM, aura devagar3ha tathA vimalavasahI meM yakSa-yakSI yugaloM kA citraNa prApta hotA hai| lagabhaga dazavIM zatI I. meM caturviMzati jina-paTToM kA nirmANa prArambha huaa| gyArahavIM zatI I. kA eka viziSTa caturviMzati jina-paTTa devagar3ha ke sAhU jaina saMgrahAlaya meM hai| isameM jinoM ke sAtha aSTaprAtihAryoM, lAMchanoM evaM yakSa-yakSI yugaloM kA citraNa huA hai| ___ bhagavatosUtra, tattvArthasUtra, antagaDadasAo evaM paumacariyaM jaise prArambhika jaina graMthoM meM yakSoM ke pracura ullekha haiM / 43 inameM maNibhadra aura pUrNabhadra yakSoM aura parisaMvAda-4

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jaina kalA kA avadAna 51 bahuputrikA yakSI kI sarvAdhika carcA hai| jinoM se saMzliSTa prAcInatama yakSa-yakSI yugala sarvAnubhUti (yA kubera) aura ambikA kI kalpanA prAcIna paramparA ke maNibhadrapUrNabhadra yakSoM aura baha putrikA yakSI se prabhAvita hai| lagabhaga chaThI zatI I. meM jinoM ke zAsana aura upAsaka devoM ke rUpa meM mUrtiyoM meM yakSa-yakSI yugaloM kA nirUpaNa prAraMbha huA, jisakA prAraMbhikatama udAharaNa (chaThI zatI I.) akoTA se milA hai| yakSa aura yakSiyoM kA aMkana jina mUrtiyoM ke siMhAsana yA pIThikA ke dAhine aura bAyeM choroM para kiyA gayA hai| lagabhaga chaThI se navIM zatI I0 taka ke graMthoM meM kevala yakSarAja (sarvAnubhUti), dharaNendra, cakrezvarI, aMbikA evaM padmAvatI kI hI kucha lAkSaNika vizeSatAoM ke ullekha haiN| 24 jinoM ke svataMtra yakSa-yakSI yugaloM kI sUcI lagabhaga AThavIM-navIM zatI I. meM nirdhArita huii| sabase prArambha kI sUciyAM kahAvalI, tiloyapaNNatti aura pravacanasAroddhAra meM haiM / 44 24 yakSa-yakSI yugaloM kI svataMtra lAkSaNika vizeSatAeM gyArahavIM-bArahavIM zatI I. meM niyata huI, jinake ullekha nirvANakalikA, viSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra, pratiSThAsAra saMgraha, pratiSThAsAroddhAra, AcAradinakara, pratiSThAtilakam evaM anya zilpazAstroM meM haiN| zvetAMbara graMthoM meM digaMbara paraMparA ke kucha pUrva hI yakSa aura yakSiyoM kI lAkSaNika vizeSatAeM nizcita ho gayI thiiN| donoM paraMparAoM meM yakSa evaM yakSiyoM ke nAmoM aura lAkSaNika vizeSatAoM kI dRSTi se paryApta bhinnatA dRSTigata hotI hai / digaMbara graMthoM meM yakSa aura yakSiyoM ke nAma aura unakI lAkSaNika vizeSatAeM zvetAMbara graMthoM kI apekSA sthira aura ekarUpa haiN| donoM paraMparAoM kI sUciyoM meM mAtaMga, yakSezvara evaM Izvara yakSoM tathA naradattA, mAnavI, acyutA evaM kucha anya yakSiyoM ke nAmollekha eka se adhika jinoM ke sAtha kiye gaye haiM / bhRkuTi kA yakSa aura yakSI donoM ke rUpa meM ullekha hai| 24 yakSa aura yakSiyoM kI sUcI meM se adhikAMza ke nAma evaM unakI lAkSaNika vizeSatAe~ hindU aura kucha udAharaNoM meM bauddha devakula se prabhAvita haiN| jainadharma meM hindU devakula ke viSNu, ziva, brahmA, indra, skanda kArtikeya, kAlI, gaurI, sarasvatI, cAmuNDA; aura bauddha devakula kI tArA, vajrazRMkhalA, vajratArA evaM vajrAMkuzI ke nAmoM aura lAkSaNika vizeSatAoM ko grahaNa kiyA gayA / " jaina devakula para brAhmaNa aura bauddha dharmoM ke devoM kA prabhAva do prakAra kA hai| prathama, jainoM ne itara dharmoM ke devoM ke kevala nAma grahaNa kiye aura svayaM unakI svataMtra lAkSaNika vizeSatAe~ nirdhArita kii| garur3a, varuNa, kumAra yakSoM aura gaurI, kAlI, mahAkAlI, ambikA evaM padmAvatI yakSiyoM ke saMdarbha parisaMvAva-4

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52 jainavidyA evaM prAkRta : antarazAstrIya adhyayana meM prApta hone vAlA prabhAva isI koTi kA hai / dvitIya, jainoM ne devatAoM ke eka varga kI lAkSaNika vizeSatAe~ itara dharmoM ke devoM se grahaNa kIM / kabhI-kabhI lAkSaNika vizeSatAoM ke sAtha hI sAtha ina devoM ke nAma bhI hindU aura bauddha devoM se prabhAvita haiM / isa varga meM Ane vAle yakSa-yakSiyoM meM brahmA, Izvara, gomukha, bhRkuTi, SaNmukha, yakSendra, pAtAla, dharaNendra evaM kubera yakSa, aura cakrezvarI, vijayA, nirvANI, tArA evaM vajrazrRMkhalA yakSiyAM pramukha haiM / hindU devakula se prabhAvita yakSa yakSI yugala tIna bhAgoM meM vibhAjya haiM / pahalI koTi meM aise yakSa-yakSI yugala haiM jinake mUla devatA Apasa meM kisI prakAra saMbaMdhita nahIM haiM / adhikAMza yakSa-yakSI yugala isI varga ke haiM / dUsarI koTi meM aise yakSa-yakSI yugala haiM jo mUla rUpa meM hindU devakula meM bhI Apasa meM saMbaMdhita haiM, jaise zreyAMzanAtha ke Izvara evaM gaurI yakSa-yakSI yugala / tIsarI koTi meM aise yakSa-yakSI yugala haiM jinameM yakSa eka aura yakSI dUsare svataMtra saMpradAya ke devatA se prabhAvita haiM / RSabhanAtha ke gomukha - yakSa evaM cakrezvarI yakSI isI koTi ke haiM jo ziva aura vaiSNavI se prabhAvita haiM; ziva aura vaiSNavI kramazaH zaiva evaM vaiSNava dharma ke pratinidhi deva haiM / lagabhaga chaThIM zatI I. meM sarvaprathama sarvAnubhUti evaM aMbikA ko akoTA meM mUrta abhivyakti milI / isake bAda dharaNendra aura padmAvatI kI mUrtiyA~ banIM, aura lagabhaga dasavIM zatI I. se anya yakSa-yakSiyoM kI bhI mUrtiyAM banane lagI lagabhaga chaThIM zatI I. meM jina mUrtiyoM meM aura lagabhaga navIM zatI I0 meM svataMtra mUrtiyoM ke rUpa meM yakSa-yakSiyoM kA nirUpaNa prAraMbha huaa| lagabhaga chaThIM se navIM zatI I. ke madhya ko RSabhanAtha, zAMtinAtha, neminAtha, pArzvanAtha evaM kucha anya jinoM kI mUrtiyoM meM sarvAnubhUti ( kubera) evaM aMbikA hI AmUrtita haiM / lagabhaga dasavIM zatI I. se sarvAnubhUti evaM aMbikA ke sthAna para pAraMparika yA svataMtra lakSaNoM vAle yakSa- yakSI yugaloM kA nirUpaNa prAraMbha huA, jisake mukhya udAharaNa devagar3ha, gyArasapura, khajurAho evaM rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU meM haiM / ina sthaloM kI dasavIM zatI I. kI mUrtiyoM meM RSabhanAtha aura neminAtha ke sAtha kramazaH gomukha-cakrezvarI aura sarvAnubhUti - aMbikA tathA zAMtinAtha, pArzvanAtha evaM mahAvIra ke sAtha svataMtra lakSaNoM vAle yakSa-yakSI utkIrNa haiM / zatI I. ke bAda bihAra, ur3IsA aura baMgAla ke atirikta anya sabhI kSetroM kI jina mUrtiyoM meM yakSa yakSI yugaloM kA niyamita aMkana huA hai / svataMtra aMkanoM meM yakSa kI tulanA meM yakSiyoM ke citraNa adhika lokapriya the / 24 yakSiyoM ke sAmUhika aMkana ke hameM tIna udAharaNa mile haiM / 46 para 24 yakSoM ke sAmUhika citraNa kA saMbhavataH parisaMvAda-4

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jaina kalA kA avadAna 53 koI prayAsa hI nahIM kiyA gayA / yakSoM kI kevala dvibhujI aura caturbhujI mUrtiyA~ banIM, para yakSiyoM kI do se bIsa bhujAoM taka kI mUrtiyA~ milI haiM / yakSa aura yakSiyoM kI sarvAdhika jina-saMyukta aura svataMtra mUrtiyA~ uttara-pradeza evaM madhya pradeza ke digaMbara sthaloM para utkIrNa huyIM / ataH yakSa evaM yakSiyoM ke mUrtivijJAna paraka vikAsa ke adhyayana kI dRSTi se isa kSetra kA vizeSa mahattva hai / isa kSetra meM dazavIM se bArahavIM zatI I. ke madhya RSabhanAtha, neminAtha evaM pArzvanAtha ke sAtha pAraMparika, aura supArzvanAtha, caMdraprabha, zAMtinAtha evaM mahAvIra ke sAtha svataMtra lakSaNoM vAle yakSa-yakSI yugala nirUpita hue / anya jinoM ke sAtha yakSa-yakSI dvibhuja aura sAmAnya lakSaNoM vAle haiM / isa kSetra meM cakrezvarI evaM abikA kI sarvAdhika mUrtiyA~ haiM / sAtha hI rohiNI, manovegA, gaurI, gAMdhArI, padmAvatI evaM siddhAyikA kI bhI kucha mUrtiyA~ milI haiM / cakrezvarI evaM padmAvatI kI mUrtiyoM meM sarvAdhika vikAsa dRSTigata hotA hai / yakSoM meM kevala sarvAnubhUti, garur3a ( devagar3ha) evaM dharaNendra kI hI kucha svataMtra mUrtiyA~ milI haiM / isa kSetra meM 24 yakSiyoM ke sAmUhika aMkana ke bhI do udAharaNa haiM, jo devagar3ha ( maMdira 12 I. 862 ) se mile haiM / devagar3ha ke udAharaNa meM aMbikA ke atirikta anya kisI yakSI ke sAtha pAraMparika vizeSatAe~ nahIM pradarzita haiM / devagar3ha samUha ko adhikAMza yakSiyAM sAmAnya lakSaNoM vAlI aura samarUpa, tathA kucha anya jaina mahAvidyAoM evaM sarasvatI Adi ke svarUpoM se prabhAvita haiM / gujarAta aura rAjasthAna meM aMbikA kI sarvAdhika mUrtiyA~ banIM / cakrezvarI, evaM siddhAyikA kI bhI mUrtiyA~ milI haiM / yakSoM meM kevala gomukha, varuNa (1, osiyA mahAvIra maMdira) sarvAnubhUti evaM pArzva kI hI svataMtra mUrtiyA~ haiM / sarvAnubhUti kI mUrtiyA~ sarvAdhika haiM / isa kSetra meM chaThIM se bArahavIM zatI I. taka sabhI jinoM ke sAtha eka hI yakSa -yakSa yugala, sarvAnubhUti evaM aMbikA, nirUpita haiM / kevala kucha udAharaNoM meM RSabhanAtha, pArzvanAtha evaM mahAvIra ke sAtha pAraMparika yA svataMtra lakSaNoM vAle yakSa-yakSI utkIrNa haiM / ye udAharaNa osiyA, AbU evaM kuMbhAriyA jaise sthaloM se mile haiM / bihAra, ur3IsA evaM baMgAla meM yakSa-yakSiyoM kI mUrtiyA~ nagaNya haiM / kevala cakrezvarI, aMbikA evaM padmAvatI kI kucha svataMtra mUrtiyA~ milI haiM / ur3IsA kI navamuni evaM bArabhujI guphAoM ( 11vIM - 12vIM zatI I.) meM kramaza: sAta aura caubIsa yakSiyoM kI mUrtiyA~ utkIrNa haiM / bArabhujI guphA kI 24 yakSI mUrtiyAM saMbaMdhita jinoM kI mUrtiyoM ke nIce utkIrNa haiM / dvibhuja se viMzatibhuja yakSiyA~ lalitamudrA yA dhyAnamudrA meM AsIna haiM / 24 yakSiyoM meM kevala cakrezvarI, aMbikA evaM padmAvatI ke nirUpaNa parisaMvAda-4

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54 jainavidyA evaM prAkRta : antarazAstrIya adhyayana meM hI paraMparA kA kucha pAlana kiyA gayA hai| kucha yakSiyoM ke nirUpaNa meM brAhmaNa evaM bauddha devakuloM kI deviyoM ke lakSaNoM kA anukaraNa kiyA gayA hai| zAMtinAtha, aranAtha, evaM neminAtha kI yakSiyoM ke nirUpaNa meM kramazaH gajalakSmI, tArA (bauddha devI) evaM haMsavAhinI brahmANI (trimukha) ke prabhAva spaSTa haiN| anya yakSiyAM kisI sthAnIya paraMparA se nirdezita rahI ho sakatI haiN| jaina zilpa meM 24 jinoM ke atirikta anya zalAkApuruSoM meM se kevala balarAma kRSNa, rAma aura bharata kI hI mUrtiyA~ milatI haiN| balarAma aura kRSNa ke aMkana dasavIM-bArahavIM zatI I. meM hue / ye mUrtiyA~ devagar3ha, khajurAho, mathurA evaM AbU se milI haiN| zrIlakSmI ora sarasvatI ke ullekha prAraMbhika jaina graMthoM meM haiN| sarasvatI kA aMkana kuSANa yuga meM ( rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU, je. 24, 132 I.) aura zrIlakSmI kA aMkana dasavIM zatI I. meM huA / jaina paraMparA meM indra kI mUrtiyA~ gyArahavIM-bArahavIM zatI I. meM banIM / prAraMbhika jaina graMthoM (antagaDadazAo Adi) meM ullikhita naigameSI kI mUrtiyA~ kuSANakAla meM bniiN| zAMtidevI, gaNeza, brahmazAMti evaM kahi yakSoM ke ullekha aura unakI mUrtiyA~ dasavIM se bArahavIM zatI I. ke madhya kI haiN| jaina paraMparA meM gaNeza ke lakSaNa pUrNataH hindU paraMparA se prabhAvita haiN| gaNeza kI svataMtra mUrtiyA~ osiyA kI jaina devakulikAoM, kuMbhAriyA ke neminAtha aura naDalaI ke jaina maMdiroM se prApta hotI haiN| brahmazAMti evaM kapadi yakSoM ke svarUpa kramazaH brahmA aura ziva se prabhAvita haiN| jaina paraMparA meM RSabhanAtha ke putra gommaTezvara bAhubalI evaM bharata cakravartI ko vizeSa pratiSThA prApta hai / zvetAMbara aura digaMbara donoM hI paraMparA ke graMthoM meM bharata aura bAhubalI ke yuddha aura bAhubalI kI kaThora tapazcaryA ke vistRta ullekha haiN| zilpa meM digaMbara sthaloM para inakA aMkana adhika lokapriya thaa| usameM bhI dakSiNa bhArata ke digaMbara sthaloM para inakI sarvAdhika mUrtiyA~ bniiN| digaMbara sthaloM para chaThI-sAtavIM zatI I. meM bAhubalI kA nirUpaNa prAraMbha ho gayA thA, jisake udAharaNa bAdAmI aura ayahola meM haiN| donoM paraMparA kI mUrtiyoM meM bAhubalI ko kAyotsarga mudrA meM dikhAyA gayA hai aura unake hAthoM aura pairoM meM mAdhavI kI latAe lipaTI haiN| sAtha hI zarIra para sarpa, vRzcika aura chipakalI Adi kA, aura samIpa hI vAlmIka se nikalate saryoM kA pradarzana huA hai / ye sabhI bAteM bAhubalI kI kaThora tapasyA ke bhAva ko hI vyakta karatI haiM / bAhubalI kI isa kaThina tapazcaryA ke kAraNa hI khajurAho evaM devagar3ha meM unheM jinoM ke samAna pratiSThA pradAna kI gii| ina sthaloM para jina mUrtiyoM ke samAna hI bAhubalI parisaMvAda-4

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jaina kalA kA avadAna 55 ke sAtha aSTaprAtihAryoM evaM yakSa-yakSI yugala kA nirUpaNa huA hai / " bAhubalI kI mUrtiyoM meM zravaNabelagolA kI 57 phITa U~cI mUrti (981 - 983 I.) sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa aura bhAratIya kalA kA eka apratima aura gauravazAlI udAharaNa hai / khule AkAza ke nIce sthita yaha vizAla mUrti vizva kI dhArmika mUrtiyoM meM vizAlatama bhI hai / bAhubalI kI anya viziSTa mUrtiyA~ elorA, kArakala (1342 I.) evaM veNUra (1604 I.) meM haiM / jinoM evaM yakSa-yakSiyoM ke bAda jaina devakula meM vidyAoM ko sarvAdhika pratiSThA milI / sthAnAMgasUtra, sUtrakRtAMga, nAyAdhammakahAo aura paumacariyaM jaise prAraMbhika, evaM harivaMzapurANa, vasudevahiNDI aura tripaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra jaise paravartI graMthoM (chaThIM - bArahavIM zatI I.) meM vidyAoM ke aneka ullekha haiM / " jaina graMthoM meM varNita aneka vidyAoM meM se 16 pramukha vidyAoM ko lekara lagabhaga navIM zatI I. meM 16 mahAvidyAoM kI sUcI niyata huI / lagabhaga navIM se bArahavIM zatI I. ke madhya inhIM 16 vidyAoM ke graMthoM meM pratimA lakSaNa nirdhArita hue aura zilpa meM bhI inakI mUrtiyAM banIM / 16 vidyAoM kI prAraMbhikatama sUciyAM jayApahuDa (9vIM zatI I.), saMhitAsAra (939 I.) evaM stuti catuvizatikA ( lagabhaga 973 I.) meM haiM / vappabhaTTi sUri kI catuvizatikA ( 743- 838 I.) meM sarvaprathama 16 meM se 15 vidyAoM kI lAkSaNika vizeSatAe~ nirUpita huiiN| sabhI 16 vidyAoM ko lAkSaNika vizeSatAoM kA nirdhAraNa sarvaprathama zobhana muni kI stuti caturviMzatikA meM huA / vidyAoM kI prAcInatama mUrtiyA~ osiyA ke mahAvIra maMdira (lagabhaga 8vIM zatI I0) se milI haiN| navIM se terahavIM zatI I. ke madhya gujarAta aura rAjasthAna ke zvetAMbara jaina maMdiroM meM vidyAoM kI aneka mUrtiyA~ utkIrNa huIM / 16 mahAvidyAoM ke sAmUhika citraNa ke bhI prayAsa kiye gaye, jisake cAra udAharaNa kramazaH kuMbhAriyA ke zAMtinAtha maMdira (11vIM zatI I.) aura AbU ke vimalavasahI ( do udAharaNa : raMgamaNDapa aura devakulikA 41, 12vIM zatI I.), evaM lUNavasahI (raMgamaNDapa 1230 I.) se mile haiM / digaMbara sthaloM para vidyAoM ke citraNa kA ekamAtra saMbhAvita udAharaNa khajurAho ke AdinAtha maMdira kI bhitti (11vIM zatI I.) para hai / bhAratIya kalA ke saMdarbha meM jaina mUrtikalA ke uparyukta vivecana ke AdhAra para yahA~ nimnAMkita vicAra binduoM ko rekhAMkita karanA upayukta hogA : bhAratIya kalA kA vikAsa vibhinna dhArmika paramparAoM ke anusAra huA hai / isalie bhAratIya kalA ke anuzIlana ke lie bhAratIya dhArmika paramparAoM tathA bhAratIya saMskRti ke samaSTigata svarUpa kA parijJAna Avazyaka hai / parisaMvAda-4

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jainavidyA evaM prAkRta : antarazAstrIya adhyayana ___ jaina paramparA meM mUrti pUjana ke itihAsa kA anuzIlana karate samaya saindhava sabhyatA ke adhika spaSTa, vizeSataH lipi sambandhI, saMdarbha mahattvapUrNa ho sakate haiN| ___ 'mahAvIra ke jIvanakAla meM unakI mUrti nirmita ho gayI thI jo 'jIvaMta svAmI' ke nAma se abhihita huI, isa niSkarSa ko antima rUpa se svIkAra karane ke lie abhI aura adhika puSTa pramANoM kI apekSA hai| jina pratimAyeM bhAratIya pratimA vijJAna meM vizeSa sthAna rakhatI haiN| jina pratimAoM ke sAtha lAMchana, aSTa-prAtihArya, yakSa-yakSI yugala evaM anya sahAyaka AkRtiyoM kA aMkana uttarottara vikasita huA hai / sarvatobhadrikA jina pratimAoM ke nirmANa meM samavasaraNa kI saMkalpanA ke sAtha hI bhAratIya mUrtikalA ke anya samakAlIna evam pUrvavartI caturmukhI upAdAnoM kI paramparA kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhI Avazyaka hai| yakSa-yakSI, mahAvidyAoM evam anya jaina devoM kI mUrtiyoM kA adhyayana samagra bhAratIya paramparAoM ke sAMskRtika AdAna-pradAna ke saMdarbha meM kiyA jAnA caahie| mahAvidyAoM evam jinoM ke jIvana dRzyoM kA zvetAmbara sthaloM para, tathA yakSiyoM evam bharata aura bAhubali Adi kI digambara sthaloM para vizeSa lokapriyatA bhI dhyAtavya hai| kucha jaina sthaloM para kAma-kriyA se sambandhita mUrtiyoM kA aMkana bhI vizeSa utsukatA kA viSaya hai| khajurAho ke AdinAtha maMdira kI 16 rathikAoM kI devI mUrtiyA~ bhI vizeSa mahattvapUrNa haiN| pAda TippaNI 1. epigrAphiyA iNDikA, khaM0 1, kalakattA, 1892, lekha saM0 1, 2, 7, 21, 29; khaM0 2, kalakattA, 1894, lekha saM0 5, 16, 18, 39 / 2. bhaNDArakara, DI0 Ara0 AkiMalaoNjikala sarve bhAva iNDiyA, ainuala riporTa, 1908 09, kalakattA, 1912, pR0 108; nAhara, pI0 sI0 jaina inskrapzansa, bhAga 1, kalakattA, 1918, pR0 192-94; epigrAphiyA iNDikA, khaM0 11, pR052-54; vijayamUrti (saM0) jana zilAlekha saMgraha, bhAga 3, bambaI, 1957, pR0 79, 108; zAstrI, paramAnanda jaina, 'madhya bhArata kA jaina purAtattva', anekAnta, varSa 19, aM0 1-2, pR0 57 / 3. DhAkI, ema0 e0, 'sama arlo jaina Tempalsa ina vesTarna iNDiyA' mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya golDena jubilI vAlyUma, bambaI, 1968, pR0 298 / / parisaMvAda-4

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jaina kalA kA avadAna 4. unnithana, ena0 jI0, railiksa oNva jainijma-AlatUra', jarnala iNDiyana hisTrI, khaM0 44, bhAga 1, apraila 1966, pR0 542 / 5. draSTavya, mArzala, jAna, mohanajodar3o aiNDa di iNDasa sivilijezana, khaM0 1, landana, 1931, phalaka 12, citra 13, 14, 18, 19, 22, pR0 45, phalaka 10 / / caMdA, Ara0 pI0, 'sindha phAiva thAUjaNDa iyarsa ego', mArDana rivyU, saM0 52, aM0 2, agasta 1932, pR0 151-160; rAmacandrana, TI0 ena0, 'harappA aiNDa jainijma' (hindI anu0), anekAnta, varSa 14, janavarI 1957, pR0 157-61, zAha, yU0 pI0, sTaDIja ina jaina ArTa, vArANasI, 1956, pR0 3-4 / 7. zAha, yU0 pI0, 'viginigsa oNva jaina AikAnogrAphI', saMgrahAlaya purAtattva patrikA, aM0 9, jUna 1972, pR0 2 / zAha, yU0 pI0, 'e yUnIka jaina imeja oNva jIvanta svAmI', jarnala oriyaNTala insTITyUTa, khaM0 1, aM0 1, sitambara 1951, pR0 72-79; zAha, 'sAiDa lAiTsa Ana di lAIphaTAima seNDala vuDa imeja oNva mahAvIra' jarnala oriyaNTala insTITyUTa, khaM0 1, aM0 4, jUna 1952, pR0 358-68; zAha, 'zrI jIvantasvAmI' (gujarAtI), jaina satyaprakAza, varSa0 17, aM0 5-6, pR0 98-109, zAha, akoTA bronjeja, bambaI, 1959, pR0 26-28 / zAha, yU0 pI0 'zrI jIvantasvAmI', jaina satyaprakAza, varSa 17, aM0 5-6, pR0 104, zAha, 'e yUnIka jaina imeja oNva jIvaMta svAmI', jarnala oriyaNTala insTITyUTa, khaM0 1, aM0 1, pa0 79 / 10. zAha, yU0 pI0, 'e yunIka jaina imeja oNva jIvaMta svAmI', pUrva nidiSTa, pR0 72-79 / 11. zAha, yU0 pI0, akoTA bronjeja, pR0 26-28, phalaka 9 e, bI, 12 e / 12. jaina, hIrAlAla, bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna, bhopAla, 1962, pR0 72 / 13. draSTavya, jaina, je0 sI0, lAIpha ina ainzaNTa iNDiyA aija DepikTeDa ina di jaina kenansa, bambaI, 1947, pR0 252, 300, 325 / 14. draSTavya, zAha, yU0 pI0, 'zrI jIvaMta svAmI'; jaina satyaprakAza, varSa 17, aM0 5-6, pR0 98 / 15. vasudevahiNDI, khaM0 1, bhAga 1, pR0 61 / / 16. tripaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra 10.11.379-80 / 17. draSTavya, jAyasavAla, ke0 pI0, 'jaina imeja oNva maurya piriyaDa', janala bihAra ur3IsA risarca sosAiTI, khaM0 23, bhAga 1, 1937, pR0 130-32, banarjI-zAstrI, e0, 'mauryana skalpacarsa phrAma lohAnIpura, paTanA', jarnala bihAra' ur3IsA risarca sosAiTI, khaM0 26, bhAga 2, jUna 1940 pR0 120-24 / 18. jAyasavAla, ke0 pI0, pUrva nidiSTa, pR0 131 / parisaMvAda-4

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jainavidyA evaM prAkRta : antarazAstrIya adhyayana 19. draSTavya, mukharjI, Ara0 ke0, candragupta maurya aiNDa hija TAimsa, dillI, 1966, pR0 39-41 / 20. bhaTTAcArya, bI0 sI0, di jaina AikAnogrAphI, lAhaura, 1939, pR0 33 / 21. mukharjI, Ara0 ke0, azoka, dillI, 1974, pR0 54--55 / 22. pariziSTaparvan 9.54 : draSTavya; thApara, romilA, azoka aiNDa di DiklAina oNva di mauryaz2a, AksaphorDa, 1963, pR0 187 / 13. sarakAra, DI0 sI0, selekTa inskripzansa, khaM0 1, kalakattA, 1965, pR0 213-21 / 24. zAha, yU0 pI0, "aina arlI bronja imeja oNva pArzvanAtha ina di priMsa oNva velsa myUji yama, bambaI', buleTina priMsa oNva velsa myUjiyama, vesTarna iNDiyA, aM0 3, 1952-53, pR0 63-65, prasAda, e0 ke0, 'jaina bronjeja ina di paTanA myUjiyama', mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya golDena jubilI vAlyUma, bambaI 1968, pR0 275-80 / 25. zarmA, Ara0 sa0, 'pri-kaniSka buddhisTa AikrAnogrAphI aiTa mathurA', AkialaoNjikala ___ kAMgresa aiNDa seminAra peparsa, nAgapura, 1972 pR0 193-94 / 26. zrIvatsa, dharmacakra, svastika, matsyayugala, triratna / 27. vyUrala, jI0, 'spesimensa oNva jaina skalpacarsa phAma mathurA', epigrAphiyA iNDikA, khaM0 1, kalakattA 1894, pR0 314-18 / 28. paumacariyaM 3.122-26 / 29. agravAla, Ara0 sI0, nyUlI DiskavarDa skalpacarsa phAma vidizA, jarnala oriyaNTala insTITyUTa, khaM0 18, aM0 3, mArka 1969, pR0 252-53 / 30. kAmadatto jinAgArapure lokapravezane / mRgadhvajasya pratimA sanyadhAnmahiSasya ca // atraiva kAmadevasya ratezca pratimA vyadhAt / jinAgAre samAyAtAH prajAyAH kautakAyasaH / / kAmadevaratiprekSAkautukena jagajjanAH / jinAyatanamAgatya prekSya tatpratimAdvayam // saMvidhAnakamAkarNya tadbhAdrakamRgadhvajam / bahavaH pratipadyante jinadharmamahaddhikam // prasiddhaM ca gRhaM jainaM kAmadevagRhAkhyayA / kautukAgatalokasya jAtaM jinamatAptaye ||-hrivNshpuraann 29.1-5 / (harivaMzapurANa; saM0 pannAlAla jaina, jJAnapITha mUrtidevI jaina graMthamAlA, saMskRta graMthAMka 27, vArANasI, 1962, pR0 378) 31. harivaMzapurANa 29.9-10 / parisaMvAda -4

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jaina kalA kA avadAna 32. jJAtavya hai ki jaina dharma ke sabhI ardhamAgadhI Agama grantha lagabhaga pA~cavIM zatI I0 ke madhya yA chaThI zatI I0 ke prArambha meM (454 yA 514 I0) devaddhigaNi kSamAzramaNa ke netRtva meM valabhI (gujarAta) vAcana meM lipibaddha kiye gaye / 33. 63 zalAkApuruSoM kI sUcI meM 24 jinoM ke atirikta 12 cakravartI, 9 baladeva, 9 vAsudeva aura 9 prativAsudeva sammilita hai| 34. 24 jinoM kI sUcI meM RSabha, ajita, sambhava, abhinandana, sumati, padmaprabha, supAva, candraprabha, suvidhi (puSpadaMta), zItala, zreyAMza, vAsupUjya, vimala, anaMta, dharma, zAMti, kuMthu, ara, malli, munisuvrata, nami, nemi, pArzva evaM vardhamAna (mahAvIra) ye nAma haiN| draSTavya samavAyAMgasUtra 157, kalpasUtra 2, 184-203; pa umacariyaM 1.1-7, 5.145-48 / 35. aSTaprAtihAryoM kI sUcI meM azoka vRkSa, deva puSpavRSTi, divyadhvani, cAmara, siMhAsana, bhAmaNDala, deva dundubhi evaM trichatra sammilita haiN| azokavRkSaH . surapuSpavRSTidivyadhvanizcAmaramAsanaM ca / bhAmaNDalaM dundubhirAtapatraM satprAtihAryANi jinezvarANAm // pratiSThAsArovAra 1.76; harivaMzapurANa 3.31-38; rUpamaNDana 6.33-35 / (draSTavya jaina dharma kA maulika itihAsa-hastImala, bhAga 1, jayapura, 1971, pR0 33), 36. vistAra ke lie draSTavya; candA, Ara0 pI0, 'jaina rimensa eTa rAjagira', AkialaoN jikala sarve oNva iNDiyA, ainuala riporTa, 1925-26, pR0 125-26; tivArI, mArutinandana prasAda, 'ena anpablizDa jina imeja ina di bhArata kalA bhavana vArANasI', vizvezvarAnanda inDolaoNjikala jarnala, khaM0 13, aM0 1-2, mArca-sitambara 1975 haiM, 373-75; zAha, yU0 pI0, akoTA bronjeja, bambaI, 1959, pR0 28-29 / 37. 24 jinoM ke lAMchanoM ko sUcI isa prakAra hai-vRSabha, gaja, azva, kapi, krauMca pakSI, padma, svastika (nandyAvarta), zazi, makara, zrIvatsa (yA svastika), gaNDaka (yA khaDgI), mahiSa, zUkara, zyena, vajra, mRga, chAga (bakarA), naMdyAvarta (yA tagarakusuma-matsya), kalaza, kUrma, nIlotpala, zaMkha, sarpa evaM siMha / 38. epigrAphiyA iNDikA khaM. 2, kalakattA, 1894 (pR. 202-203, 210 / 39. draSTavya, zAha, yU. pI., sTaDIja ina jaina ArTa, vArANasI, 1955, pR. 94-95, de, sudhIna, 'caumukha e simbAlika jaina ArTa', jaina jarnala, khaM. 6, aM. 1, julAI 1971, pR. 27; zrIvAstava, bI. ena., 'sama inTaresTiga jaina skalpacarsa ina di sTeTa myUjiyama, lakhanaU', saMgrahAlaya purAtatva patrikA, aM. 9, jUna 1972, pR. 45 / 40. vistAra ke lie draSTavya, tivArI, mArutinandana prasAda, 'sarvatobhadrikA jina mUrtiyA~ yA jina caumukhI', sambodhi, khaM. 8, aM. 1-4, apraila '79-janavarI '80, pR. 1-7 / 41. mathurA se kuSANakAlIna ekamukhI aura paMcamukhI zivaliMgoM ke udAharaNa mile haiM / paMcamukhI zivaliMga meM cAra mukha cAra dizAoM meM haiM aura eka mukha sabase Upara hai| rAjaghATa parisaMvAda-4

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jainavidyA evaM prAkRta : antarazAstrIya adhyayana (vArANasI) se milI paravartI zuMga kAla kI eka trimukha yakSa mUrti meM tIna dizAoM meM tIna sthAna para yakSa mUrtiyA~ banI haiM : draSTavya, agravAla, vI. esa., bhAratIya kalA, vArANasI 1977, pR. 267-68; agravAla, pI. ke. 'di Tripala yakSa sTaicU phAma rAjadhATa', chavi, vArANasI, 1971, pR. 340-42 / / 42. vI. esa. agravAla ne svastika ko cAra dizAoM kA sUcaka mAnA hai / agravAla ne brahmA ke cAra mukhoM ko cAra dizAoM kA mUrta rUpa mAnA hai, jisase svastika kA rUpa saMpanna hotA thA / azoka ke sAranAtha siMhazIrSa stambha meM cAra dizAoM meM cAra siMha AkRtiyA~ banI haiM : draSTavya, agravAla, vI. esa., pUrva niviSTa, pR. 336, 343 / 43. draSTavya, zAha, yU. pI. 'yakSaja varazipa ina arlI jaina liTrecara', 'jarnala oriyaNTala insTITyUTa', khaM. 3, aM. 1, sitambara 1953, pR. 61-62 / 44. jaina graMthoM ke AdhAra para 24 yakSa evaM yakSiyoM kI sUciyA~ nimnalikhita haiM : gomukha cakrezvarI (yA apraticakrA), mahAyakSa-ajitA (rohiNI), trimukha-duritArI (prajJapti), yakSezvara (yA Izvara)-kAlikA (yA vajrazRMkhalA), tumbaru (yA tumbara)-mahAkAlI (puruSadattA), kusuma (yA puSpa)-acyutA (yA manovegA), mAtaMga (yA varanandi)-zAntA (yA kAlI), vijaya (yA zyAma)-bhRkuTi (yA jvAlAmAlinI), ajita-sutArA (yA mahAkAlI), brahmaazokA (yA mAnavI), Izvara-mAnavI (yA gaurI), kumAra-caNDA (yA gAndhArI), SaNmukha (yA caturmukha)-viditA (yA vairoTI) pAtAla-aMkuzA (yA anantamatI), kinnara-kandarpA (yA mAnasI), garuDa-nirvANI (yA mahAmAnasI), gandharva-balA (yA jayA), yakSendra (yA (khendra)-dhAraNI (yA tArAvatI), kubera (yA yakSeza)-vairoTyA (yA aparAjitA), varuNa-naradattA (yA bahurUpiNI), bhRkuTi-gAndhArI (yA cAmuNDA) gomedha-ambikA (yA AmrA yA kuSmANDinI), pArzva (yA dharaNa)-padmAvatI evaM mAtaMga-siddhAyikA (yA siddhaayinii)| 45. draSTavya, zAha, yU. pI. 'iNTroDakzana oNva zAsana devatAja ina jaina varazipa' 'prosiDigsa eNDa TrAnjekzansa oNva di Ala iNDiyA oriyaNTala kApharensa, 20vA~ adhivezana, bhuvanezvara, akTUbara 1959, pR. 151-52; bhaTTAcArya, benAyatoza, di iMDiyana buddhisTa AikAnogrAphI, kalakattA, 1968, pR. 56, 235, 240, 242, 297; banarjI, je. ena. di DIvalapa meNTa oNva hindU AikAnogrAphI, kalakattA, 1956, pR. 561-63 / 46. draSTavya, bruna, klAja, di jina imejeja oNva devagar3ha, siDena, 1969, pR. 98-112; mitrA, debalA, 'zAsana devIja ina di khaNDagiri kensa,' jarnala eziyATika sosAiTI, khaM. 1, aM. 2, 1959, pR. 130-33 / 47. draSTavya, zAha, yU. pI. 'brahmazAMti aiNDa kapardI yakSaja', jarnala ema. esa. yUnivasiTI, bar3audA, khaM. 7, aM. 1, mArca 1958, pR. 59-72 / parisaMvAda-4

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jaina kalA kA avadAna 48. vistAra ke lie draSTavya, jaina, sAgaramala tathA tivArI, mArutinandana prasAda, jaina sAhitya aura zilpa meM bAhubali, vArANasI, 1981 / 49. draSTavya, zAha, yU0 pI0, 'AikAnogrAphI oNva di siksaTIna jaina mahAvidyAja', jarnala iNDiyana sosAiTI oNva oriyaNTala ArTa, khaM0 15, 1947, pR0 114-77; tivArI, mArutinandana prasAda, 'di AikAnogrAphI oNva di siksaTIna jaina mahAvidyAja aija riprejeNTeDa ina di sIliMga oNva di zAMtinAtha Tempala, kuMbhAriyA', saMbodhi, khaM0 2, aM0 3, aktUbara 1973, pR0 15-22, 'di AikAnogrAphI oNva di siksaTIna jaina mahAvidyAja aija inanziyeTeDa ina di AikAnogrAphika TeksTsa ', saMbodhi, khaM 5, aM0 2-3, julAIaktUbara 1976, pR0 69-73 / kalA itihAsa vibhAga, kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI, uttara pradeza / parisaMvAra-4