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________________ jaina dharma meM sAmAjika cintana jainadharma nivRttimArgI zramaNa paramparA kA dharma hai / sAmAnyatayA ise sAmAjika na mAnakara vyaktivAdI dharma mAnA jAtA hai, kintu jainadharma ko ekAnta rUpa se vyaktivAdI dharma nahIM kahA jA sktaa| yaha satya hai ki usakA vikAsa nivRttimArgI saMnyAsa pradhAna zramaNa paramparA meM hI huA hai kintu mAtra isa AdhAra para use asAmAjika yA vyaktivAdI dharma mAnanA, eka prAMti hI hogii| jIvana meM duHkha kI yathArthatA aura duHkhavimukti kA jIvanAdarza, yaha jaina paramparA kA atha aura iti hai kintu duHkha aura duHkhavimukti ke ye sampratyaya mAtra vaiyaktika nahIM hai, unakA eka sAmAjika pakSa bhI hai / duHkhavimukti kA unakA Adarza mAtra vaiyaktika duHkhoM kI vimukti nahIM hai apitu sampUrNa prANijagat ke duHkhoM kI vimukti hai aura yahI unheM samAja se jor3a detA hai| zramaNadhArA meM dharma aura nIti ko aviyojya mAnA gayA hai aura dharma evaM nIti kI yaha aviyojyatA bhI usameM sAmAjika sandarbha ko spaSTa kara detI hai| bhAratIya cintana meM sAmAjika cetanA 1 sAmAjika cetanA ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se bhAratIya cintana ko tIna yugoM meM bA~TA jA sakatA hai| (1) vaidika yuga, (2) aupaniSadika yuga, (3) jaina aura bauddha yuga / sarvaprathama jahA~ vaidika yuga meM 'saMgacchadhvaM saMvadadhvaM saMvomanAMsi jAnatAm arthAt tuma milakara calo, tuma milakara bolo, tumhAre mana sAtha-sAtha vicAra kareM isa rUpa meM sAmAjika cetanA ko vikasita karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA, to vahIM aupaniSadika yuga meM usa sAmAjika ekatva kI cetanA ke liye dArzanika AdhAra prastuta kie gye| IzAvAsyopaniSad meM RSi kahatA hai ki jo sabhI prANiyoM ko apane meM aura apane ko sabhI prANiyoM meM dekhatA hai vaha apanI isa ekatva kI anubhUti ke kAraNa kisI se ghRNA nahIM krtaa| aupaniSadika cintana meM sAmAjikatA kA AdhAra yahI ekatva kI anubhUti rahI hai / jaba ekatva kI dRSTi vikasita hotI hai to ghRNA aura vidveSa ke tattva svata: samApta ho jAte haiM kyoMki 'para' rahatA hI nahIM, ataH kisase ghRNA yA vidveSa kiyA jAye / ghRNA, vidveSa Adi parAyepana ke bhAva meM hI sambhava hote haiM, jaba sabhI sva yA AtmIya hoM to ghRNA yA vidveSa kA avasara hI kahA~ raha jAtA hai| isa prakAra aupaniSadika yuga meM sAmAjika cetanA ko eka sudRddha dArzanika AdhAra pradAna kiyA gayA hai| sAtha hI sampatti para vaiyaktika adhikAra kA nirasana kara sAmUhika-sampadA kA vicAra prastuta kiyA gayA hai| IzAvAsyopaniSad meM sampUrNa sampatti ko IzvarIya sampadA mAnakara usa para se vaiyaktika adhikAra ko samApta kara diyA gayA aura vyakti ko yaha kahA gayA ki vaha jAgatika sampadA para dUsaroM ke adhikAroM ko mAnya karake hI usa sampatti kA upabhoga kre| isa prakAra 'tena tyaktena bhuMjIthA" ke rUpa meM upabhoga ke sAmAjika adhikAra kI cetanA ko vikasita kiyA gyaa| isI tathya kI puSTi zrImadbhAgavata meM bhI 3 kI gaI hai / usameM apanI daihika AvazyakatA se adhika sampatti para apanA adhikAra mAnane vAle ko spaSTataH cora kahA gyaa| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki vaidika aura aupaniSadika yuga meM sAmAjikatA ke liye na kevala preraNA dI gaI apitu eka dArzanika AdhAra bhI prastuta kiyA gayA hai / jainadharma meM sAmAjika cetanA jahA~ taka jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM kA prazna hai unameM sAmAjika cetanA kA AdhAra ekatva kI anubhUti na hokara samatva kI anubhUti rahI hai| yadyapi AcArAMga meM kahA gayA hai ki jise tU duHkha yA pIr3A denA cAhatA hai, vaha tU hI hai| isameM yaha phalita hotA hai ki AcArAMgasUtra bhI ekatva kI anubhUti para sAmAjika yA ahiMsaka cetanA ko vikasita karatA hai, phira bhI jaina aura bauddha paramparA meM sAmAjika cetanA evaM ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA ke vikAsa kA AdhAra sabhI prANiyoM ke prati samabhAva yA samatA kI bhAvanA rhii| unameM dUsaroM kI jijIviSA aura sukha-duHkhAnubhUti 'Atmavat sarvabhUteSu' ke AdhAra para samajhane kA prayatna kiyA gayA aura sAmAjika sambandhoM kI zuddhi para vizeSa bala diyA gyaa| yadyapi jaina aura bauddhadharma nivRttipradhAna rahe kintu isakA yaha artha nahIM hai ki ve samAja se vimukha the / vastutaH bhArata meM yadi dharma ke kSetra meM saMghIya sAdhanA paddhati kA vikAsa kisI paramparA ne kiyA to vaha zramaNa paramparA hI thii| jainadharma ke anusAra to tIrthaMkara apane prathama pravacana meM hI caturvidha saMgha kI sthApanA karatA hai| usake dharmacakra kA pravartana saMgha pravartana se hI prArambha hotA hai| yadi mahAvIra meM lokamaMgala yA lokakalyANa kI bhAvanA nahIM hotI to ve apanI vaiyaktika sAdhanA kI pUrNatA ke pazcAt dharmacakra kA pravartana hI kyoM karate ? praznavyAkaraNasUtra meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki tIrthaGkara kA yaha sukathita pravacana sabhI prANiyoM kI rakSA aura karuNA ke lie hai| pA~coM mahAvrata saba prakAra se lokahita ke lie haiN| hiMsA, jhUTha, corI, vyabhicAra aura saMgraha (parigraha) ye saba vaiyaktika nahIM, sAmAjika jIvana kI hI duSpravRttiyA~ haiN| / jaina sAdhanA - paramparA meM paMcavratoM yA paMcazIloM ke rUpa meM jisa dharmamArga kA upadeza diyA gayA, vaha mAtra vaiyaktika sAdhanA ke lie nahIM apitu sAmAjika jIvana ke lie thA kyoMki hiMsA kA artha hai kisI anya kI hiMsA, asatya kA matalaba hai kisI anya ko galata jAnakArI denA, corI kA artha hai kisI dUsare kI zakti kA apaharaNa karanA, vyabhicAra kA matalaba hai sAmAjika mAnyatAoM ke viruddha yauna sambandha sthApita krnaa| isI prakAra saMgraha yA parigraha kA artha hai samAja meM Arthika viSamatA paidA krnaa| kyA sAmAjika jIvana ke abhAva meM inakA koI artha raha jAtA hai ? ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya evaM aparigraha ke jo jIvanamUlya jaina darzana ne prastuta kiye ve pUrNataH sAmAjika mUlya .
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________________ jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa - 6 534 haiM aura unakA uddezya sAmAjika sambandhoM kI zuddhi hai| loka-maMgala aura loka-kalyANa yaha zramaNa paramparA kA aura vizeSa rUpa se jaina paramparA kA mUlabhUta lakSya rahA hai| AcArya samantabhadra ne mahAvIra ke dharmasaMgha ko sarvocca tIrtha kahA hai, ve likhate haiM ki "sarvApadA: dAmantakaraM nirantaM sarvodayaM tIrthamidaM tavaiva arthAt he prabho ApakA yaha dharmatIrtha sabhI prANiyoM ke duHkhoM kA anta karane vAlA aura sabhI kA kalyANa karane vAlA hai / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina-paramparA ne nivRttimArga ko pradhAnatA dekara bhI use saMghIya sAdhanA ke rUpa meM loka-kalyANa kA Adarza dekara sAmAjika banAyA hai| jaina AgamoM meM kuladharma, grAmadharma, nagaradharma, rASTradharma aura gaNadharma ke jo ullekha haiM, ve sAmAjika sApekSatA ko spaSTa kara dete haiM / pArivArika aura sAmAjika jIvana meM hamAre pArasparika sambandha kisa prakAra sumadhura aura samAyojanapUrNa bana sakeM aura sAmAjika TakarAva ke kAraNoM kA vizleSaNa kara unheM kisa prakAra se dUra kiyA jA sake, yahI jainadarzana kI sAmAjika dRSTi kA mUlabhUta AdhAra hai| jainadarzana ne AcArazuddhi para bala dekara vyakti-sudhAra ke mAdhyama se samAja-sudhAra kA mArga prazasta kiyA hai| I se mile haiN| yadi manuSya se usake sAmAjika avadAnoM ko pRthak kara diyA jAya to usakA kucha astitva hI nahIM rhegaa| dUsarI ora, yaha bhI sahI hai ki binA manuSya ke manuSyatva kA koI artha nahIM hai| manuSya se pRthak manuSyatva nahIM hotA, ThIka yahI bAta samAja ke sandarbha meM bhI hai| samAja kA astitva vyaktiyoM para nirbhara hai| vyaktiyoM ke abhAva meM samAja sambhava hI nahIM hai| dUsarI ora yaha bhI satya hai ki vyakti jo kucha hai vaha samAja ke kAraNa hai| isa prakAra jainadarzana meM na to nirapekSa rUpa se vyakti ko mahatva diyA gayA hai aura na hI samAja ko jainadharma kI anekAntika dRSTi kA niSkarSa yaha hai ki vyakti samAja sApekSa hai aura samAja vyakti sApekSa / jo loga vyakti nirapekSa samAja athavA samAja nirapekSa vyakti kI bAta karate haiM ve donoM hI yathArtha se apanA mukha mor3a lete haiN| sAmAnya rUpa se to sabhI bhAratIya darzana aura vizeSa rUpa se jaina darzana yaha mAnatA hai ki vyakti aura samAja meM se kisI eka ko hI saba kucha mAna lenA eka bhrAnta dhAraNA hai| yaha ThIka hai ki sAmAjika kalyANa ke liye vyakti ke hitoM kA balidAna kiyA jA sakatA hai / kintu dUsarI ora yaha bhI sahI hai ki sAmUhika hita bhI vaiyaktika hita se bhinna nahIM haiN| sabake hita meM vyakti kA hita to nihita hI hai| vyakti meM samAja aura samAja meM vyakti anusyUta hai| jaina paramparA meM saMgha hita ko sarvoparitA dI gaI hai| isa sambandha meM eka aitihAsika kathA hai ki bhadrabAhu ne apanI vaiyaktika dhyAna-sAdhanA ke liye saMgha ke kucha sAdhuoM ko pUrva-sAhitya kA adhyayana karavAne kI mA~ga ko ThukarA diyaa| isa para saMgha ne unase pUchA ki vaiyaktika sAdhanA aura saMghahita meM kyA pradhAna hai? yadi Apa saMghahita kI upekSA karate haiM to Apako saMgha meM rahane kA adhikAra bhI nahIM hai| Apako bahiSkRta kiyA jAtA hai| anta meM bhadrabAhu ko saMghahita ko prAthamikatA denI pdd'ii| yadyapi samAja ke hita ke nAma para AdhyAtmika aura naitika mUlyoM ko samApta nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| jaina paramparA meM kahA gayA hai ki Atmahita karanA cAhiye aura yadi zakya ho to lokahita bhI karanA cAhiye aura jahA~ Atmahita aura lokahita meM naitika virodha kA prazna ho vahA~ Atmahita ko hI cunanA par3egA / yadyapi hameM smaraNa rakhanA cAhiye ki yahA~ Atmahita kA tAtparya vaiyaktika svArthoM kI pUrti nahIM apitu AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kA saMrakSaNa hai / vastutaH vaiyaktikatA aura sAmAjikatA donoM hI mAnavIya astitva ke anivArya aMga hai| pAzcAtya vicAraka breDale ne kahA thA manuSya manuSya nahIM hai yadi vaha sAmAjika nahIM aura yadi vaha mAtra sAmAjika hai to pazu se adhika nahIM hai| manuSya kI manuSyatA vaiyaktikatA aura sAmAjikatA donoM kA atikramaNa karane meM hai / kintu hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki jainadarzana apanI anekAntika dRSTi ke kAraNa manuSya ko eka hI sAtha vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika donoM hI mAnatA hai| 2 vyakti aura samAja jaina dRSTikoNa sAmAjika darzana ke vibhinna siddhAntoM ke sandarbha meM jainoM kA dRSTikoNa samanvayavAdI aura udAra rahA hai| Age hama kramazaH una siddhAntoM ke pariprekSya meM jaina dRSTikoNa para vicAra kareMge / I samAjadarzana kI dRSTi se vyakti aura samAja meM kise pramukha mAnA jAya, yaha eka mahattvapUrNa prazna hai| vyaktivAdI dArzanika yaha mAnate haiM ki vyakti hI pramukha hai, samAja vyakti ke liye banAyA gayA hai| vyakti sAdhya hai, samAja sAdhana hai, ataH samAja ko vaiyaktika hitoM para AghAta karane yA unheM sImita karane kA koI adhikAra nahIM hai| dUsarI ora, samAjavAdI dArzanika samAja ko hI sarvasva mAnate haiM unake anusAra sAmAjika kalyANa hI pramukha hai, samAja se pRthak vyakti kI sattA kucha hai hI nahIM / vaha jo kucha bhI hai samAja dvArA nirmita hai| ataH sAmAjika kalyANa ke liye vaiyaktika hitoM kA balidAna kiyA jA sakatA hai / ina donoM prakAra ke aikAntika dRSTikoNoM ko jainadarzana asvIkAra karatA hai| vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki vyakti aura samAja eka dUsare se nirapekSa hokara apanA astitva hI kho dete haiN| usake anusAra dArzanika dRSTi se vyaktirahita sAmAnya (samAja) aura sAmAnyarahita vyakti donoM hI ayathArtha haiM / ve sAmAnya ( universal) aura vizeSa (individual) nyAya-vaizeSikoM ke samAna svatantra tattva nahIM mAnate haiN| manuSyatva nAmaka sAmAnya guNa se rahita koI manuSya nahIM ho sakatA aura binA manuSya (vyakti) ke manuSyatva kI koI sattA nahIM hotii| vizeSa rUpa se jaba hama manuSya ke sandarbha meM vicAra karate haiM to pAte haiM ki manuSya eka sAmAjika prANI hai / ataH sAmAjikatA ke binA manuSya kA koI rAga jor3atA bhI hai aura tor3atA bhI hai astitva nahIM hai| manuSya ko apane jaivika astitva se lekara bhASA, sabhyatA, saMskRti aura jIvana-mUlya Adi jo kucha mile haiM, ve samAja hai to vaha dUsaroM se jur3atA hai| lekina smaraNa rakhanA cAhiye ki dUsaroM 10 yaha ThIka hai ki jaba manuSya meM rAga kA tattva vikasita hotA .
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________________ jaina dharma meM sAmAjika cintana se jur3ane kA artha hai kahIM se kaTanA kyoMki jo kisI se jur3atA hai to kahIM se kaTatA avazya hai / rAga kA tattva vyakti ke sva kI sImA kA vistAra to avazya karatA hai kintu use dUsaroM se alaga bhI kara detA hai| jaba hama vaiyaktika svArthoM se yukta hote haiM to hamArA sva saMkucita hotA hai aura jaba hama sAmAjikatA se jur3ate haiM to hamAre sva kA kSetra vikasita hotA hai / kintu jaba taka hama apane aura parAye ke bhAva kA atikramaNa nahIM kara pAte haiM taba taka hamArA 'sva' yA 'AtmA' pUrNa nahIM bana pAtA hai| jainoM ke anusAra hamAre jIvana meM jo bhI TUTana hai, jo bhI sImAe~ haiM aura jo bhI mere parAye ke bhAva haiM, ye sabhI rAga aura dveSa ke tattvoM ke kAraNa haiM / jaba taka hama merA deza, merI jAti, merA dharma Adi ina 'maiM' aura 'mere' ke gheroM se Upara nahIM uThate, dUsare zabdoM meM mere tere ke gheroM kA atikramaNa jaba taka nahIM kara jAte taba taka sahI arthoM meM sAmAjika bhI nahIM bana pAte haiM / 14 mere aura parAye kI mana:sthiti meM hama apane Apako kinhIM zrRMkhalAoM meM jakar3A huA hI pAte haiN| jainadharma kI sAdhanA vItarAgatA kI sAdhanA hai, vaha anivArya rUpa se sva kI saMkucita sImA ko tor3anA hai aura apane aura parAye kI isa saMkucita sImA kA atikramaNa karanA asAmAjika honA nahIM hai| jainadharma mukhyatayA isa bAta para bala detA hai ki hama eka svastha sAmAjikatA kA vikAsa kareM aura yaha svastha sAmAjikatA rAga ke AdhAra para nahIM varan rAga kA atikramaNa karake hI kI jA sakatI hai| sAmAjikatA kA AdhAra : rAgAtmakatA yA viveka ? sambhavataH yaha prazna upasthita kiyA jA sakatA hai ki jainadarzana rAga ko samApta karane kI bAta karatA hai kintu rAga ke abhAva meM sAmAjika jIvana se jor3ane vAlA tattva kyA hogA ? yadi apanepana aura merepana kA bhAva na ho to sAre sAmAjika bandhana caramarA kara TUTa jaayeNge| yaha rAgAtmakatA hI hai jo hameM eka-dUsare se jor3atI hai aura samAja kA nirmANa karatI hai / kintu kyA vastutaH rAgAtmakatA hamAre sAmAjika sambandhoM kA yathArtha kAraNa ho sakatI hai, jaisA ki pUrva meM kahA gayA hairAga yadi hameM kahIM jor3atA hai to vaha hameM kahIM se tor3atA bhI hai, merI vinamra mAnyatA hai ki yadi hama rAga ke AdhAra para samAja ko khar3A kareMge to vaha eka svArthI vyaktiyoM kA samAja hI hogaa| vastutaH samAja kI saMracanA rAga ke AdhAra para nahIM viveka ke AdhAra para hI sambhava hai| yadi maiM dUsaroM kA maMgala yA hitasAdhana isaliye karatA hU~ ki ve mere apane haiM, aura aisA karane se mere apanepana kA gherA kitanA hI bar3A kyoM na ho, mujhe eka svArthI vyakti se adhika kucha bhI nahIM rahane degA / hameM dUsaroM kA hita sAdhana kevala isaliye nahIM karanA hai ki ve hamAre apane haiM apitu isaliye karanA hai ki dUsaroM kA hita sAdhana karanA merA svabhAva hai, svadharma hai, kartavya hai| jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra samAja jisa AdhAra para khar3A hotA hai vaha rAga nahIM, viveka kA tattva hai, kartavyatA kA bodha hai / tattvArthasUtra meM yaha mAnA gayA hai ki jIvadravya kA svabhAva paraspara eka-dUsare kA upakAraka honA hai" / vyakti ke jIvana kI 535 sArthakatA svahitoM / svArthoM kA balidAna karake dUsaroM kA maMgala karane meM hI hai / pArasparika hita sAdhana hI jIva kA svabhAva hai aura isI se usakI kartavyatA hai| isI ke AdhAra para hamArA mAnava samAja khar3A huA hai| rAgAtmakatA hameM kisI se jor3atI hai to kahIM se tor3atI bhI hai, kyoMki rAga sadaiva dveSa ke sAtha-sAtha jItA hai| rAga aura dveSa aise jur3avA~ zizu haiM jo eka-dUsare ke sAtha jIte aura marate haiN| rAga ke abhAva meM dveSa aura dveSa ke abhAva meM rAga nahIM jI pAtA hai / ataH rAga ke AdhAra para jo samAja khar3A hogA usameM anivArya rUpa se vargabheda aura varNabheda hogA hI, kintu kartavyabodha ke AdhAra para jo samAja khar3A hogA vaha varNabheda aura vargabheda se Upara hogA / vastutaH mAnavIya viveka ke AdhAra para hI karttavyabodha kI jo cetanA jAgRta hotI hai, vahI hamArI sAmAjikatA kA AdhAra hai| rAga kI bhASA adhikAra kI bhASA hai, jabaki viveka kI bhASA dAyitvabodha yA kartavya kI bhASA hai| jisa samAja meM kevala adhikAroM kI bAta hotI hai vahA~ kevala vikRta sAmAjikatA hI phalita hotI hai / svastha sAmAjikatA kA AdhAra adhikAra nahIM, kartavyabodha hai / jainadharma jisa sAmAjika cetanA kI bAta karatA hai vaha mAnavIya viveka kA anivArya pariNAma hai| viveka se karttavyatA aura sama-buddhi / samatA jAgRta hotI hai| jaba viveka hamArI sAmAjika cetanA kA AdhAra banatA hai, taba mere aura tere kI cetanA hI samApta ho jAtI hai| sama-buddhi se sabhI Atmavat haiM, aisI dRSTi vikasita hotI hai / yahI Atmavat dRSTi hamArI sAmAjikatA kA AdhAra hai| jaba taka AtmatulyatA kA bodha nahIM AtA hai, taba taka na to hiMsA, ghRNA Adi kI asAmAjika vRttiyoM se Upara uThA jA sakatA hai aura na hama sahI artha meM sAmAjika hI bana pAte haiN| jainadarzana meM sAmAjikatA kA AdhAra yahI AtmatulyatA kA bodha hai / sAmAjika jIvana kA bAdhaka tattva ahaMkAra sAmAjika sambandhoM meM vyakti kA ahaMkAra bhI mahattvapUrNa kArya karatA hai| ahaMkAra ke kAraNa zAsana kI icchA athavA Adhipatya kI bhAvanA jAgRta hotI hai aura sAmAjika jIvana meM viSamatA paidA hotI hai| zAsaka-zAsita kA bheda ahaMkAra ke kAraNa hI khar3A hotA hai / vartamAna yuga meM bar3e rASTroM meM jo apanA prabhAva kSetra bar3hAne kI pravRtti hai, usake mUla meM bhI apane rASTrIya ahaM kI puSTi hI hai| jaba vyakti meM Adhipatya kI pravRtti dRr3ha hotI hai to vaha dUsaroM ke adhikAroM kA hanana karatA hai, pariNAmataH dUsaroM kI svatantratA khaNDita hotI hai na kevala zAsita aura zAsaka kA bheda apitu jAtibheda aura vargabheda ke pIche bhI yahI ahaMkAra kA tattva kAma karatA hai| jaba hama apane kula yA jAti ke ahaMkAra se yukta hote haiM to dUsaroM ko hIna samajhane kI pravRtti utpanna hotI hai jisakA pariNAma jAti saMgharSa yA varga saMgharSa hotA hai| jAtivAda kA virodha aura sAmAjika samatA jainadharma ahaMkAra ke upazamana ke sAtha-sAtha jAtivAda aura
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________________ jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 536 varNavAda kA spaSTarUpa se virodha karatA hai| vaha kahatA hai ki kisI jAti meM janma lene mAtra se nahIM, apitu vyakti kA sadAcAra aura usakI naitikatA hI usako zreSTha banAtI hai isa prakAra jainadharma jAtigata zreSThatA ke sampratyaya kA virodha karatA hai| vaha spaSTa rUpa se kahatA hai ki koI vyakti isa AdhAra para brAhmaNa nahIM hotA ki vaha kisI brAhmaNI ke garbha se utpanna huA hai, apitu vaha brAhmaNa isa AdhAra para hotA hai ki usakA AcAra aura vyavahAra zreSTha hai16 / jainadarzana jAtigata zreSThatA ke sthAna para AcAragata zreSThatA ko hI mahattva detA hai| AcArAMga meM spaSTa kahA gayA hai ki na to koI hIna hai aura na koI zreSTha" / Aja hama dekhate haiM ki jAtigata AdhAroM para aneka sAmAjika saMgaThana banate haiM lekina aise sAmAjika saMgaThanoM ko jainadharma koI mAnyatA nahIM detA hai| Aja bhI jainasaMgha meM aneka jAtiyoM ke loga samAna rUpa se apanI sAdhanA karate hai| mathurA Adi ke prAcIna abhilekhoM se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki aneka jina mandira aura mUrtiyAM gaMdhI, telI, svarNakAra, lohAkAra, mallAha, nartaka aura gaNikAoM dvArA nirmita haiN| ve sabhI jAtiyA~ aura varga jo hindU dharma meM varNavyavasthA kI kaThora rUr3hivAditA ke kAraNa nimna mAnI gaI thI, jainadharma meM samAdRta ye harikezIbala (cANDAla), mAtaMga, arjuna (mAlAkAra) Adi aneka nimna jAtiyoM meM utpanna hue mahAna sAdhakoM kI jIvana gAthAoM ke ullekha jainAgamoM meM milate haiM jo isa tathya ke sUcaka haiM ki jainadharma meM jAtivAda yA UMca-nIca ke bheda bhAva mAnya nahIM the| isa prakAra jainadharma samAja meM vargabheda aura varNabheda kA virodhI thaa| usakA udghoSa thA ki sampUrNa mAnava jAti eka hai" / / sAmAjika jIvana kI pavitratA kA AdhAra : vivAha saMsthA sAmAjika jIvana kA prArambha parivAra se hI hotA hai aura parivAra kA nirmANa vivAha ke bandhana se hotA hai| ataH vivAha saMsthA sAmAjika darzana kI eka pramukha samasyA hai| vivAha saMsthA ke udbhava ke yadi koI samAja rahA hogA to vaha bhayabhIta prANiyoM kA eka samUha rahA hogA jo pArasparika surakSA hetu eka-dUsare se milakara rahate hoNge| vivAha kA AdhAra kevala kAma vAsanA kI santuSTi hI nahIM hai, apitu pArasparika AkarSaNa aura prema bhI hai| yaha spaSTa hai ki nivRttipradhAna saMnyAsamArgI jaina paramparA meM isa vivAha saMsthA ke sambandha meM koI vizeSa vivaraNa nahIM milate haiN| jainadharma apanI vairAgyavAdI paramparA ke kAraNa prathamataH to yahI mAnatA rahA ki usakA prathama karttavya vyakti ko saMnyAsa kI dizA meM prerita karanA hai, isaliye prAcIna jaina AgamoM meM jainadharmAnukUla vivAha paddhati ke koI ullekha upalabdha nahIM hote / prAcInakAla meM bRhad bhAratIya samAja yA hindU samAja se pRthak jainoM kI apanI koI vivAhapaddhati rahI hogI yaha kahanA bhI kaThina hai| yadyapi yaha satya hai ki jaina dharmAnuyAyiyoM meM prAcInakAla se hI vivAha hote rahe haiN| jaina purANa sAhitya meM yaha ullekha milatA hai ki RSabhadeva se pUrva yaugalika kAla meM bhAI-bahana hI yuvAvasthA meM pati-patnI ke rUpa meM vyavahAra karane lagate the aura eka yugala meM puruSa kI akAla mRtyu ho jAne para RSabha ne sarvaprathama vivAha paddhati kA prArambha kiyA thaa| punaH bharata aura bAhubalI kI bahanoM brAhmI aura sundarI dvArA bhI AjIvana brahmacArI rahane aura apane bhAiyoM se vivAha na karane kA nirNaya liye jAne para samAja meM vivAha vyavasthA ko pradhAnatA milI, kintu vivAha ko dhArmika jIvana kA aMga na mAnane ke kAraNa jainoM ne prAcIna kAla meM kisI vivAha paddhati kA vikAsa nahIM kiyaa| isa sambandha meM jo bhI sUcanAe~ upalabdha hotI haiM usa AdhAra para yahI kahA jA sakatA hai ki vivAha ke sambandha meM jainasamAja bRhad hindU-samAja ke hI vidhi-vidhAnoM kA anugamana karatA rahA aura Aja bhI karatA hai / | - prAcIna jaina granthoM meM vivAha kaise kiyA jAya, isakA ullekha to nahIM milatA hai, kintu vivAha saMsthA ko yauna sambandhoM ke saMyamana kA eka sAdhana mAnakara usameM gRhastha upAsakoM ke lie svapatnIsantoSavrata kA vidhAna avazya milatA hai| AdipurANa meM vivAha evaM pati-patnI ke pArasparika evaM sAmAjika dAyitvoM kI carcA hai, usameM vivAha ke do uddezya batAe gae haiM (1) kAmavAsanA kI tRpti (2) santAnotpatti jainAcAryoM ne vivAha saMsthA ko yauna sambandhoM ke niyantraNa evaM vaidhIkaraNa ke lie Avazyaka mAnA thaa| gRhastha kA svapatnIsantoSavrata na kevala vyakti kI kAmavAsanA ko niyantrita karatA hai, apitu sAmAjika jIvana meM yauna vyavahAra ko pariSkRta bhI banAtA hai| avivAhita strI se yauna sambandha sthApita karane, vezyAgamana karane Adi ke niSedha isI bAta ke sUcaka hai| jainadharma sAmAjika jIvana meM yauna sambandhoM kI zuddhi ko Avazyaka mAnatA hai vivAha ke uddezya para prakAza DAlate hue AdipurANa meM batAyA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra jvara se pIr3ita vyakti usake upazamanArtha kaTu auSadhi kA sevana karatA hai, usI prakAra kAma jvara se santapta huA prANI usake upazamanArtha strIrUpI auSadhi kA sevana karatA hai| isase itanA pratiphalita hotA hai ki jainadharma avaidha vA svacchanda yauna sambandhoM kA samarthaka nahIM rahA hai| usameM vivAha sambandhoM kI yadi koI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA hai to vaha yauna sambandhoM ke niyantraNa kI dRSTi se hI hai aura yaha usakI nivRttimArgI dhArA ke anukUla bhI hai| usakI mAnyatA ke anusAra yadi koI AjIvana brahmacArI banakara saMyama sAdhanA meM apane ko asamartha pAtA hai to use vivAha sambandha ke dvArA apanI yaunavAsanA ko niyantrita kara lenA cAhiye isIliye zrAvaka ke pA~ca aNuvratoM meM svapatnIsantoSavrata nAmaka vrata rakhA gayA hai| punaH zrAvaka jIvana ke mUlabhUta guNoM kI dRSTi se vezyAgamana aura parastrI gamana ko niSiddha ThaharAyA gyaa| isa prakAra cAhe vidhimukha se na ho kintu niSedhamukha se jainadharma vivAha saMsthA kI upayogitA aura mahattA ko svIkAra karatA huA pratIta hotA hai / / cAhe dhArmika vidhi-vidhAna ke rUpa meM jainoM meM vivAha sambandhI ullekha na milatA ho, kintu jaina kathA sAhitya meM jo vivaraNa upalabdha hote haiM, unake AdhAra para itanA to kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaina paramparA meM samAna vaya aura samAna kula ke madhya vivAha sambandha sthApita karane ke ullekha milate haiM23 / AgamoM meM yaha bhI ullekha milatA hai ki .
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________________ jaina dharma meM sAmAjika cintana 537 bAlabhAva se mukta hone para hI vivAha kiye jAte the| isase yaha spaSTa jaina parivAra ke yuvaka-yuvatiyoM kA jaina parivAra meM hI vivAha ho jAtA hai ki jainadharma meM bAla-vivAha kI anumati nahIM thI / mAtra yahI ho, yaha Avazyaka nahIM thA / aneka jaina kathAoM meM anya dharmAvalambI nahIM, kucha kathAnakoM meM bAla-vivAha ke athavA avayaska kanyAoM ke kanyAoM se vivAha karane ke ullekha milate haiM aura yaha vyavasthA Aja vivAha ke dUSita pariNAmoM ke ullekha bhI mila jAte haiM / vivAha sambandha bhI pracalita hai / Aja bhI jaina parivAra apanI samAna jAti ke hindU ko hindUdharma kI taraha hI jainadharma meM bhI eka AjIvana sambandha hI mAnA parivAra kI kanyA ke sAtha vivAha sambandha karate haiM / isI prakAra apanI gayA thA / ata: vivAha-viccheda ko jainadharma meM bhI koI sthAna nahIM kanyA ko hindU parivAroM meM pradAna bhI karate haiM / sAmAnyatayA vivAhita milA / vaivAhika jIvana dUbhara hone para usa strI kA bhikSuNI bana jAnA hI hone para patnI-pati ke dharma kA anugamana karatI hai kintu prAcIna kAla ekamAtra vikalpa thA / jaina AcAryoM ne alpakAlIna vivAha-sambandha aura se Aja taka aise bhI saikar3oM udAharaNa jaina sAhitya meM aura sAmAjika alpavayaska vivAha ko ghRNita mAnA hai aura ise zrAvaka-jIvana kA eka jIvana meM milate haiM jahA~ pati patnI ke dharma kA anugamana karane lagatA doSa nirUpita kiyA hai / jahA~ taka bahupati-prathA kA prazna hai, hameM hai yA phira donoM apane-apane dharma kA paripAlana karate haiM aura santAna draupadI ke eka ApavAdika kathAnaka ke atirikta isakA kahIM bhI ko unameM se kisI ke bhI dharma ko cunane kI svatantratA hotI hai| phira ullekha nahIM milatA hai kintu bahupatnI-prathA jo prAcInakAla meM eka bhI isa visaMvAda se bacane ke liye sAmAnya vyavahAra meM isa bAta ko sAmAnya paramparA bana gaI thI, usakA ullekha jaina granthoM meM bhI milatA prAthamikatA dI jAtI hai ki jaina parivAra ke yuvaka-yuvatiyA~ jaina parivAra hai| isa bahupatnI-prathA ko jaina-paramparA kA dhArmika anumodana ho aisA meM hI vivAha kreN| nahIM kahA jA sakatA, kyoMki sampUrNa jaina vAGmaya meM aisA koI vidhAyaka nirdeza prApta nahIM hotA jisase bahupatnI-prathA kA samarthana kiyA pArivArika dAyitva aura jaina dRSTikoNa gayA ho / jaina-sAhitya mAtra itanA hI batalAtA hai ki bahupatnI-prathA usa gRhastha kA sAmAjika dAyitva apane vRddha mAtA-pitA, patnI; samaya sAmAnyarUpa se pracalita thI aura jaina parivAroM meM bhI aneka paliyA~ putra-putrI Adi parijanoM kI sevA evaM paricaryA karanA hai / zvetAmbara rakhane kA pracalana thA, kintu jaina-sAhitya meM hameM koI aisA ullekha nahIM sAhitya meM ullekha hai ki mahAvIra ne mAtA kA apane prati atyadhika milatA ki kisI zrAvaka ne jainadharma ke paMca-aNuvratoM ko grahaNa karane sneha dekhakara yaha nirNaya le liyA thA ki jaba taka unake mAtA-pitA ke pazcAt apanA dUsarA vivAha kiyA ho / gRhastha upAsaka ke jIvita raheMge, ve saMnyAsa nahIM leMge / yaha mAtA-pitA ke prati unakI svapatnIsantoSavrata ke jina aticAroM kA ullekha milatA hai unameM eka bhakti-bhAvanA kA hI sUcaka hai / yadyapi isa sambandha meM digambara paramparA paravivAhakaraNa bhI hai25 / yadyapi isakA artha jaina AcAryoM ne aneka dRSTi kA dRSTikoNa bhinna hai / jainadharma meM saMnyAsa lene ke pahale pArivArika se kiyA hai kintu isakA sAmAnya artha dUsarA vivAha karanA hI hai| isase uttaradAyitvoM se mukti pAnA Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| mujhe jaina AgamoM aisA lagatA hai ki jaina AcAryoM kA anumodana to ekapatnIvrata kI ora meM eka bhI ullekha aisA dekhane ko nahIM milA jahA~ binA parijanoM kI hI thA / Age calakara isakA artha yaha bhI kiyA jAne lagA ki sva- anumati se kisI vyakti ne saMnyAsa grahaNa kiyA ho| jainadharma meM Aja santAna ke atirikta anya kI santAnoM kA vivAha karavAnA kintu merI bhI yaha paramparA akSuNNa rUpa se kAyama hai| koI bhI vyakti binA parijanoM dRSTi meM yaha eka paravartI artha hai| evaM samAja (saMgha) kI anumati ke saMnyAsa grahaNa nahIM kara sakatA / isI prakAra vezyAgamana ko bhI niSiddha mAnA gyaa| aparigRhItA mAtA, pitA, putra, putrI, pati yA patnI kI anumati prApta karanA arthAt avivAhitA strI se yauna-sambandha banAnA bhI zrAvakavrata kA eka Avazyaka hotA hai / isake pIche mUla bhAvanA yahI hai ki vyakti aticAra (doSa) mAnA gayA26 / jainAcAryoM meM somadeva hI ekamAtra apavAda sAmAjika uttaradAyitvoM se nivRtti pAkara hI saMnyAsa grahaNa kareM / isa haiM jo gRhastha ke vezyAgamana ko anaitika ghoSita nahIM karate / zeSa sabhI bAta kI puSTi antakRddazA ke nimna udAharaNa se hotI hai - jaba zrIkRSNa jainAcAryoM ne vezyAgamana kA eka svara se niSedha kiyA hai| ko yaha jJAta ho gayA ki dvArikA kA zIghra hI vinAza hone vAlA hai, jahA~ taka prema-vivAha aura mAtA-pitA dvArA Ayojita vivAha to unhoMne spaSTa ghoSaNA karavA dI ki yadi koI vyakti saMnyAsa lenA sambandhoM kA prazna hai, jainAgamoM meM aisA koI spaSTa nirdeza upalabdha nahIM cAhatA ho kintu isa kAraNa se nahIM le pA rahA ho ki usake mAtA-pitA, hai ki vaha kisa prakAra ke vivAha-sambandhoM ko karane yogya mAnate haiN| putra-putrI evaM patnI kA pAlana-poSaNa kauna karegA, to unake pAlanakintu jJAtAdharmakathA ke draupadI evaM malli adhyayana meM pitA putrI se spaSTa poSaNa kA uttaradAyitva maiM vahana kara lU~gA / 28 yadyapi buddha ne prArambha meM rUpa se yaha kahatA hai ki mere dvArA kiyA gayA cunAva tere kaSTa kA kAraNa saMnyAsa ke liye parijanoM kI anumati ko Avazyaka nahIM mAnA thA / ho sakatA hai, isaliye tuma svayaM hI apane pati kA cunAva kror| ata: aneka yuvakoM ne parijanoM kI anumati ke binA hI saMgha meM praveza isakA spaSTa artha yahI hai ki jaina-paramparA meM mAtA-pitA dvArA Ayojita le liyA thA kintu Age calakara unhoMne bhI yaha niyama banA diyA thA vivAhoM aura yuvaka-yuvatiyoM dvArA apanI icchA se cune gaye vivAha ki binA parijanoM kI anumati ke upasampadA pradAna nahIM kI jAye / mAtra sambandhoM ko mAnyatA prApta thii| yahI nahIM unhoMne yaha bhI ghoSita kara diyA ki RNI. rAjakIya sevaka
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________________ 538 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 yA sainika ko bhI jo sAmAjika uttaradAyitvoM se bhAga kara bhikSu bananA kA zoSaNa na ho / nagarajanoM kA uttaradAyitva grAmINajanoM kI apekSA cAhate haiM, binA pUrva anumati ke upasampadA pradAna nahIM kI jaave| adhika hai| unheM na kevala apane nagara ke vikAsa evaM vyavasthA kA dhyAna hindUdharma bhI pitR-RNa arthAt sAmAjika dAyitva ko cukAye binA rakhanA cAhiye varan una samagra grAmavAsiyoM ke hita kI bhI cintA karanI saMnyAsa kI anumati nahIM detA hai / cAhe saMnyAsa lene kA prazna ho yA cAhiye, jinake AdhAra para nagara kI vyAvasAyika tathA Arthika sthitiyA~ gRhastha jIvana meM hI AtmasAdhanA kI bAta ho, sAmAjika uttaradAyitvoM nirbhara haiN| nagara meM eka yogya nAgarika ke rUpa meM jInA, nAgarika kartavyoM ko pUrNa karanA Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| evaM niyamoM kA pUrI taraha pAlana karanA hI manuSya kA nagaradharma hai / jaina-sUtroM meM nagara kI vyavasthA Adi ke liye nagarasthavira kI sAmAjika dharma yojanA kA ullekha hai / Adhunika yuga meM jo sthAna evaM kArya nagarapAlikA jaina AcAra darzana meM na kevala AdhyAtmika dRSTi se dharma kI athavA nagaranigama ke adhyakSa ke haiM, jaina paramparA meM vahI sthAna evaM kArya vivecanA kI gayI hai, varan dharma ke sAmAjika pahalU para bhI paryApta nagarasthavira ke haiN| prakAza DAlA gayA hai / jaina vicArakoM ne saMgha yA sAmAjika jIvana kI pramukhatA sadaiva svIkAra kI hai / sthAnAMgasUtra meM sAmAjika jIvana ke 3. rASTradharma - jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra pratyeka grAma evaM sandarbha meM dasa dharmoM kA vivecana upalabadha hai - (1) grAmadharma, (2) nagara kisI rASTra kA aMga hotA hai aura pratyeka rASTra kI apanI eka viziSTa nagaradharma, (3) rASTradharma, (4) pAkhaNDadharma, (5) kuladharma, (6) gaNadharma, sAMskRtika cetanA hotI hai jo grAmINoM evaM nAgarikoM ko eka rASTra ke (7) saMghadharma, (8) siddhAntadharma (zrutadharma), (9) cAritradharma aura sadasyoM ke rUpa meM Apasa meM bA~dhakara rakhatI hai| rASTradharma kA tAtparya hai (10) astikAyadharma 29 / inameM se prathama sAta to pUrI taraha se sAmAjika rASTra kI sAMskRtika cetanA athavA jIvana kI viziSTa praNAlI ko sajIva jIvana se sambandhita haiN| banAye rakhanA / rASTrIya vidhi-vidhAna, niyamoM evaM maryAdAoM kA pAlana karanA hI rASTradharma hai / Adhunika sandarbha meM rASTradharma kA tAtparya hai rASTrIya 1. grAmadharma - grAma ke vikAsa, vyavasthA tathA zAnti ke ekatA evaM niSThA ko banAye rakhanA tathA rASTra ke nAgarikoM ke hitoM kA liye jina niyamoM ko grAmavAsiyoM ne milakara banAyA hai, unakA pAlana paraspara ghAta na karate hue, rASTra ke vikAsa meM prayatnazIla rahanA,rASTrIya karanA grAmadharma hai| grAmadharma kA artha hai jisa grAma meM hama nivAsa karate zAsana ke niyamoM ke viruddha kArya na karanA, rASTrIya vidhi-vidhAnoM kA haiM, usa grAma kI vyavasthAoM, maryAdAoM evaM niyamoM ke anurUpa kArya Adara karate hue unakA samucita rUpa se pAlana karanA / upAsakakaranA / grAma kA artha vyaktiyoM ke kuloM kA samUha hai / ata: sAmUhika dazAMgasUtra meM rAjya ke niyamoM ke viparIta AcaraNa karanA doSapUrNa mAnA rUpa meM eka-dUsare ke sahayoga ke AdhAra para grAma kA vikAsa karanA, grAma gayA hai / jainAgamoM meM rASTrasthavira kA vivecana bhI upalabdha hai / prajAtantra ke andara pUrI taraha vyavasthA aura zAnti banAye rakhanA aura Apasa meM meM jo sthAna rASTrapati kA hai vahI prAcIna bhAratIya paramparA meM rASTrasthavira vaimanasya aura kleza utpanna na ho, usake liye prayatnazIla rahanA hI kA rahA hogA, yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai| grAmadharma ke pramukha tattva hai / grAma meM zAnti evaM vyavasthA nahIM hai, to vahA~ ke logoM ke jIvana meM bhI zAnti nahIM rahatI / jisa pariveza meM hama 4. pAkhaNDadharma - jaina AcAryoM ne pAkhaNDa kI apanI jIte haiM, usameM zAnti aura vyavasthA ke liye Avazyaka rUpa se prayatna vyAkhyA kI hai / jisake dvArA pApa kA khaNDana hotA ho vaha pAkhaNDa karanA hamArA kartavya hai / pratyeka grAmavAsI sadaiva isa bAta ke liye hai / dazavaikAlikaniyukti ke anusAra pAkhaNDa eka vrata kA nAma hai| jAgRta raheM ki usake kisI AcaraNa se grAma ke hitoM ko coTa na phuNce| jisakA vrata nirmala ho, vaha pAkhaNDI / sAmAnya naitika niyamoM kA grAmasthavira grAma kA mukhiyA yA netA hotA hai / grAmasthavira kA prayatna pAlana karanA hI pAkhaNDadharma hai / samprati pAkhaNDa kA artha DhoMga ho gayA rahatA hai ki grAma kI vyavasthA, zAnti evaM vikAsa ke liye grAmajanoM hai, vaha artha yahA~ abhipreta nahIM hai / pAkhaNDadharma kA tAtparya anuzAsita, meM pArasparika sneha aura sahayoga banA rahe / niyamita evaM saMyamita jIvana hai / pAkhaNDadharma ke liye vyavasthApaka ke rUpa meM prazAstA-sthavira kA nirdeza hai| prazAstA-sthavira zabda kI dRSTi 2. nagaradharma - grAmoM ke madhya meM sthita eka kendrIya grAma se vicAra karane para yaha spaSTa lagatA hai ki vaha janatA ko dharmopadeza ke kA jo unakA vyAvasAyika kendra hotA hai, nagara kahA jAtA hai| mAdhyama se niyantrita karane vAla adhikArI hai| prazAstA-sthavira kA kArya sAmAnyataH grAmadharma aura nagaradharma meM vizeSa antara nahIM hai / nagaradharma ke logoM ko dhArmika niSThA, saMyama evaM vrata-pAlana ke liye prerita karate antargata nagara kI vyavasthA evaM zAnti, nAgarika-niyamoM kA pAlana evaM rahanA hai| hamAre vicAra meM prazAstA-sthavira rAjakIya dharmAdhikArI ke nAgarikoM ke pArasparika hitoM kA saMrakSaNa-saMvardhana AtA hai / lekina samAna hotA hogA jisakA kArya janatA ko sAmAnya naitika jIvana kI nAgarikoM kA uttaradAyitva kevala nagara ke hitoM taka hI sImita nahIM hai| zikSA denA hotA hogaa| yugIna sandarbha meM nagaradharma yaha bhI hai ki nAgarikoM ke dvArA grAmavAsiyoM
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________________ jaina dharma meM sAmAjika cintana 539 5. kuladharma - parivAra athavA vaMza-paramparA ke AcAra- 8. zrutadharma - sAmAjika dRSTi se zrutadharma kA tAtparya hai niyamoM evaM maryAdAoM kA pAlana karanA kuladharma hai / parivAra kA zikSaNa-vyavasthA sambandhI niyamoM kA pAlana karanA / ziSya kA guru ke anubhavI, vRddha evaM yogya vyakti kulasthavira hotA hai| parivAra ke sadasya prati, guru kA ziSya ke prati kaisA vyavahAra ho, yaha zrutadharma kA hI kulasthavira kI AjJAoM kA pAlana karate haiM aura kulasthavira kA kartavya viSaya hai / sAmAjika sandarbha meM zrutadharma se tAtparya zikSaNa kI sAmAjika hai parivAra kA saMvardhana evaM vikAsa karanA tathA use galata pravRttiyoM se yA saMghIya vyavasthA hai / guru aura ziSya ke kartavyoM tathA pArasparika bacAnA / jaina paramparA meM gRhastha evaM muni donoM ke liye kuladharma kA sambandhoM kA bodha aura unakA pAlana zrutadharma yA jJAnArjana kA anivArya pAlana Avazyaka hai, yadyapi muni kA kula usake pitA ke AdhAra para aMga hai| yogya ziSya ko jJAna denA guru kA kartavya hai jabaki ziSya kA nahIM varan guru ke AdhAra para banatA hai| kartavya guru kI AjJAoM kA zraddhApUrvaka pAlana karanA hai| 6. gaNadharma - gaNa kA artha samAna AcAra evaM vicAra ke 9. cAritradharma - cAritradharma kA tAtparya hai zramaNa evaM gRhastha vyaktiyoM kA samUha hai / mahAvIra ke samaya meM hameM gaNarAjyoM kA ullekha dharma ke AcAraniyamoM kA paripAlana karanA / yadyapi cAritradharma kA bahuta milatA hai / gaNarAjya eka prakAra ke prajAsattAtmaka rAjya hote haiN| kucha sambandha vaiyaktika sAdhanA se hai, tathApi unakA sAmAjika pahalU bhI gaNadharma kA tAtparya hai gaNa ke niyamoM aura maryAdAoM kA pAlana krnaa| hai| jaina AcAra ke niyamoM evaM upaniyamoM ke pIche sAmAjika dRSTi bhI gaNa do mAne gaye haiM - 1. laukika (sAmAjika) aura 2. lokottara hai| ahiMsA sambandhI sabhI niyama aura upaniyama sAmAjika zAnti ke (dhArmika) / jaina paramparA meM vartamAna yuga meM bhI sAdhuoM ke gaNa hote saMsthApana ke liye haiN| anAgraha sAmAjika jIvana se vaicArika vidveSa evaM haiM jinheM 'gaccha' kahA jAtA hai / pratyeka gaNa (gaccha) ke AcAra-niyamoM vaicArika saMgharSa ko samApta karatA hai| ahiMsA, anAgraha aura aparigraha meM thor3A-bahuta antara bhI rahatA hai / gaNa ke niyamoM ke anusAra AcaraNa para AdhArita jaina AcAra ke niyama-upaniyama pratyakSa aura parokSa rUpa meM karanA gaNadharma hai / paraspara sahayoga tathA maitrI rakhanA gaNa ke pratyeka sAmAjika dRSTi se yukta haiM, yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai| sadasya kA kartavya hai| gaNa kA eka gaNasthavira hotA hai / gaNa kI dezakAlagata paristhitiyoM ke AdhAra para vyavasthAe~ denA, niyamoM ko 10-astikAyadharma - astikAyadharma kA bahuta kucha sambandha banAnA aura pAlana karavAnA gaNasthavira kA kArya hai / jaina vicAraNA ke tattvamImAMsA se hai, ata: usakA vivecana yahA~ aprAsaMgika hai / anusAra bAra-bAra gaNa ko badalane vAlA sAdhaka hIna dRSTi se dekhA gayA isa prakAra jaina AcAryoM ne na kevala vaiyaktika evaM AdhyAtmika hai| buddha ne bhI gaNa kI unnati ke lie niyamoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| pakSoM ke sambandha meM vicAra kiyA varan sAmAjika jIvana para bhI vicAra kiyA hai / jaina sUtroM meM upalabdha nagaradharma, grAmadharma, rASTradharma Adi kA 7. saMghadharma - vibhinna gaNoM se milakara saMgha banatA hai / jaina yaha varNana isa bAta kA spaSTa pramANa hai ki jaina AcAradarzana sAmAjika AcAryoM ne saMghadharma kI vyAkhyA saMgha yA sabhA ke niyamoM ke paripAlana pakSa kA yathocita mUlyAMkana karate hue usake vikAsa kA bhI prayAsa ke rUpa meM kI hai| saMgha eka prakAra kI rASTrIya saMsthA hai jisameM vibhinna karatA hai| kula yA gaNa milakara sAmUhika vikAsa evaM vyavasthA kA nizcaya karate vastuta: jainadharma vaiyaktika naitikatA para bala dekara sAmAjika haiN| saMgha ke niyamoM kA pAlana karanA saMgha ke pratyeka sadasya kA kartavya sambandhoM ko zuddha aura madhura banAtA hai| sandarbha jaina-paramparA meM saMgha ke do rUpa haiM - 1. laukika saMgha aura 2.lokottara saMgha / laukika saMgha kA kArya jIvana ke bhautika pakSa kI vyavasthAoM ko dekhanA hai jabaki lokottara saMgha kA kArya AdhyAtmika vikAsa karanA hai / laukika saMgha ho yA lokottara saMgha ho, saMgha ke pratyeka sadasya kA yaha anivArya karttavya mAnA gayA hai ki vaha saMgha ke niyamoM kA pUrI taraha pAlana kare / saMgha meM kisI bhI prakAra ke manamuTAva athavA saMgharSa ke liye koI bhI kArya nahIM kare / ekatA ko akSuNNa banAye rakhane ke liye sadaiva hI prayatnazIla rahe / jaina paramparA ke anusAra sAdhu, sAdhvI, zrAvaka aura zrAvikA ina cAroM se milakara saMgha kA nirmANa hotA hai / nandIsUtra meM saMgha ke mahattva kA vistArapUrvaka sundara vivecana huA hai jisase spaSTa hai ki jaina-paramparA meM naitika sAdhanA meM saMghIya jIvana kA kitanA adhika mahattva hai / 32 1. Rgveda, 10/19/12. 2. IzAvAsyopaniSad, 6. 3. vahI, 1. 4. zrImadbhAgavata, 7/14/8. 5. AcArAMga, 1/5/5. 6. praznavyAkaraNasUtra, 2/1/2. 7. vahI, 2/1/3. 8. samantabhadra, yuktayAnuzAsana, 61. 9. sthAnAMga, 10/760. 10. dekheM - sAgaramala jaina, vyakti aura samAja, zramaNa, varSa 34, (1983) aMka 2.
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________________ 11. dekheM - prabandhakoza, bhadrabAhu kathAnaka. 12. uddhRta - (ka) ratanalAla dozI, AtmasAdhanA saMgraha, pR0 441. (kha) bhagavatIArAdhanA, bhAga 1, pR0 197. 83. Bradle, Ethical, Studies. 14. muni nathamala, naitikatA kA gurutvAkarSaNa, pR0 3-4. 15. umAsvAti, tattvArthasUtra, 5/21. 16. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 25/19. 17. AcArAMga, 1/2/3/75. 18. sAgaramala jaina, sAgara jaina-vidyA bhAratI, bhAga 1, pR0 153. 19. jaTAsiMhanandi, varAMgacarita, sarga 25, zloka 33-43. 20. AcArAMganiyukti, 19. 21. AvazyakacUrNi, bhAga 1, pR0 152. 22. jinasena, AdipurANa, 11/166-167. 23. antakRtadazAMga, 3/1/3. 24. upAsakadazAMga, 1/48. 25. vahI, 1/48. 26. vahI, 1/48. 27. jJAtAdharmakathA, 8 (malliadhyayana), 16 (draupadI adhyayana). 28. antakRddazAMga, 5/1/21. 29. sthAnAMga, 10/760 / vizeSa vivecana ke liye dekheM dharmavyAkhyA, javAhara lAlajI ma. aura dharma-darzana, zuklacandrajI ma. 30. dharmadarzana, pR0 86. 31. dazavaikAlikaniyukti, 158. 32. nandIsUtra - pIThikA, 4-17. jaina dharma aura sAmAjika samatA (varNa evaM jAti vyavasthA ke vizeSa sandarbha meM) mAnava samAja meM strI-puruSa, sundara-asundara, buddhimAn-mUrkha, sAdhanA ke kSetra hoM, hama mAnava samAja ke kisI eka varga vizeSa ko Arya-anArya, kulIna-akulIna, sparzya-asparzA, dhanI-nirdhana Adi ke janmanA AdhAra para usakA ThekedAra nahIM mAna sakate haiM / yaha satya hai ki bheda prAcInakAla se hI pAye jAte haiM / inameM kucha bheda to naisargika haiM aura naisargika yogyatAoM evaM kAryoM ke AdhAra para mAnava samAja meM sadaiva kucha mAnava sRjita / ye mAnava sRjita bheda hI sAmAjika viSamatA ke hI vargabheda yA varNabheda bane rahegeM, phira bhI unakA AdhAra varga yA jAti kAraNa haiM / yaha satya hai ki sabhI manuSya, sabhI bAtoM meM eka dUsare se vizeSa meM janma na hokara vyakti kI apanI svAbhAvika yogyatA ke samAna nahIM hote, unameM rUpa-saundarya, dhana-sampadA, bauddhika-vikAsa, AdhAra para apanAye gaye vyavasAya yA kArya hoMge / vyavasAya yA karma kArya-kSamatA, vyAvasAyika-yogyatA Adi kI dRSTi se viSamatA yA ke sabhI kSetra sabhI vyaktiyoM ke lie samAna rUpa se khule hone cAhie taratamatA hotI hai / kintu ina viSamatAoM yA taratamatAoM ke AdhAra para aura kisI bhI varga vizeSa meM janme vyakti ko bhI kisI bhI kSetra vizeSa athavA mAnava samAja ke kisI vyakti vizeSa ko varga-vizeSa meM janma lene meM praveza pAne ke adhikAra se vaMcita nahIM kiyA jAnA cAhiye - yahI ke AdhAra para nimna, patita, dalita yA asparzya mAna lenA ucita nahIM sAmAjika samatA kA AdhAra hai / yaha satya hai ki mAnava samAja meM hai| yaha satya hai ki manuSyoM meM vividha dRSTiyoM se vibhinnatA yA taratamatA sadaiva hI kucha zAsaka yA adhikArI aura kucha zAsita yA karmacArI pAyI jAtI hai aura vaha sadaiva banI bhI rahegI, kintu ise mAnava samAja meM hogeM, kintu yaha adhikAra bhI mAnya nahIM ho sakatA ki adhikArI kA varga-bheda yA varNa-bheda kA AdhAra nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, kyoMki eka hI ayogya putra zAsaka aura karmacArI yA zAsita kA yogya putra zAsita pitA ke do putroM meM aisI bhinnatA yA taratamatA dekhane meM AtI haiN| hama hI banA rahe / sAmAjika samatA kA tAtparya yaha nahIM hai ki mAnava samAja yaha bhI dekhate haiM ki jo vyakti garIba hotA hai, vahI kAlakrama meM dhanavAn meM koI bhinnatA yA taratamatA hI nahIM ho / usakA tAtparya hai mAnava yA sampattizAlI ho jAtA hai / eka mUrkha pitA kA putra bhI buddhimAn athavA samAja ke sabhI sadasyoM ko vikAsa ke samAna avasara upalabdha hoM tathA prAjJa ho sakatA hai| eka pitA ke do putroM meM eka buddhimAn to dUsarA mUrkha pratyeka vyakti apanI kSamatA aura yogyatA ke AdhAra para apanA kArya athavA eka sundara to dUsarA kurUpa ho sakatA hai / ata: isa prakAra kI kSetra nirdhArita kara sake / isa sAmAjika samatA ke sandarbha meM jahA~ taka taratamatAoM ke AdhAra para manuSyoM ko sadaiva ke lie mAtra janmanA AdhAra jaina AcAryoM ke cintana kA prazna hai, unhoMne mAnava meM svAbhAvika para vibhinna vargoM meM bA~Ta kara nahIM rakhA jA sakatA hai| cAhe vaha dhanopArjana yogyatA janya athavA pUrva karma-saMskAra janya taratamatA ko svIkArate hetu cayanita vibhinna vyAvasAyika kSetra hoM, cAhe kalA, vidyA athavA hue bhI yaha mAnA hai ki cAhe vidyA kA kSetra ho, cAhe vyavasAya yA