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________________ jainadharma meM ahiMsA DaoN0 zrIraMjana sarideva ahiMsA jainadharma kI AdhArazilA hai| jaina-cintakoM ne ahiMsA ke viSaya meM jitanI gambhIra sUkSmekSikA se vicAra-vizleSaNa kiyA hai, utanI sUkSma dRSTi se kadAcit hI kisI anya sampradAya ke vicArakoM ne cintana kiyA ho| jainoM kI ahiMsA kA kSetra bar3A vyApaka hai| unake anusAra ahiMsA bAhya aura prAntarika donoM rUpoM meM sambhava hai| bAhyarUpa se, kisI jIva ko mana, vacana aura zarIra se kisI prakAra kI hAni yA pIr3A nahIM pahuMcAnA tathA usakA dila na du:khAnA ahiMsA hai to prAntarika rUpa se rAga-dveSa ke pariNAmoM se nivRtta hokara sAmyabhAva meM sthita honA ahiMsA hai| bAhya ahiMsA vyAvahArika ahiMsA hai, to Antarika ahiMsA nizcayAtmaka ahiNsaa| isa dRSTi se vyAvahArika rUpa se jIva ko AghAta pahu~cAnA yadi hiMsA hai, to AghAta pahuMcAne kA mAnasika nizcaya yA saMkalpa karanA bhI hiMsA hI hai| vastutaH antarmana meM rAga-dveSa ke pariNAmoM se nivattipUrvaka samatA kI bhAvanA jaba taka nahIM AtI, taba taka ahiMsA sambhava nahIM hai| isa prakAra prati vyApaka rUpa meM satya, acaurya, brahmacarya, aparigraha Adi sabhI guNa ahiMsA meM hI samAhita haiN| kula milAkara, ahiMsA hI jainadharma kI mUla dhurI hai aura isIlie jaina-dArzanikoM ne ahiMsA ko paramadharma kahA hai| ___ vyAvahArika dRSTi se yadi dekheM, to jala, sthala, AkAza Adi meM sarvatra hI kSudrAtikSudra jIvoM kI avasthiti hai, isalie bAhyarUpa meM pUrNataH ahiMsA kA pAlana sambhava nahIM hai; parantu yadi anrtamana meM samatA kI bhAvanA rahe aura bAhyarUpa meM pUrNa yatnAcAra ke pAlana meM pramAda na kiyA jAe to bAhya jIvoM kI hiMsA hone para bhI soddezya hiMsA kI manaHsthiti ke prabhAva ke kAraNa sAdhaka yA zrAvaka manuSya ahiMsaka hI banA rahatA hai| isa prakAra jainoM ke 'ratnakaraNDazrAvakAcAra' 'kAtikeyAnuprekSA' Adi AdhAra granthoM ke pariprekSya meM vizleSaNa karane se spaSTa hotA hai ki ahiMsA mukhyataH do prakAra kI hai, sthUla ahiMsA aura sUkSma ahiNsaa| trasa jIvoM arthAt apanI rakSA ke lie svayaM calane phirane vAle (yAnI kITa, pataMga aura pazu-pakSI se manuSya taka) do indriyoM se pAMca indriyoM taka ke jalacara thalacara aura khecara jIvoM kI hisA nahIM karanI cAhie aura akAraNa ekendiya, arthAt vanaspatikAyika prabhati jIvoM kI bhI hiMsA yAnI per3oM ko kATanA yA unakI DAliyoM aura pattoM ko tor3anA Adi kArya bhI nahIM karanA cAhie / yaha sthUla ahiMsA vrata hai aura phira jo zrAvaka manuSya jIvoM ke prati dayApUrNa vyavahAra karatA hai, sabhI jIvoM ko prAtmavat mAnatA hai aura apanI nindA karatA huA dUsare prANI ko kaSTa nahIM pahu~cAtA hai tathA mana, aura vacana aura zarIra se trasa jIvoM kI na svayaM hiMsA karatA hai, na dUsare se karAtA hai aura na dUsare ke dvArA kI jAne vAlI hiMsA kA anumodana karatA hai, vaha sUkSma ahiMsA kA pAlana karane vAlA kahA gayA hai| isa prakAra sarvatobhAvena jIvoM kI rakSA karanA hI ahiMsA-vrata hai| dhammo dIdI
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________________ caturthakhaNDa / 316 zrAdya jaina cintaka prAcArya umAsvAti ne 'tattvArtha sUtra' (7 / 4) meM ahiMsA vrata ke pAlana ke lie sAdhanasvarUpa pAMca bhAvanAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai-vacanagupti, manogupti, Iyasamiti, AdAna-nikSepaNasamiti paura mAlokita pAna bhojana ina bhAvanAoM kA artha moTe taura para leM, to hiMsA se bacane ke nimitta vacana ke vyavahAra meM satarka rahanA yA pramAda na karanA hI vacanagupti hai, mana meM hiMsA kI bhAvanA yA saMkalpa ko utpanna na hone denA manogupti hai, calanephirane, uThane-baiThane Adi meM jIvahiMsA na ho, yAnI jIva ko naSTa na pahu~ce, isakA dhyAna rakhanA IryAsamiti hai, kisI vastu ko uThAne rakhane meM jIva hiMsA se bacanA AdAna-nikSepaNasamiti hai auaura nirIkSaNa parIkSaNa karake bhojana pAna grahaNa karanA bAlokita pAna bhojana hai| isase spaSTa hai ki rAga, dveSa, pramAda Adi se sarvathA rahita hone kI sthiti hI ahiMsAtmaka sthiti hai| 1 'sarvArthasiddhi' (7,22/ 363 / 10) meM kahA gayA hai; mana meM rAga Adi kA utpanna honA hI hiMsA hai aura na utpanna honA prahiMsA aura phira 'dhavalApustaka' (14 / 5, 6, 93 / 5 / 90 ) ke lekhaka ne kahA hai, jo pramAdarahita hai, vaha ahiMsaka haiM aura jo pramAdayukta hai, vaha sadA ke lie hiMsaka hai / isalie dharma ko zrahiMsAlakSaNAtmaka (paramAtma prakAzaTIkA 2068) kahA gayA hai aura hiMsA jIvoM ke zuddha bhAvoM ke binA saMbhava nahIM hai / zrAtmarakSA kI dRSTi se bhI anya prANiyoM kI hiMsA ke dharma kA pAlana pratyAvazyaka hai jo prAtmarakSaka nahIM hotA, vaha pararakSaka kyA hogA ? 'grAtmaupamyena bhUteSu dayAM kurvanti sAdhavaH jaisI nIti ke samarthaka sarvajIvadayAparAyaNa bhAratIya nItikAroM kI 'prAtmAnaM satataM rakSet' kI avadhAraNA isI mahisA siddhAnta para bhAvita hai| "jJAnArNava " ( 8132) meM jaganmAtA ke vimala vyaktitva se hiMsA jaganmAtA kI zreNI meM parigaNita hai / isa grantha meM vimaNDita mahilA ke viSaya meM kahA gayA hai: ahiMsaMva jaganmAtA'hisevAnandapaddhatiH / ahiMseca gatiH sAdhvI zrIrahiseva zAzvatI / arthAt hiMsA hI jagat kI mAtA hai; kyoMki vaha samasta jIvoM kA paripAlana karatI hai | ahiMsA hI zrAnanda kA mArga hai / ahiMsA hI uttamagati hai aura zAzvatI, yAnI kabhI kSaya na hone vAlI lakSmI hai| isa prakAra, jagat meM jitane uttamottama guNa haiM, ve saba isa ahiMsA meM hI samAhita haiN| isIlie to 'amitagatizrAvakAcAra' (11 / 5 ) meM kahA gayA hai ki jo eka jIva kI rakSA karatA hai, usakI barAbarI parvatoM sahita svarNamayI pRthvI ko dAna karane vAlA bhI nahIM kara sakatA / 'bhAvapAhuDa' (TI0 134 / 283) meM to ahiMsA ko sarvArthadAyinI cintAmaNi kI upamA dI gaI hai| cintAmaNi jisa prakAra sabhI prakAra ke artha kI siddhi pradAna karatI hai, usI prakAra jIvadayA ke dvArA sahala dhArmika kriyAoM ke phala kI prApti ho jAtI hai| itanA hI nahIM, prAyudhya, saubhAgya, dhana, sundara rUpa kIti prAdi saba kucha eka hisAvrata ke mAhAtmya se hI prApta ho jAte haiN| isa prakAra jainazAstroM meM hiMsA kI pracura mahatA kA varNana upalabdha hotA hai, jisakA sAratatva yahI hai ki ahiMsA ke pAlana ke lie bhAvazuddhi aura grAtma
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________________ jainadharma meM ahiMsA/317 zuddhi Avazyaka hai| isake binA rAga-dveSa aura pramAda kA vinAza saMbhava nahIM hai, athaca ina donoM ke vinAza ke binA ahiMsA vrata kA pAlana asaMbhava hai| jainazAstra meM hiMsA ke cAra prakAra mAne gae haiM, saMkalpI, udyogI, prAraMbhI aura virodhii| akAraNa saMkalpajanya pramAda se kI jAnevAlI hiMsA saMkalpI hai / bhojana Adi banAne, ghara kI saphAI Adi karane jaise gharela kAryoM meM hone vAlI hiMsA prArambhI hai, jisakI tulanA brAhmaNaparamparA kI smRti meM varNita 'paMcasUnA' doSa se kI jA sakatI hai| artha kamAne ke nimitta kiye jAne vAle vyApAra dhandhe meM hone vAlI hiMsA udyogI hai aura apane AzritoM kI athavA deza kI rakSA ke lie yuddha Adi meM kI jAne vAlI hiMsA virodhI hai / ina cAra prakAra kI hiMsAnoM meM sarvAdhika khataranAka saMkalpI hiMsA hai| yahI hiMsA zeSa tIna prakAra kI hiMsAnoM kA mUla kAraNa hai / saMkalpI hiMsA kA mana meM utpanna honA hI bhISaNa se bhISaNatara narasaMhAra kI ghaTanAmoM kA kAraNa bana jAtA hai| manuSya ke mana meM jaba hiMsA kA saMkalpa udita hotA hai, taba vaha nirantara aprazasta dhyAna yAnI prArtadhyAna aura raudradhyAna meM rahatA hai| raudradhyAnI yA prArtadhyAnI manuSya sadaiva asatya kA prAzraya letA hai aura asatya vacana bolane vAlA nizcita rUpa se hiMsaka hotA hai| jainazAstra meM satya aura asatya ke pariprekSya meM hiMsA aura ahiMsA para bhI bar3I sUkSmatA se vicAra kiyA gayA hai / jaisA huaA ho, vaisA hI kahanA arthAt yathArtha kathana hI satya kathana kA sAmAnya lakSaNa hai| "mahAbhArata" meM vyAsadeva ne kahA hai, 'yallokahitamatyantaM tatsatyamiti naH zrutam / ' isakA tAtparya hai, jo adhika se adhika lokahita sAdhaka hai, vahI satya hai| spaSTa hai ki loka kA hita ahiMsA se aura usakA ahita hiMsA se jur3A huA hai| adhyAtmamArga meM sva aura para donoM ke lie ahiMsA anivArya hai / Atmagata yA paragata rUpa meM ahiMsA dharma ke pAlana ke krama meM satyakathana ke nimitta vacanagupti yA hita aura mita vacana kA prayoga Avazyaka hotA hai aura yahI hita aura mita vacana satyavacana hotA hai| kabhI-kabhI aisI sthiti bhI A jAtI hai ki ahiMsA ke lie 'kathAMcit asatyaM bhI bolanA par3atA hai / aura nItikAroM kA kathana hai ki 'priya satya' bolanA cAhie, 'apriya satya' nahIM / to yaha eka prakAra kI dvividhA kI sthiti ho jAtI hai kintu, jo jJAnI yA moharahita puruSa hote haiM ve isa dvividhA kI sthiti ko bar3I nipuNatA se saMbhAla lete haiN| eka kahAnI hai ki eka bAra vyAdha ke bANa se pAhata mRga prAtmarakSA ke lie kisI muni ke Azrama meM jAkara chipa gyaa| vyAdha, usakA pIchA karatA huaA aAzrama meM pahu~cA aura muni se usane pUchA ki Apane mere zikAra (mRga) ko dekhA hai ? muni apane mana meM socane lage'yadi maiM saca kaha detA hU~ to eka nirIha jIva kI hiMsA ho jAyegI aura jhUTha bolatA hU~, to mithyAbhASaNa kA doSI ho jaauuNgaa|' anta meM unhoMne yathArtha kathana kI eka yukti nikAlI aura vyAdha se kahA : yaH pazyati na sa brUte yo brUte sa na pazyati / aho vyAdha svakAryAthin ! kiM pRcchasi punaH punaH // arthAt jo (netra) dekhatA hai vaha bolatA nahIM aura jo (mukha) bolatA hai, vaha dekhatA nahIM hai / isalie apane matalaba sAdhane vAle are vyAdha ! tU (mujhase) bAra-bAra kyA pUchatA hai ?
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________________ caturthakhaNDa / 318 muni kI bAta sunakara vyAdha vahA~ se khisaka gayA aura isa prakAra eka prANI kI hiMsA hote hote bhI nahIM huI / to satya aura asatya bhASaNa kI dvividhAtmaka sthiti meM bhI yuktipUrvaka satya kA pAlana karanA pratyeka sujAna vyakti ke lie apekSita hai / prasiddha jainAcAra grantha 'bArasa praNudevakhA' kI gAthA saM. 74 meM likhA hai, "jo muni dUsaroM ko kleza pahu~cAne vAle vacanoM kA tyAgakara apane aura dUsare kA hita karane vAlA vacana bolatA hai, vaha satya dharma kA pAlaka hotA hai / " yoM, satya kI paribhASAe~ aneka haiM kintu moTe taura para asatya ke viruddha vANI ke samasta prakAra kA prayoga satya hai jainAcArya padmanandikRta 'paMcaviMzatikA' meM kahA gayA hai ki muniyoM ko sadaiva sva para hitakAraka parimita tathA pramRta-sadRza satyavacana bolanA caahie| yadi kadAcit satya vacana bolane meM bAdhA pratIta ho, to mauna rahanA caahie| sthUla satyavrata to yaha hai ki rAga aura dva eSa se vivaza hokara zrasatya nahIM bolanA cAhie aura satya bhI ho, lekina prANIhiMsaka ho, to use bhI nahIM bolanA cAhie / anekAntavAdI jaina dArzanikoM kI dRSTi meM vizuddha satya kucha bhI nahIM hotA / zrapekSayA satya bhI asatya hotA hai aura apekSayA asatya bhI satya hotA hai / arthAt, eka hI vastu apekSayA satya aura apekSayA asatya bhI ho sakatI hai / udAharaNa ke lie koI saccI kintu kar3avI bAta kisI se kaha dI gaI, ghora usase usake hRdaya ko coTa pahuMcI, to ukta saccI bAta apanI yathArthatA kI apekSA se saccI (mahiMsAkAraka) hote hue bhI kahane kI apekSA se jhUThI ( hiMsAkAraka) bana gaI aura phira zAbdika vyutpatti kI dRSTi se 'paMkaja' kA sAmAnya lokarUDhi artha hai 'kamala' / kintu kamala kevala paMka se hI to nahIM utpanna hotA, apitu usake lie paMcabhUta ke sammilita prabhAva kI apekSA hotI hai| isa prakAra kamala ko paMkaja kahanA lokarUDhi kI apekSA se sasya hote hue bhI paMcabhautika prabhAva kI apekSA se asatya hai| isalie jaina dRSTi kisI bhI vastu ko kevala satya na mAnakara use satyAsatya yAnI ubhayAtmaka yA anekAtmaka mAnatI hai| spaSTa hai ki hiMsA kI apekSA se satya bhI grAhya hai aura ahiMsA kI apekSA se asatya bhI grAhya hai aura yahIM taba vyAsa kI pUrvoddhRta ukti caritArtha hotI hai ki 'yalloka hitamatyantaM tatsatyamiti naH zrutam / arthAt adhikAdhika lokahita ho, cAhe vaha jisa kisI prakAra se ho, satya hai / mahAbhArata yuddha meM yudhiSThira ke dvArA bhaMgyantara se kahI gaI ukti, 'azvatthAmA hataH kuJjaro vA naro vA' asatyagandhI hote hue bhI lokahita kI dRSTi se asatya nahIM thii| yudhiSThira ke lie zrAtmahita kI apekSA se unakI ukti yadi asatya ( hiMsaka ) thI, to vyApaka lokahita kI apekSA se satya (ahiMsaka ) thI / apane putra prazvatthAmA kI mRtyu-sUcanA se, cAhe vaha galata hI thI, droNAcArya zokAhata hue aura unake dvArA kI jAne vAlI bhISaNa virodhI prANihiMsA meM zoka se cityavaza sahaja hI nyUnatA thA gaI, jo lokahita yA yuddhazAnti ke prayAsa ke rUpa meM hI mUlyAMkita huii| prAcIna 'yuga meM satya aura ahiMsA ke bahuta baDe pravavattA bhagavAn mahAvIra hue aura arvAcIna yuga meM mahAtmA gAMdhI ne bhagavAn mahAvIra ke satya aura ahiMsA kI prAsaMgikatA ko lokatAMtrika dRSTi se adhika se adhika vikAsAtmaka vyAkhyA kI aura donoM hI mahAtmA isa
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________________ jainadharma meM ahiMsA / 319 bindu para ekamata dikhAI par3ate haiM ki ahitakArI satya bhI asatya aura hitakArI prasatya bhI satya hai| udAharaNa ke lie, agara kisI rogI kI hAlata bigaDane lagatI hai, to DaoNkTara hitabhAvanA se usakI tasallI ke lie usake hRdaya ko mRtyu ke aAtaMka se bacAne ke lie usake ThIka ho jAne kA jhUThA AzvAsana detA hai / yaha hitakArI hone ke kAraNa asatya hote hue bhI satya hI hai| ThIka isake viparIta roga kI bhISaNatA kI satya bAta kahakara rogI ko prAtaMkita karane vAlA vyakti satya bolate hue bhI ahitakArI hone ke kAraNa asatya yA hiMsaka vANI bolatA hai| isI sandarbha meM 'lATIsaMhitA' meM jina-vacana kA ullekha prApta hotA hai: satyamasatyatAM yAti kvacid hisAnubandhataH / asatyaM satyatAM yAti kvacid jIvasya rakSaNAt / / arthAta jisa bAta se jIva hiMsA saMbhava ho, vaha satya hokara bhI asatya ho jAtA hai| isI prakAra, kvacita jIvoM kI rakSA hone se asatya vacana bhI satya ho jAtA hai| 'pranagAradharmAmRta' meM isI siddhAnta kA samarthana kiyA hai: satyaM priyaM hitaM cAhaH sanataM suuntvrtaaH| tatsatyamapi no satyamapriyaM cAhitaM ca yat / / jo vacana prazasta, kalyANakAraka AhlAdaka tathA upakArI ho, aise vacana ko satyavrata puruSoM ne satya kahA hai, kintu vaha vANI satya hokara bhI satya nahIM hai jo prapriya aura ahitakara arthAt hiMsaka hai| jainadharma kI ahiMsA kI yaha vyAkhyA atizaya vyAvahArika hone ke kAraNa vartamAna sandarbha meM bhI prapanA tato'dhika mUlya rakhatI hai / -pI0 ena0 sinhA kaoNlonI, mikhanA pahAr3I, paTanA-800006 00 a .iN